EP2212516B1

EP2212516B1 - System, method and apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge

Info

Publication number: EP2212516B1
Application number: EP08840081.7A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Todd Foret
Original assignee: Foret Plasma Labs LLC
Current assignee: Foret Plasma Labs LLC
Priority date: 2007-10-16
Filing date: 2008-10-16
Publication date: 2016-12-07
Anticipated expiration: 2028-10-16
Also published as: EP2212516A4; CA2706598A1; CA2706598C; EP2212516A2; RU2481463C2; WO2009051834A3; RU2010119361A; WO2009051834A2

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of processing oil shale and more specifically to carbonizing oil shale with electrochemical plasma. The present invention can be applied to both surface methods and equipment as well as applied within an oil shale formation for in situ plasma electrolysis. The present invention also includes a novel plasma electrolysis well screen. In addition, the present invention relates to a plasma electrolysis method for fracturing wells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are many problems associated with the production of oil and gas resources. For example, it is very common for oil production wells to reach the end of their life, while there is still a substantial amount of oil in place (OIP) within the formation. Engineers may then to decide whether to shut in the well or stimulate the well using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods ranging from water flooding to steam flooding to injection of carbon dioxide and injection of solvents.
Likewise, even during peak production of a well, a well may have to be shut in due to paraffin plugging the production tubing. This can cause several problems ranging from reduced production to parting or breaking of the sucker rod connected to the surface pump jack.
Another problem associated with most oil and gas wells is produced water. When the water reaches the surface it is separated from the oil or gas and then must be treated prior to final disposition.
Recently, primarily due to high crude oil prices many exploration companies are turning to unconventional heavy oil resources (API < 22) such as oil sand bitumen, oil shale kerogen as well as heavy oil itself. Canada contains the largest known oil sand reserves estimated at over 1 trillion recoverable barrels of bitumen. Likewise, the largest known unconventional petroleum or hydrocarbon resource can be found in the Green River Formation in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. Worldwide oil shale reserves are estimated around 2.9-3.3 trillion barrels of shale oil while the Green River Formation reserves alone are estimated to contain between 1.5-2.6 trillion barrels.
However, emerging issues with respect to the renewed interest in oil shale development range from water resources, to green house gas emissions to basic infrastructure needs. Likewise, the Canadian oil sands has its own problems ranging from very large tailings ponds to a lack of upgrading capacity for the bitumen recovered from the oil sands. In addition, the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process utilizes copious amounts of energy to produce steam. Two problems associated with producing steam are first the source of water and removing its contaminants that may be deposited upon boiler tube walls and second recovering the latent heat within the steam when injected downhole.
Likewise, there are many proponents suggesting CO₂ injection as means for recovering heavy oil, oil sand and oil shale. As recently as April 4, 2007 Schlumberger's scientific advisor on CO₂, T. S. (Rama) Ramakrishnan has stated, "The research for efficient heavy oil recovery is still wide open. Steam flooding is the tried and trusted method, but we need to move forward. Having said that, I do not think advances will come about by refining current practices or expanding an existing research pilot - we need a step-change vis-à-vis enhancing heavy oil recovery. Oil at $60/bbl should be enough to provide the impetus."
Shell Oil Company has been demonstrating its freeze-wall and in situ conversion process (ICP) for recovering kerogen from the Green River Formation located in Colorado's Piceance Basin. Although Shell has patented various aspects of the process, two of the impediments to large volume production of oil shale using ICP are the type of downhole heater and the formation's constituents. U.S. Patent No. 7,086,468 and the family of other patents and published patent applications based on U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/199,213 (April 24, 2000 ), 60/199,214 (April 24, 2000 ) and 60/199,215 (April 24, 2000 ) provide detailed descriptions of the various prior art aboveground and in situ methods of retorting oil shale. Moreover, updated information regarding aboveground and in situ methods of retorting oil shale in the Green River Formation are described in "Converting Green River oil shale to liquid fuels with Alberta Taciuk Processor: energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions" by Adam R Brandt (June 1, 2007) and "Converting Green River oil shale to liquid fuels with the Shell in-situ conversion process: energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions" by Adam R Brandt (June 30, 2007), both of which are available at http://abrandt.berkeley.eduJshale/shale.html.
