EP2416667A1 - Feed composition and method of feeding gammaridae - Google Patents
Feed composition and method of feeding gammaridaeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2416667A1 EP2416667A1 EP10719657A EP10719657A EP2416667A1 EP 2416667 A1 EP2416667 A1 EP 2416667A1 EP 10719657 A EP10719657 A EP 10719657A EP 10719657 A EP10719657 A EP 10719657A EP 2416667 A1 EP2416667 A1 EP 2416667A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fatty acids
- gammaridae
- feed
- dry weight
- omega
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
- A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for production of fatty acids with more than three double bonds as defined in the preamble of claim 1 and to a method for the cultivation of Gammaridae.
- the present invention also relates to a fish feed comprising Gammaridae, a lipid product extracted or produced from a Gammaridae, a use of the lipid product, as well as to a feed for the production of Gammaridae and the use of the feed.
- marine lipids comprising highly unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 fatty acids on the world market.
- Fish meals and fish oils are the traditional major sources for these lipids. They are mainly derived from wild caught marine fish such as capelin, herring, anchovy, sardine fisheries etc.
- a major application of marine lipids is their use as feed ingredients in fish farming.
- Especially marine fish have a high requirement for the essential omega-3 fatty acids for normal growth and development, which is largely covered by fish oil addition to the feed or by enrichment of prey organisms used in the cultivation.
- omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and for omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA).
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- ARA arachidonic acid
- the main objective of the present invention is to develop a new method for producing omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA and EPA and long-chain omega-6 fatty acids such as ARA without the need for marine lipids.
- Yet another objective of the invention is to develop a new alternative source for marine lipids such as for human consumption or for aquaculture purposes which is independent of the addition of marine lipids during the production process.
- a method for production of fatty acids with more than three double bonds in Gammaridae whereby said Gammaridae are fed a feed comprising saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids which have no more than 2 double bonds and wherein a portion of said supplied fatty acids is converted to fatty acids with more than three double bonds.
- a method for the cultivation of Gammaridae whereby said Gammaridae are fed a feed which comprises unsaturated fatty acids having no more than 2 double bonds and whereby the Gammaridae endogenously produce polyunsaturated fatty acids having more than three double bonds.
- said fatty acids are produced through unsaturation and/or elongation of the supplied fatty acids in the feed.
- the feed further comprises unsaturated fatty acids with 3 double bonds.
- the feed does not comprise any highly unsaturated fatty acids chosen from the group of DHA, EPA and/or ARA.
- the used feed is free of any marine lipid material.
- the produced unsaturated fatty acids have 20 carbon atoms or more and wherein the produced fatty acids have 4, 5 or 6 double bonds.
- the produced fatty acids are belonging to the group of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, preferably fatty acids chosen from DHA, EPA and ARA.
- the comprised polyunsaturated fatty acids in the feed are substantially only C18 omega-6 fatty acids and if present the other omega-6 and/or omega-3 fatty acids account for less than 0.5 %, preferably less than 0.05%, most preferably 0.02% or less of the total fatty acids.
- said cultivated Gammaridae is the species Gammarus locusta, which has a content of omega-3 fatty acids of at least 12 mg/g dry weight, preferably more than 24 mg/g dry weight and an omega-6 content of at least 3 mg/g dry weight, preferably more than 6 mg/g dry weight, wherein preferably at least 2 mg /g dry weight, more preferred at least 7 mg/ g dry weight is DHA, at least 6 mg/ g dry weight, more preferred at least 11 mg/g dry weight is EPA and at least 0.5 mg per g dry weight is ARA, more preferred at least 0.7 mg/g dry weight.
- the said cultivated Gammaridae is G. locusta, which has at least 3% of the total fatty acids as DHA, preferably at least 9% DHA of the total fatty acids, at least 7 % of the total fatty acids as EPA, preferably at least 15 % EPA of the total fatty acids and/or at least 0.9% of the total fatty acids as ARA, preferably at least 1.9 % ARA of the total fatty acids.
- the produced Gammaridae have a lipid content of at least 125 mg lipid/ g dry weight, preferably of at least 135 mg lipid/g dry weight, more preferably of at least 140 mg/ dry weight.
- a lipid product extracted or produced from a Gammaridae whereby said Gammaridae are fed a feed which comprises unsaturated fatty acids having no more than 2 double bonds and whereby the Gammaridae endogenously produce polyunsaturated fatty acids having more than three double bonds.
