EP2261867B1 - Verfahren zum Schutz gegen Fälschung oder Änderung einer gedruckten oder eingravierten Oberfläche - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Schutz gegen Fälschung oder Änderung einer gedruckten oder eingravierten Oberfläche Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2261867B1
EP2261867B1 EP10174049.6A EP10174049A EP2261867B1 EP 2261867 B1 EP2261867 B1 EP 2261867B1 EP 10174049 A EP10174049 A EP 10174049A EP 2261867 B1 EP2261867 B1 EP 2261867B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
watermark
image
printed
modulation
printing
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP10174049.6A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2261867A3 (de
EP2261867A2 (de
Inventor
Frédéric JORDAN
Roland Meylan
Martin Kutter
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Alpvision SA
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Alpvision SA
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Publication of EP2261867A3 publication Critical patent/EP2261867A3/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/004—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/005—Testing security markings invisible to the naked eye, e.g. verifying thickened lines or unobtrusive markings or alterations
    • G07D7/0054—Testing security markings invisible to the naked eye, e.g. verifying thickened lines or unobtrusive markings or alterations involving markings the properties of which are altered from original properties
    • G07D7/0056—Testing security markings invisible to the naked eye, e.g. verifying thickened lines or unobtrusive markings or alterations involving markings the properties of which are altered from original properties involving markings of altered colours

