EP2681410B1 - Well plug and abandonment choke insert - Google Patents
Well plug and abandonment choke insert Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2681410B1 EP2681410B1 EP12706747.8A EP12706747A EP2681410B1 EP 2681410 B1 EP2681410 B1 EP 2681410B1 EP 12706747 A EP12706747 A EP 12706747A EP 2681410 B1 EP2681410 B1 EP 2681410B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wellbore
- choke device
- choke
- pressure
- valve
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000191291 Abies alba Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 20
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells
- E21B23/08—Introducing or running tools by fluid pressure, e.g. through-the-flow-line tool systems
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
Description
- This invention relates to a method and apparatus for plugging a wellbore (such as e.g. an oil or gas well), or for preparing wellbore to be plugged, e.g. when it has reached the end of its productive life. The invention also relates to a plugged wellbore.
- When an oil or gas well is no longer economical or if there is some problem with the well which means that production is no longer possible or that well integrity has been compromised in some way, or for other reasons, the well may be abandoned. It is common practice to plug the well before abandoning it, e.g. to prevent seepage of hydrocarbon product from the well. This can also apply to water injectors, i.e. bores which have been drilled in order to pump water into a reservoir to increase bottom hole pressure.
- Commonly, plugging may be achieved by injecting a settable substance or medium, e.g. cement, into the well. A well will normally have production perforations, that is to say apertures in a well liner or casing through which hydrocarbon product enters from the rock formation and travels to the surface. During plug and abandonment operations it is common to seal ("squeeze") production perforations with cement or another settable medium which may then form a permanent barrier to flow across the perforations and out of the well.
- The plugging process often involves pumping a surfactant liquid, known as a "spacer", into the well. The purpose of the spacer is to remove oil residues from the internal surface of the well casing and/or liner and rock matrix making them "water wet" (allowing better adhesion by cement). Commonly, immediately following the spacer, cement is pumped down the well to occupy the part of the well casing and/or liner where perforations are to be squeezed. When sufficient cement has been pumped down, more spacer liquid and possibly other liquids may be pumped down the well in order to place the cement at its final designed location.
- It is desirable to be able to monitor with a reasonable degree of accuracy where the different constituents of the liquid column are located at any given time and the associated surface pumping (treating) pressure. It is also desirable to be able to control the progress of the liquid column, and other things, by varying pressure on the column applied at the surface. For these things to be achieved, it is helpful to have a continuous column of liquid being pumped into the well.
- It is therefore desirable to have sufficient reservoir pressure entering the well ("bottom hole pressure") to support a standing column of relatively high specific gravity material, e.g. spacer liquid, cement and displacement fluid, reaching to the top of the well. The spacer and cement and other liquids may then be pumped down against this pressure and thereby an accurate determination of each constituent's location be made at any given point within the process.
- In many cases, the bottom hole pressure is insufficient to support a standing column of relatively high specific gravity liquid reaching to the top of the well. In this event, positive pressure against the fluid column at the surface cannot be maintained as liquids are introduced into the top of the well. This results in liquid free falling down the wellbore and out through the reservoir completion, i.e. the perforated section of casing/liner.
- In this situation, it is often not possible to monitor when the cement has reached the desired wellbore location with respect to the perforations which it is desired to seal. Without an accurate understanding of where the cement is, it is possible to over-displace the cement by continuing to introduce fluid at the surface which freefalls and over displaces the cement, with the result that the proximal perforations are not effectively squeezed. Alternatively, it is possible to under-displace the cement thereby leaving distal perforations unplugged and at the same time creating a barrier in the more proximal part of the liner hindering further optimized plugging operations within the wellbore without revision to procedures.
- In the past, attempts have been made to address this issue by the addition of solid plugging material to the liquid plugging fluid or by displacement of the liquid plugging fluid with a low specific gravity fluid.