- a lipid product which is extracted or produced from a Gammaridae wherein said Gammaridae are produced according to any of the methods described in the previous paragraphs.
- the fatty acid composition of the lipid product is corresponding to the composition of the produced Gammaridae according to any of the preceding paragraphs or to claim 42, preferably the fatty acids composition of DHA, EPA and/or ARA is according to any of the Tables 4-7.
- the invention also relates to a lipid product extracted or produced from a Gammaridae wherein said Gammaridae are fed a feed according to the below following during cultivation.
- a fish feed comprising Gammaridae wherein said Gammaridae are produced according to any of the preceding paragraphs.
- the invention relates to the use of a lipid product produced from Gammaridae obtainable by a method according to any of preceding claims for human consumption, preferably as nutrient supplement, as a health product, as a food ingredient or for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition.
- the invention further relates to a use of a lipid product produced from Gammaridae obtainable by a method according to any of preceding paragraphs for manufacturing of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of a cardiovascular disease, cerebral infarction, hyperlipidemia, arthrosclerosis, hypertension, tumor illness, diabetes, rheumatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, arthritis, asthma, and/or cancer.
- the invention relates to a feed for the production of Gammaridae wherein said feed comprises non-marine lipid material.
- said lipid material comprises unsaturated fatty acids having no more than 2 double bonds and wherein said lipid material is preferably from a terrestrial plant.
- the lipid material further comprises unsaturated fatty acids with 3 double bonds.
- the feed does not comprise any highly unsaturated fatty acids chosen from the group of DHA, EPA and/or ARA or wherein the sum of omega-3 fatty acids is less than 0.1mg/g dry weight, preferably 0.05 mg/g or less.
- said lipids are comprised in or derived from seeds, fruits and/or other plant material from a terrestrial plant chosen from the group of soya bean, sun flower, raps, palm, coconut, corn, peanut and/or flax, most preferable from soya.
- the comprised lipids are solely derived from a non-marine lipid material, preferably from a terrestrial plant.
- the feed further comprises other ingredients from a plant.
- the feed is for a marine Gammaridae, preferably chosen from the species Gammarus oceanicus and Gammarus locusta.
- said feed further comprises other common feed ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and/or minerals.
- the comprised polyunsaturated fatty acids are substantially only omega-6 fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms and if present fatty acids with 20 or more carbon atoms belonging to the group of omega-6 and/or omega-3 fatty acids are no more than 0.5 %, preferably no more than 0.05%, most preferably 0.02% or less of the total fatty acids.
- the sum of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-6 account for more than 95%, preferably for at least 99% of the total fatty acids in the comprised lipids.
- composition of the fatty acids in said lipid is substantially as shown in any of the Tables 1 , 2 or 3.
- said feed further comprises lipids or other material derived from an animal, preferably from an aquatic organism, more preferable form a marine animal chosen from fish, zooplankton or a crustacean and/or from a marine plant chosen from a macroalgae such as a sea weed species or a microalgae.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a feed according to any preceding paragraphs for the cultivation of Gammaridae, preferably for the intensive cultivation.
- Yet another aspect of the invention is related to a use of a feed according to any of the preceding paragraphs for increasing the lipid content of the produced Gammaridae, preferably to at least 125 mg lipid/ g dry weight, more preferably to at least 135 mg lipid/g dry weight, most preferably to at least 140 mg/ dry weight and/or for delaying the spawning/reproduction of Gammaridae.
- Yet another aspect of the invention is related to a use of a feed according to any of the preceding paragraphs for the endogenous production of omega-3 fatty acids, preferably of DHA and/or EPA and/or of the omega-6 fatty acids ARA in Gammaridae when used in their cultivation process.
- the sum of the fatty acids DHA, EPA and ARA in Gammaridae cultivated with said feed is at least 8.5 mg/g dry weight, preferable at least 19.5 mg/ g dry weight, most preferable at least 20.5 mg/ g dry weight of the Gammaridae, and/or the sum of said fatty acids in the Gammaridae is at least 12 % of the total fatty acids, preferably at least 17.5 % of the total fatty acids, most preferably at least 25.5 % of the total fatty acids.
- Another aspect of the present invention is related to the use of a feed according to any of the preceding paragraphs for the production of a lipid product comprising highly unsaturated long chain omega-3 fatty acids and/or arachidonic acid by cultivating Gammaridae with said feed.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a feed in a method according to any of the preceding paragraphs.