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for preventing the counterfeiting or alteration of a printed or engraved surface.
  • Special ink prints use the particular chemical properties of the ink to provide a definite response to a particular action.
  • fluorescent inks become very bright when illuminated by a particular wavelength, some inks are even invisible to natural light, other inks change color depending on their orientation or temperature (and may reveal by warming the paper with a finger), etc.
  • Special inks have as a common point to be particularly expensive and require changes in the usual industrial production chain (additional mask for offset, for example).
  • additional mask for offset for example.
  • Codes using invisible inks unlike the two previous groups, hide digital information. These codes can be characters, barcodes, 2D codes, etc. In addition to its high cost and inherent to invisible inks, this system has two major drawbacks. On the one hand, because of the nature of the codes used, it is located on a certain part of the document or the packaging and it is therefore possible to destroy it without altering the entire surface. On the other hand, the codes used always have geometric peculiarities (bars, geometric figures, characters, etc.) clearly identifying them as anti-copy devices. This greatly facilitates the task of the pirate seeking to reveal and reproduce the ink. Moreover as soon as the pirate knows how to realize this reproduction, ipso facto holds the means of reproducing the code.
  • One of the aims of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of known methods for preventing counterfeiting or alteration of printed or digitally engraved documents.
  • the present invention relates to a method for preventing the counterfeiting or alteration of printed or engraved documents characterized by the incorporation of a digital watermark in a part or in the entire document.
  • the digital watermark technique also known as digital tattooing, is a technique for hiding information in a robust and imperceptible manner in multimedia data such as music, video, images, documents, etc.
  • the information that is hidden is called the signature.
  • This signature can be for example a number, a name or even an image.
  • “Hide” has a very specific meaning in this context: for example in the case of an image, we will slightly change the color of some pixels, and in the case of music we will change the sound a little from time to time.
  • “Imperceptible” means that the modifications introduced are such that an individual can not distinguish the original data from the data signed by his own senses. For example, a signed image must look exactly the same as a normal image, a signed music must look perfectly normal, as well as a video or any other data. The whole problem is to make sure that a computer is able to detect this hidden information when it escapes our senses. There are also applications where a visible watermark is acceptable or even desirable. This allows in particular to further increase the robustness and visual control of the presence of a watermark. The principle that remains is that the watermark must not be visually disturbing.
  • the "robustness" of a watermark means that one must be able to find the signature after any manipulation of signed data. Take for example the case of a signed image: it must be able to compress, print, scan or rotate without ever losing the signature.
  • the technique of the digital watermark has so far been used for the purpose of finding the signature on a possible copy to prove the origin of the information present on the copy, thanks to the presence of the watermark that the we find on the copy. This involved in all cases the use of a robust watermark.
  • the purpose of incorporating the digital watermark on the surface is different, since its presence is intended to prevent the authentication or alteration of the surface concerned, ie of provide proof that the surface is authentic if the watermark is present or that it is a copy or that the surface has been altered if the watermark is missing.
  • the robustness of the watermark must be reduced so that a copy of the surface will result in a failure of the watermark reading. digital. This is called "fragile" watermark.
  • a typical application is to prevent counterfeiting of securities such as banknotes.
  • the watermark may be strong or fragile.
  • Figure 1 the graph shows the variation of luminance of the pixels of an image according to their position X and for an identical position Y. The four peaks illustrate the effect of a symmetrical modulation of this signal obtained by increasing or decreasing its intensity locally.
  • the present invention proposes asymmetrically modulating the color of the pixels.
  • the Figure 2 gives an example of asymmetric modulation obtained by darkening the color of some pixels. This modulation can then be positive or negative depending on whether color is added or removed.
  • the graph of the figure shows the luminance variation of the pixels of an image as a function of their position X and for an identical position Y. The two peaks illustrate the effect of an asymmetrical modulation of this signal obtained by decreasing only its intensity.
  • the Figure 3 gives some examples of digital watermark images.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a method for hiding and / or retrieving a digital watermark, characterized by the use of an asymmetrical modulation of the amplitude of a visible or invisible light component.
  • FIG. 1 An example of symmetric modulation is illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • the graph shows the luminance variation of the pixels of an image as a function of their X position and for an identical Y position.
  • the four peaks illustrate the effect of a symmetrical modulation of this signal obtained by increasing or decreasing its intensity locally.
  • FIG. 2 An example of asymmetric modulation is illustrated in Figure 2 .
  • the graph shows the luminance variation of the pixels of an image as a function of their X position and for an identical Y position.
  • the two peaks illustrate the effect of an asymmetrical modulation of this signal obtained by decreasing only its intensity.
  • One way to achieve positive asymmetric modulation is to use an overprint technique by printing the watermark over the actual colors of the material and other information already printed and thus ignoring local color variations on the surface of that material.
  • This approach imposes that the values of the color components of the material can only be darkened during the signature since additional ink is added. Mathematically, this corresponds to a positive asymmetric modulation of the color of the points.
  • this approach can be applied to any printing process.
  • Some specificities of watermark printing may depend on the printing process. The particular cases of offset and inkjet type printing for performing a positive modulation are detailed below.
  • the Figure 4 illustrates the implementation of the above method using positive modulation with an offset type industrial printing technique in the case of simultaneous printing of the watermark.
  • four-color printing 45 is performed (for example for a package 40) which means that four different ink colors are used for each of the yellow masks 41, cyan 42, magenta 43 and black 44.
  • the digital watermark can With a single color, it is generally desirable to use for the watermark one of the colors already selected for standard printing.
  • the Figure 4 shows how the different masks can then be applied.
  • the watermark printing fully integrates into the standard industrial printing line and therefore does not induce any additional cost.
  • the yellow mask can be used simultaneously for two different things: on the one hand it contains the yellow component of the image to print and on the other hand it contains the image of the watermark.
  • the computer tools used during the flashing of the offset film make it easy to achieve this integration.
  • FIG. 5 Another possible alternative is to use a separate mask for the watermark as shown on the Figure 5 .
  • the watermark is overprinted during an additional step with a mask and possibly an ink of its own (here magenta).
  • the mask 51 then defines the points of the watermark that are printed over the previously printed material 50.
  • This method although more expensive to implement by the printer, has the advantage of being able to easily change the watermark during the production. This allows for example to apply a watermark identifying different countries of sale to a series of identical packaging. It should be noted that when non-covering type inks are used, it is also possible to print the final image over the digital watermark, as shown in the illustration. Figure 6 .
  • the watermark being printed beforehand on the material, the final image being superimposed during an additional step.
  • the yellow masks 61, cyan 62, magenta 63 and black 64 are used to overprint the pattern. Since the ink is transparent, the watermark 60 located under the pattern can still be detected in the final result 65.
  • FIG. 7 Another usable printing method is of inkjet type as illustrated by the Figure 7 .
  • the illustration shows an example of an ink jet printing system using four colors, yellow 71, cyan 72, magenta 73 and black 74, their print heads 75 and the printed material 70.
  • the watermark is overprinted on the material.
  • the implementation of an ink jet printer for printing a watermark is particularly simple in that the vast majority of printer drivers automatically manage the color mixing to obtain a particular hue. The step of quadrichromic decomposition is therefore most often useless. It should be noted, however, that, depending on the drivers and printers, it may sometimes be desirable to choose a watermark color corresponding to the fundamental colors of the printer, in order to avoid getting raster colors or problems with the printer. alignment between dots of different colors.
  • watermark printing can be simultaneous with information or patterns intended to be printed normally. It is also possible to print the watermark separately , over or under the final pattern.
  • text can be overprinted on the signed material itself, this text possibly being linked to the watermark.
  • the key figures of a contract can thus be hidden in the watermark of the paper and thus make it possible to guarantee its integrity.
  • Watermark 1 is visible.
  • the lower visibility of the watermark 2 is obtained by simultaneously decreasing the density and the size of the points.
  • the watermark 3 further includes a lightening.
  • the main difficulty lies in the ability to find the asymmetrical watermark.
  • most tattooing techniques can extract information from the signed image without using the original image. Some techniques first make a prediction of what the original image was from the signed image and can then infer what the signature is. This technique is still applicable in the present case. In the case where the material has a uniform and known initial color, it is possible to suppress this prediction. This is particularly the case of a blank sheet of paper. This makes it possible to increase the reliability of the detection and thus to reduce the visibility of the watermark to the extreme limit of sensitivity of an optical scanner. Consequently, it makes it very difficult to duplicate the signed material, for example by photocopying: in fact, the losses inherent in any reproduction system generally weaken. this signature below the detectability threshold.
  • An application consists of including such a watermark on papers that you want to avoid copying, such as banknotes for example.
  • One embodiment of the invention consists in using as a basis a spatial symmetric amplitude modulation digital watermark algorithm, for example that described in [1].
  • vs k ' vs k + v . b . at k
  • the set of points defined by vba (k) constitutes the watermark ( Figure 8 , step 84) which is added to the original image c (k) to give the signed image c (k) '. It is the latter which is then printed according to the present invention.
  • the Figure 8 gives a block diagram of the complete process: the set of points constituting the watermark 85 is calculated 84 from the value of the bit to hide 81 and the key 82 defining the random sequence a (k). The value of the points being positive or negative, as defined by equation (1).
  • the equation (2) is equivalent to thresholding the values of the watermark 85 by keeping only the positive values and then adding these values 87 to the image to be signed 83 to obtain the signed image 89.
  • this technique is called "asymmetrical amplitude modulation”.
  • the sign of the modulation ba (k) being positive, the modulation is said to be positive.
  • the method can be further improved by operating in such a way that the watermark dominates over the values of the original mask.
  • M is the maximum value allowed by the mask, that is to say the value corresponding to the color of the document before signature.
  • the equation clearly shows the positive modulation with respect to zero and also illustrates the fact that at the positions where the watermark is hidden, the underlying image is not taken into account (dominance of the watermark on the original values).
  • This method has the advantage that the effective number of points contributing to the watermark increases, reaching a factor of 2 in the best box.
  • the multiplicity of the modified points creates a redundancy making it possible to ensure the robustness of the technique to noise by statistical correlation.
  • the Figure 9 is a block diagram describing the process: the signed image obtained by scanner is subtracted from the original image in order to restore the watermark. The bit constituting the signature is then calculated.
  • an additional filtering step may be performed if visible information has been printed over the signed uniform image.
  • the signed image 91 is previously filtered 92 in order to eliminate any noises (scratches, stains, text printed over the watermark, etc.).
  • the resulting image 93 is then subtracted 94 from the original image 95 in order to extract the watermark 96.
  • the value of the bit b is then found according to the standard watermark detection techniques, as described in the article [5] M. Kutter, "Watermarking resisting to translation, rotation, and scaling.”, Proceedings of SPIE International Symposium on Voice, Video, and Data Communications, November 1998 , which essentially consists of inverting equation (2) and statistically correlating the value of bit b found on several pixels k in order to guarantee good robustness to possible errors that may occur, for example, during the digital acquisition of the image .
  • This method can be generalized to several bits b and can then code any digital information such as a number or a string of characters.
  • the second case is illustrated by the block diagram of the figure Figure 10 where the original image is predicted from the signed image, the signed image is subtracted from the predicted image in order to render the watermark, the bit constituting the signature is then calculated.
  • a denoising filter 105 for example of the Wiener type, is used to make a prediction 106 of the original image o (k) from the signed image 101.
  • the difference 102 between these two images then constitutes the watermark 107 which can be decoded 103 using the key 108 to find the bit 104 in the same manner as before ( Figure 9 ). Since the prediction error is significantly greater than in the first case, the number of bits b coded in this way is systematically lower.
  • the implementation of the detection requires an optical scanner capable of scanning the document on which the watermark is printed.
  • the positioning on the scanner is never perfect, it is necessary to be able to find the information coded by the watermark after possible translations and rotations.
  • a suitable technique is to use the method described by [5] which is based on a self-correlated watermark (to compensate for rotations) and an inter-correlation technique (to compensate for translations).
  • the method can also be applied to other sectors than printing.
  • a laser to engrave metal surfaces, stones, ceramics, etc., and thus encode a digital watermark.
  • the applications concerned are, for example, parts of the automotive or aerospace industry or luxury articles in the jewelery or objects sectors. of values. It is also possible to hide watermarks on CD-ROMs or audio CDs, on the screen-printed side or on the engraved side (ink or laser).