- The addition of solid plugging material partially closes off pathways at the perforations creating backpressure or the need for additional pumping pressure at the surface in order to displace the plugging to the desired location. Thus a positive pressure on the fluid column is maintained at the surface. Partly closing perforations with solid material can be undesirable since the perforations can end up not adequately plugged. Conversely, because there is little control over the degree of plugging and at which point it will occur, an undesirable outcome can result if all perforations are plugged off with medium prior to achieving designed displacement.
- Similarly, displacement of the plugging fluid with a significantly lower specific gravity fluid may also allow positive pressure to be maintained at the surface. However, there is a limit in available low specific gravity fluids and the constituents incorporated in them that meet design requirements.
-
US6520256 discloses a choke for use in cementing casings in oil and gas wells.US2,169,569 discloses a choke which is incorporated into the production tubing. - The invention more particularly includes a process for plugging a wellbore wherein the process comprises the steps of installing a choke device into the wellbore by pumping the device down the wellbore, the device having a through bore with a predetermined diameter. The invention is particularly applicable when the bottom hole pressure of the wellbore is insufficient to support a standing column of liquid of
specific gravity 1 reaching to the surface. - The choke device may be installed by a combination of pumping and allowing it to free fall down the well. If the wellbore includes a nipple, the choke device may bottom out at the nipple.
- In one embodiment, the choke device includes a pump out valve. When the device reaches the nipple and stops, pumping is continued thereby increasing pressure until the pump out valve is actuated, thereby allowing flow of fluid through the device. The pump out valve may be thought of as a device for blocking the through bore until a predetermined pressure is applied e.g. on the proximal side of the valve. The valve may be an arrangement as simple as a deformable plug of spherical or other shape which is located in the through bore between two shoulders; when the pressure increases beyond a certain level the plug is forced out thereby opening the bore for liquid to flow through it.
- If a christmas tree is located at the top of the wellbore, the step of installing the choke device may include inserting the device between the swab valve and the master valve (top or bottom master valve) and then opening the necessary valves below the device to gain access to the wellbore.
- To plug the wellbore, settable medium (such as cement) may be injected through the choke device into the distal part of the wellbore, that is to say the part beyond the choke device. Surfactant may be injected into the wellbore before the settable liquid, and another liquid may be injected after. The pressure at the surface would normally be monitored in which case it may be possible to determine from the monitored pressure when the settable medium reaches the choke device.
- The choke device itself may comprise a body capable of being pumped down a wellbore. The body may have an external profile including a shoulder, a through bore and a pump out valve which blocks the through bore until a predetermined pressure is applied to the valve. The pump out valve may be a ball retained in the through bore by a stop surface. Seals may be provided on the external profile of the body.
- A method of preparing a wellbore for plugging may comprise inserting into the wellbore a choke device as described above. The method may include applying pressure to the choke device thereby pumping the device through the wellbore and subsequently increasing the pressure to a level at which the pump out valve is actuated and the through bore unblocked. This preferably happens when the device has reached a nipple in the wellbore, e.g. adjacent a production packer.
- The invention also relates to a plugged wellbore having located in it a choke device as described above.
- The term "wellbore" as used herein shall be taken to mean an oil or gas well or a water injector.
- A more complete understanding of the present invention and benefits thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
-
Figure 1 is a side view of a choke insert in accordance with the invention; -
Figure 2 is a side view, partly in section, of a well christmas tree showing the choke insert ofFigure 1 in place; and -
Figure 3 is a side view, partly in section, of part of a wellbore showing the choke insert ofFigure 1 located against a nipple in the wellbore. - Turning now to the detailed description of the preferred arrangement or arrangements of the present invention, it should be understood that the inventive features and concepts may be manifested in other arrangements and that the scope of the invention is not limited to the embodiments described or illustrated. The scope of the invention is intended only to be limited by the scope of the claims that follow.