- the present invention surprisingly allows to produce omega-3 fatty acids with more than 3 double bonds such as DHA and EPA and long chain omega-6 fatty acid e.g. ARA through Gammaridae by using a terrestrial plant, fruit or vegetable seed based diet, which is free or substantially free of these highly unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids or omega-6 fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms.
- omega-3 fatty acids with more than 3 double bonds
- omega-6 fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms e.g. ARA
- Gammaridae can produce highly unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids, when practically no polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the diet.
- Gammaridae are a family of amphipods inhabiting fresh to marine waters. Many members of the family are largely benthic.
- the new feed according to the present invention can thus be used for the production of Gammaridae and of a derived lipid fraction which has a high degree of the omega- 3 fatty acids DHA and EPA and omega-6 fatty acid ARA 1 in spite of the fact that the diet used in the Gammaridae production can be substantially free of these fatty acids and furthermore even practically free any omega-6 fatty acid such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6).
- a new alternative production method and source for marine omgea-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids is provided.
- the products of the invention represent a totally new source and method for the production of marine lipids.
- the diet according to the present invention can also be used to achieve a higher lipid content in Gammaridae than in wild caught animals or animals fed a fish raw material based diet with a comparable lipid content, which is a further advantage for the production of a lipid product.
- the lipids produced according to the present invention can be used in nutritional compositions, as well as in health products and in pharmaceutical compositions.
- Highly unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA are shown to have beneficial effects in the treatment and/or prevention of certain diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cerebral infarction, hyperlipidemia, arthrosclerosis, hypertension, tumor illness, diabetes, rheumatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, arthritis, asthma, cancer as e.g.
- Figure 1 shows the fatty acid profiles of the diets used in the feeding experiments (AL; salmon filet, SB; soya beans, CO; coconut (data for CO from Nagaraju and Belur, 2008)) and in Gammaridae fed the respective diets.
- A Illustrates the absolute values (mg/g dry weight) and B the relative distribution of fatty acids (% of total amount).
- MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, SFA; saturated fatty acids, NFAL; lipids that are not fatty acids.
- G. locusta The effect of a diet based on vegetable raw material was also tested in another species belonging to the Gammaridae family being the species Gammarus locusta.
- two different groups of G. locusta were fed a diet either solely consisting of soya beans or of coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera).
- coconut fruit In the coconut diet, fruits were cut in pieces having a size of about 0.5 - 1.5 mm.
- G. locusta were collected in the Northern Norway (area west of Troms ⁇ ).
- the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the soya beans are given in Table 1 and 2 and of coconut in Table 3, respectively.
- the feeding experiment 2 and sampling was carried out as described for experiment 1.
- the experiment lasted for 44 days.
- Lipids and fatty acids were analyzed according to Rainuzzo et al. (1992) by using a modified method of Bligh and Dyer (1959) for extraction of lipids and a method of Metcalfe et al. (1966) for methylation of fatty acids.
- FAMEs were quantified in a gas chromatograph (Carlo Erba HRGC 5160) connected to a Shimadzu-Chromatopac C R3A integrator. The total lipid content was analyzed gravimetrically (mg/g dry weight).
- G. oceanicus a diet solely consisting of soya beans resulted in a final lipid content of 140.4 mg per g dry weight which was more than the double of that in animals fed a diet consisting of salmon filet (68.2 mg lipid per g dry weight; Fig. 1 A and Table 4) when fed for a comparable period of time. This was the case in spite of the fact that the soya bean diet had a lower lipid content than the salmon filet being 87.2 mg/g and 238.8 mg/g, respectively.
- G. oceanicus sampled from the wild have a typical lipid content of 65-82 mg/g (not shown).
- the new diet consisting of soya beans
- the higher lipid content in Gammaridae fed the soya bean diet can be related to an observed delay in spawning and thus reproductive activity, which was probably caused by the diet.
- Spawning is assumed to reduce the lipid content of the animals, since the lipid reserves are potentially used in egg production.
- Table 4 Content of lipids and fatty acids (mg/g dry weight; means ⁇ standard deviation) in G. oceanicus fed Atlantic salmon filet (AL) and soya beans (SB). FA Fatty acids.
- DHAVEPA 0,69 ⁇ 0,00 0,68 ⁇ 0,01 non Hufa n-3 1,13 ⁇ 1,10 2,81 ⁇ 0,03
- Gammarus locusta solely fed a coconut based diet in experiment 2 had as much as 27.7 mg polyunsaturated fatty acids per g dry weight compared to about 19 mg/g dry weight in the treatment fed soya beans (Table 6, Figure 1A).