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  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials, dieses Wasserzeichen ist autokorreliert und enthält eine zu versteckende Information, wobei dieses Verfahren durch die folgenden Schritte gekennzeichnet ist:
    - Herstellung eines digitalen Wasserzeichens vba(k) räumlicher Art je nach dem Vorzeichen der bits b={-1,1} der zu versteckenden Information und der Amplitude v der Modulation einer Farbkomponente sowie eines Zufallsgenerators a(k), definiert durch einen Schlüssel, so dass die Dichte des Wasserzeichens 2% oder weniger beträgt,
    - Schwellwertbildung des Wasserzeichens vba(k) gemäß dem Vorzeichen der Modulation ba(k), um eine asymmetrische Amplitudenmodulation zu erhalten,
    - gleichzeitiges Drucken des Schwellenbild-Wasserzeichens vba(k) und des Bildes c(k) auf die zu authentifizierende Oberfläche.
  2. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet. dass das Wasserzeichen die gesamte Oberfläche bedeckt.
  3. Gedruckte Oberfläche, die ein Bild umfasst und ein aufgedrucktes Wasserzeichen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2.
  4. Gedruckte Oberfläche nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Wasserzeichen auf ein einfarbiges Material aufgedruckt wird.
  5. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nur die Werte vba(k)>0 des Wasserzeichens durch die Schwellwertbildung aufbewahrt werden, um eine positive asymmetrische Modulation zu erhalten.
  6. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Wasserzeichen vba(k) und das Bild c(k) gleichzeitig mit derselben Druckmaske gedruckt werden.
  7. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nur die Werte vba(k)<0 des Wasserzeichens von der Schwellwertbildung aufbewahrt werden, um eine negative asymmetrische Modulation zu erhalten.
  8. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine einheitliche Farbe des einzufügenden Bildes von dem Wasserzeichen durchstoßen wird.
  9. Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Wasserzeichens und eines Bildes auf eine Materialoberfläche zur Authentifizierung des genannten Materials nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf einem Motiv des zu druckenden Bildes die dem Wasserzeichen entsprechenden Punkte aufgehellt sind.
EP10174049.6A 2000-09-20 2001-09-17 Verfahren zum Schutz gegen Fälschung oder Änderung einer gedruckten oder eingravierten Oberfläche Expired - Lifetime EP2261867B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH18322000 2000-09-20
EP01964793A EP1319219B1 (de) 2000-09-20 2001-09-17 Verfahren zur vorbeugung der verfälschung oder änderung von bedruckten oder gravierten flächen
PCT/CH2001/000560 WO2002025599A1 (fr) 2000-09-20 2001-09-17 Procede destine a prevenir la contrefaçon ou l'alteration d'une surface imprimee ou gravee