-
Figure 1 shows achoke insert 1. It comprises a cast body of aluminum having a generally cylindrical shape. Its outer profile includes aproximal portion 2 and adistal portion 3 of reduced diameter compared with the proximal portion. The words "proximal" and "distal" relate to the orientation of the device when in place in a well: the proximal portion being closer to the surface and the distal portion closer to the end of the well. - Between the proximal and distal portions is a
shoulder 4. On the outer profile in the reduced diameter distal portion are twoseals 5. The function of theseals 5 is to restrict fluid flow around the outside of theinsert 1 such that all flow is directed through the device. Extending through the device is abore 6 having a diameter which decreases towards the distal end of the device; at its most distal end, thebore 6 has adiameter 7 as shown inFigure 1 . Thebore 6 is provided with a flaredproximal end 8, to help to reduce turbulence within the fluid flow regime. - An end plug 11 is screwed into the distal end of the bore of the
insert 1 which provides an internal shoulder or stopsurface 12. The end plug has abore 13 of thesame diameter 7 as the most distal part of thebore 6 through the main body of thechoke insert 1. Thebore 13 also has a flaredend 9 to help reduce turbulence. - Located on the proximal side of the
end plug 11 is a ball 10 of Phenolic plastic which sits adjacent thestop surface 12. The ball 10 is retained between thestop surface 12 and the distal end of thebore 6 in the main body. The dimensions and elastic modulus of the ball are carefully established, relative to thediameter 7, such that the ball will deform and pass thestop surface 12 if a predetermined pressure is applied to the proximal side of the ball 10. -
Figure 2 shows the Christmas tree valve arrangement at the top of a wellbore to be plugged. The length of thechoke insert 1 is chosen so that it will fit into thechristmas tree 20 between theswab valve 21 and theupper master valve 22. The overall outer diameter is chosen so that it will pass down the well to a point just above the reservoir. The dimensions of thedistal portion 3 and theshoulder 4 are chosen so that thechoke insert device 1 will rest against a nipple 31 (seeFigure 3 ) in thewellbore 30 in region of the top of the reservoir, near the production packer (not shown). - Before plugging a well, sea water is pumped down the well to determine whether it is possible to inject liquid into the perforations in the producing part of the well (not shown) which it is desired to squeeze (block with cement or other settable plugging fluid). A gage device, of diameter and length determined by the choke insert and the tubular being traversed, is also lowered into the well to determine whether any obstructions are present which may obstruct and prevent the correct positioning of the choke insert.
- This having been done, the bottom master valves and swab valve are closed and any trapped pressure is bled off between them at the
wing valve 23. The swab valve is then opened and thechoke insert 1 is then inserted into theChristmas tree 20, theswab valve 21 closed, and then the bottom and upper master valves are 24, 22 opened. Thechoke insert 1 then free falls down the well. In a simple vertical well, the choke may reach the desired location (nipple 31) without pumping. Normally, however, the friction will be too great and/or the well has an inclined or horizontal portion and the insert has to be pumped. Sea water is normally used for this purpose. Pumping continues until an increase in back pressure is noted which is indicative of the choke having come to rest at theprofile nipple 31. Pumping is continued until the pressure rises sufficiently to displace the ball 10 past thestop surface 12. A sudden drop in monitored pressure indicates that the ball has been displaced. Step rate tests are then conducted to determine the back pressure created by the choke at increasing injection rates. This data is used to refine the predicted surface treating pressure profile which should be experienced during the place of the plugging fluid. - Spacer fluid, a specialized mixture of chemicals including surfactants, is then pumped down the well at a rate sufficient to maintain positive pressure and contact with the top of the fluid column. The
choke insert 1 with its small diameter bore, allows the fluid column to maintain the positive back pressure. Cement is then delivered in a continuous liquid column directly following the spacer fluid. A further liquid or liquids, e.g. further spacer fluid or other liquids, follow the cement in a continuous liquid column. Pressure continues to be applied to the cement via this liquid column, and monitoring of back pressure continues. - As the spacer/cement interface passes the
choke insert 1, a pressure change may be recorded at surface due to its unique viscosity and density. The volume of the wellbore tubulars can be determined as well as the volume of the perforated liner, so the volume of cement pumped down the well can be controlled to give the best chance of filling the perforated liner with cement. When the other end of the cement column passes thechoke insert 1, a further change in surface pressure may be noted due to its unique viscosity and density. The aim is to squeeze all the perforations but not to over- or under-displace the cement column. - In closing, it should be noted that the discussion of any reference is not an admission that it is prior art to the present invention, especially any reference that may have a publication date after the priority date of this application. At the same time, each and every claim below is hereby incorporated into this detailed description or specification as a additional embodiments of the present invention.