- the lipid content obtained was fairly similar for both treatments and in the range of what was achieved for G. oceanicus fed soya beans in experiment 1.
- Gammaridae belonging to the coconut treatment comprised 9.5 % of the total fatty acids as DHA, 15.2 % as EPA and 0.9 % ARA (Table 7, Figure 1B), while the diet did not include any of these fatty acids (Table 3). This corresponds to a DHA content of 7.4 mg/g and EPA of 11.7 mg/g and 0.72 mg ARA /g dry weight in the animals fed coconut fruits. Feeding of the soya bean diet resulted in 3.3 % DHA, 7.2 % EPA and 1.9 % ARA of the total fatty acids (Table 7), corresponding to 2.37 mg DHA per g dry weight, 6.04 mg EPA /g dry weight and 0.53 mg ARA /g dry weight.
- lipid product obtainable from Gammaridae produced according to the invention can be used as a feed ingredient for aquaculture purposes such as for salmon farming. It can also be used as a nutrient supplement, health product or pharmaceutical composition for humans or animals.
- the produced lipids according to the present invention can be used as a replacement for lipids from other known marine sources such as farmed or wild caught fish, krill, copepods, marine microalgae etc.
- DHA Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)
- Gammaridae Amphipods belonging to the family of Gammaridae including species such as Gammarus oceanicus, Gammarus lawrencianus, Gammarus locusta, Gammarus lacustris, Gammarus duebeni, Gammarus obstusatus, Gammarus finnmarchicus, Gammarus stoerensis, Gammarus tigrinus, Gammarus setosus, Gammarus wilkitzkii, Gammarus sensu, or Gammarus salinus.
- species such as Gammarus oceanicus, Gammarus lawrencianus, Gammarus locusta, Gammarus lacustris, Gammarus duebeni, Gammarus obstusatus, Gammarus finnmarchicus, Gammarus stoerensis, Gammarus tigrinus, Gammarus setosus, Gammarus wilkitzkii, Gammarus sensu, or Gammarus salinus.
- HUFA Highly unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA, EPA and ARA
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids Fatty acid having more than one double bond in the molecule. Production: The term production refers to the intensive cultivation of
- Non-marine lipid material Lipid material not comprising the highly unsaturated fatty acids DHA, EPA and ARA. Depending on the source the material may comprise to a very low degree other highly unsaturated fatty acids such as C22:5n3.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20091397A NO20091397L (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2009-04-06 | Feed composition for production of Gammaridae |
PCT/NO2010/000128 WO2010117281A1 (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2010-04-06 | Feed composition and method of feeding gammaridae |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2416667A1 true EP2416667A1 (en) | 2012-02-15 |
Family
ID=42269580
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP10719657A Withdrawn EP2416667A1 (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2010-04-06 | Feed composition and method of feeding gammaridae |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2416667A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20091397L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010117281A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103637016A (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2014-03-19 | 广西博士海意信息科技有限公司 | Aquarium fish feeds for park landscape and preparation method for feeds |
ES2567955B2 (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2016-11-15 | Universitat D'alacant / Universidad De Alicante | Procedure for obtaining a marine product based on amphipods |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5215767A (en) * | 1991-03-16 | 1993-06-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo | Additive for aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish and aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish which contains same |
GB2437909A (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2007-11-14 | Advanced Bionutrition Inc | Animal feed comprising docosahexaenois acid from a microbial source |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATE227513T1 (en) * | 1998-06-17 | 2002-11-15 | Dsm Nv | SEA FOOD CONTAINING MICROBIAL ARACHIDONIC ACID |
WO2007056823A1 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2007-05-24 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Feedstuffs for aquaculture comprising stearidonic acid feedstuffs for aquaculture |
-
2009
- 2009-04-06 NO NO20091397A patent/NO20091397L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2010
- 2010-04-06 WO PCT/NO2010/000128 patent/WO2010117281A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-04-06 EP EP10719657A patent/EP2416667A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5215767A (en) * | 1991-03-16 | 1993-06-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo | Additive for aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish and aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish which contains same |
GB2437909A (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2007-11-14 | Advanced Bionutrition Inc | Animal feed comprising docosahexaenois acid from a microbial source |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of WO2010117281A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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NO20091397L (en) | 2010-10-07 |
WO2010117281A1 (en) | 2010-10-14 |
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