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EP01964793A Division EP1319219B1 (de) 2000-09-20 2001-09-17 Verfahren zur vorbeugung der verfälschung oder änderung von bedruckten oder gravierten flächen
EP01964793.2 Division 2001-09-17

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EP2261867A2 EP2261867A2 (de) 2010-12-15
EP2261867A3 EP2261867A3 (de) 2012-12-19
EP2261867B1 true EP2261867B1 (de) 2018-07-18

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EP01964793A Expired - Lifetime EP1319219B1 (de) 2000-09-20 2001-09-17 Verfahren zur vorbeugung der verfälschung oder änderung von bedruckten oder gravierten flächen

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US (1) US7684088B2 (de)
EP (2) EP2261867B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1252653C (de)
AT (1) ATE488822T1 (de)
DE (1) DE60143487D1 (de)
DK (1) DK1319219T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2356598T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2002025599A1 (de)

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DE60143487D1 (de) 2010-12-30
ATE488822T1 (de) 2010-12-15
EP2261867A3 (de) 2012-12-19
CN1475001A (zh) 2004-02-11
CN1252653C (zh) 2006-04-19
DK1319219T3 (da) 2011-02-21
EP1319219B1 (de) 2010-11-17
WO2002025599A1 (fr) 2002-03-28
ES2356598T3 (es) 2011-04-11
EP1319219A1 (de) 2003-06-18
US20040013285A1 (en) 2004-01-22
EP2261867A2 (de) 2010-12-15
US7684088B2 (en) 2010-03-23

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