- Although the systems and processes described herein have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Those skilled in the art may be able to study the preferred embodiments and identify other ways to practice the invention that are not exactly as described herein. It is the intent of the inventors that variations and equivalents of the invention are within the scope of the claims while the description, abstract and drawings are not to be used to limit the scope of the invention. The invention is specifically intended to be as broad as the claims below and their equivalents.
Claims (14)
- A process for plugging a wellbore (30), wherein the process comprises the steps of:a) installing a choke device (1) into the wellbore, the device having a through bore (6) with a predetermined diameter;b) injecting a settable medium into the wellbore;characterised in that the step of installing the choke device comprises pumping the choke device down the wellbore.
- The process according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the bottom hole pressure of the wellbore (30) is insufficient to support a standing column of liquid of specific gravity 1 reaching to the surface.
- The process according to any preceding claim wherein the step of installing the choke device (1) comprises allowing the choke device to free fall down the wellbore.
- The process according to any preceding claim wherein the wellbore (30) includes a nipple (31) and wherein the step of installing the choke device (1) comprises having the choke device bottom out at the nipple (31).
- The process according to claim 4 wherein the choke device (1) includes a pump out valve and the step of installing the choke device comprises pumping the device down the wellbore (30) until it bottoms out at the nipple (31) and then continuing to pump thereby increasing pressure on the device until the pump out valve is actuated.
- The process according to any preceding claim wherein located at the top of the wellbore is a christmas tree (20) with a swab valve (21) and a master valve (22) and wherein the step of installing the choke device (1) comprises inserting the choke device between the swab valve (21) and the master valve (22) and then opening the master valve to allow the device (1) to enter the wellbore (30).
- The process according to any preceding claim wherein a proximal part of the wellbore (30) is defined between the choke device (1) and the surface and a distal part of the wellbore (30) is defined between the choke device (1) and the distal end of the wellbore and wherein the step of injecting a settable medium comprises injecting some or all of the settable medium through the choke device (1) into the distal part of the wellbore (30).
- The process according to any preceding claim further comprising the step of injecting a surfactant liquid into the wellbore (30) prior to injecting the settable medium, optionally further comprising the step of injecting a third liquid after injecting the settable medium, in which case the process optionally comprises monitoring pressure at the surface of surfactant liquid, settable medium and third liquid, optionally further comprising determining from said monitored surface pressure when the settable medium reaches the choke device (1).
- A choke device (1) for use in a process for plugging a wellbore, wherein the device comprises a body capable of being pumped down a wellbore (30), wherein the body has:a) an external profile which includes a shoulder (4);b) a through bore (6);c) a pump out valve which blocks the through bore until a predetermined level of pressure is applied to the valve.
- The choke device according to claim 9 wherein the through bore (6) includes a stop surface (12) and wherein the pump out valve comprises a ball (10 retained in the through bore (6) by the stop surface (12).
- The choke device according to claim 9 or 10 wherein one or more seals (5) are provided on the external profile of the body.
- A plugged wellbore having located therein a choke device (1) as claimed in any of claims 9-11.
- A method of preparing a wellbore (30) to be plugged comprising inserting into the well (30) a choke device (1) as claimed in any of claims 9-11.
- The method according to claim 13 further comprising the steps of:a) applying pressure at a first level to the choke device (1) said pressure being below said predetermined pressure level, thereby pumping the device (1) through the wellbore (30), optionally wherein the device is pumped through the wellbore until it reaches a nipple (31), optionally wherein the nipple (31) is adjacent a production packer of the wellbore; andb) subsequently applying pressure to the choke device (1) at a second level at or above said predetermined level, whereby said pump out valve is activated and the through bore (6) unblocked.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161447789P | 2011-03-01 | 2011-03-01 | |
PCT/US2012/024867 WO2012118611A2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-13 | Well plug and abandonment choke insert |
US13/371,784 US20120222862A1 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-13 | Well plug and abandonment choke insert |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2681410A2 EP2681410A2 (en) | 2014-01-08 |
EP2681410B1 true EP2681410B1 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
Family
ID=46752578
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP12706747.8A Active EP2681410B1 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-13 | Well plug and abandonment choke insert |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120222862A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2681410B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012223708B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112013021998B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012118611A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9957775B2 (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2018-05-01 | Conocophillips Company | Well plug and abandonment choke insert |
US10047586B2 (en) * | 2014-03-02 | 2018-08-14 | Thomas Eugene FERG | Backpressure ball |
EP3402960B1 (en) | 2016-01-11 | 2020-05-20 | ConocoPhillips Company | Well plug and abandonment choke insert |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1339955A (en) * | 1919-02-26 | 1920-05-11 | Hardel Jean Amedee | Apparatus for and process of lining wells |
US2212086A (en) * | 1936-10-27 | 1940-08-20 | Charles W Thornhill | Float collar and guide shoe |
US2169569A (en) * | 1938-06-03 | 1939-08-15 | Halliburton Oil Well Cementing | Plugging off bottom hole water under pressure |
US2274093A (en) * | 1938-10-19 | 1942-02-24 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Apparatus for completing submarine wells |
US2263566A (en) * | 1938-11-28 | 1941-11-25 | Boynton Alexander | Cementing device |
US2382578A (en) * | 1943-06-08 | 1945-08-14 | Arthur J Penick | Producing equipment for wells |
US4589495A (en) * | 1984-04-19 | 1986-05-20 | Weatherford U.S., Inc. | Apparatus and method for inserting flow control means into a well casing |
US5277255A (en) * | 1992-04-30 | 1994-01-11 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Well liner running shoe |
US5890537A (en) * | 1996-08-13 | 1999-04-06 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Wiper plug launching system for cementing casing and liners |
US6279654B1 (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 2001-08-28 | Donald E. Mosing | Method and multi-purpose apparatus for dispensing and circulating fluid in wellbore casing |
US6520256B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2003-02-18 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method and apparatus for cementing an air drilled well |
US7275595B2 (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2007-10-02 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method and apparatus to isolate fluids during gravel pack operations |
US7866392B2 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2011-01-11 | Halliburton Energy Services Inc. | Method and apparatus for sealing and cementing a wellbore |
-
2012
- 2012-02-13 EP EP12706747.8A patent/EP2681410B1/en active Active
- 2012-02-13 WO PCT/US2012/024867 patent/WO2012118611A2/en active Application Filing
- 2012-02-13 AU AU2012223708A patent/AU2012223708B2/en active Active
- 2012-02-13 BR BR112013021998-0A patent/BR112013021998B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2012-02-13 US US13/371,784 patent/US20120222862A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR112013021998B1 (en) | 2021-02-17 |
AU2012223708B2 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
US20120222862A1 (en) | 2012-09-06 |
WO2012118611A3 (en) | 2013-08-01 |
BR112013021998A2 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
AU2012223708A1 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
EP2681410A2 (en) | 2014-01-08 |
WO2012118611A2 (en) | 2012-09-07 |
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