What is unique about the Green River Formation oil shale is that it has a high content of Nahcolite. Nahcolite is commonly referred to as baking soda which is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). Another active player in oil shale development, ExxonMobil, has developed an in situ conversion process for oil shale that is rich in Nahcolite. The process incorporates recovering kerogen while converting sodium bicarbonate or Nahcolite to sodium carbonate. ExxonMobil claims that the pyrolysis of the oil shale should enhance leaching and removal of sodium carbonate during solution mining.
Now, returning back to Shell's ICP for oil shale, the two largest problems to overcome are that baking soda can be used as a heating insulator and that oil shale is not very permeable. Thus using conventional heat transfer methods such as conduction and convection require a long period of time in addition to drilling many wells and incorporating many heaters close to one another.
Although in situ processes are rapidly developing for both oil shale and oil sands, surface processing is currently the leader for oil sands. Retorting of oil shale has been around since the early 1970's. Recently, retorting has been applied to oil sands. Once again the major problem with retorting either oil sand or oil shale is that the minerals and metals act to retard heat transfer. However, the single largest difference between oil shale and oil sand is that sodium carbonate is a known electrolyte. Likewise, oil sand contains electrolytes in the form of other salts.
U.S. Patent 3,428,125 describes a process in which hydrocarbons are recovered from an oil shale formation in situ by injecting an electrolyte into the formation through two or more wells and imposing a potential drop across the formation between the wells to pass electrical current therethrough and heat the same, to a temperature sufficiently high to pyrolize the hydrocarbons therein, while maintaining sufficient pressure on the formation to prevent vaporization of the electrolyte. The wells may be linked together through the formation by fracturing or directional drilling, or a combination of both.
While melting oil shale in a carbon crucible the inventor of the present invention has recently unexpectedly discovered a method for carbonizing oil shale with plasma electrolysis while simultaneously separating solids, liquids and gases. The process is based upon using the same mineral that is widespread in the Green River Formation - Baking Soda.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an apparatus for: (a) carbonizing oil shale that is superior to prior methods; (b) carbonizing oil shale in situ; and/or (c) enhanced oil recovery utilizing plasma electrolysis. The present invention also provides a method for: (a) in situ carbonizing oil shale utilizing plasma electrolysis; (b) heating a formation utilizing plasma electrolysis; and/or (d) fracturing wells utilizing plasma electrolysis.
More specifically, the present invention provides an apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge comprising
a first electrically conductive screen having a first end and a second end;
a second electrically conductive screen having a first end and a second end;
characterized by a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen;
a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen;
a first insulator attached to the first end of the first electrically conductive screen and the first end of the second electrically conductive screen, wherein the first insulator maintains a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen;
a second insulator attached to the second end of the first electrically conductive screen and the second end of the second electrically conductive screen, wherein the second insulator maintains the substantially eqidistant gap betweenthe first electronically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen;
a non-conductive granular material disposed within the substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, wherein the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge; and
wherein the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power supply such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for creating an electric glow discharge with the use of an apparatus as mentioned above, and comprising

introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap; and
connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that (a) the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, or (b) that the both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens, and an external anode to is connected to the electrical power supply.

The present invention also provides a system for creating an electric glow discharge comprising an apparatus as recited above, and an electrical power supply electrically connected to the first electronical terminal and the second electrical terminal of the apparatus
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the ArcWhirl™ Melter Crucible;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the ArcWhirl™ Melter Crucible carbonizing oil shale with plasma electrolysis;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment a plasma electrolysis well screen in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is cross-sectional view of a Hi-Temper™ Filter with non-conductive media in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a toe to heal Oil Shale Carbonizing with Plasma Electrolysis in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing horizontal wells for In Situ Oil Shale Carbonizing with Plasma Electrolysis in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an Insitu PAGD™ with ArcWhirl™ in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a Hi-Temper™ Well Screen Heater Treater in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Electrolysis Inline Flange Screen™ in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Electrolysis Stripper Column™ in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a Surface and Subsea Plasma Electrolysis Methane Hydrate Buster™ in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Electrolysis Well Screen™ or Filter Screen in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It will be understood that the terms plasma electrolysis, glow discharge, glow discharge plasma and electrochemical plasma will be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure. Likewise, it will be understood that plasma electrolysis is substantially different and clearly differentiated within the art from traditional electrolysis or simple electrochemical reactions commonly referred to as REDOX (reduction oxidation) reactions. In plasma electrolysis a "plasma" is formed and maintained around the cathode which is surrounded by an electrolyte thus allowing for high temperature reactions such as gasification, cracking, thermolysis and pyrolysis to occur at or near the plasma interface. The circuit is thus completed from the cathode through the plasma and into the bulk liquid.
Turning now to FIG. 1, the inventor of the present invention melted a virgin sample of oil shale utilizing a carbon crucible operated in a plasma arc melting mode. Later and being very familiar with plasma electrolysis or glow discharge plasma, specifically using baking soda as the electrolyte, the inventor of the present invention, filled the same crucible with oil shale then mixed baking soda into water then filled the crucible with water as shown in FIG. 2.
The DC power supply was operated at 300 volts DC in order to get the electrically conductive water and baking soda solution(an ionic liquid or electrolyte) to arc over and form a glow discharge irradiating from the negative (-) graphite electrode. Within seconds the glow discharge, also commonly referred to as electrochemical plasma or plasma electrolysis was formed around the negative (-) cathode graphite electrode.
The plasma electrolysis cell was operated for one minute. The cathode was extracted from the cell and the carbon was glowing orange hot. The estimated surface temperature on the carbon cathode ranged from 1,000°C to over 2,000°C. The color of the glow discharge plasma was orange. This is very typical of the emission spectra of a high pressure sodium lamp commonly found in street lights. Hence the use of baking soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate, which caused the orange plasma glow discharge.
The cell was shut down and allowed to cool. Immediately upon removing a piece of oil shale from the crucible a noticeable color change occurred on the outside of the normally grey oil shale. The shale was completely black. All the pieces of shale were covered in a black coke like substance. What occurred next was completely unexpected after crushing a piece of plasma electrolysis treated oil shale. The shale was internally carbonized up to 1.27cm (1/2 inch) from the surface.
This simple procedure opens the door to a new process for enhanced recovery of unconventional fossil fuels such as heavy oil, oil sands and oil shale. Referring again to FIG. 2 - Carbonizing Oil Shale with Plasma Electrolysis - the present invention can be applied to surface processing of oil shale or spent oil shale. Any retort can be retrofitted to operate in a plasma electrolysis mode. However, rotary washing screens commonly found in the mining industry as well as the agriculture industry can be retrofitted to operate in a continuous feed plasma electrolysis mode. The method of the present invention can be applied to oil sand also. This is a dramatic departure from traditional high temperature "DRY" retorting methods commonly applied within the oil shale industry. However, the plasma electrolysis method can be applied to the froth flotation step commonly employed within the oil sands industry. For the sake of simplicity, the remainder of this disclosure will provide a detailed explanation of the invention as applied to the carbonization of oil shale with plasma electrolysis.
FIGS 3 and 4, show parts of an apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, insulators (only one is shown in Fig. 3) attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen. The insulators maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen. The non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge. The electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
The non-conductive granular material may include marbles, ceramic beads, molecular sieve media, sand, limestone, activated carbon, zeolite, zirconium, alumina, rock salt, nut shell or wood chips. The electrically conductive screens can be flat, tubular, elliptical, conical or curved. The apparatus can be installed within a conduit, pipeline, flow line, stripper column, reactor, a well or a well screen. In addition, the apparatus can be protected by a non-conductive rotating sleeve or a non-conductive screen. The electrical power supply can operate in a range from (a) 50 to 500 volts DC, or (b) 200 to 400 volts DC. The cathode can reach a temperature of (a) at least 500°C, (b) at least 1000°C, or (c) at least 2000°C during the electric glow discharge. Note that once the electric glow discharge is created, the electric glow discharge is maintained without the electrically conductive fluid. The electrically conductive fluid can be water, produced water, wastewater or tailings pond water. An electrolyte, such as baking soda, Nahcolite, lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid, can be added to the electrically conductive fluid. The apparatus can be used as to heat or fracture a subterranean formation containing bitumen, kerogen or petroleum. The subterranean formation may contain oil shale or oil sand.
In addition, there is provided a method for creating an electric glow discharge by providing an electric glow apparatus, introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap, and connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode. The electric glow discharge apparatus includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen. The insulators maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen. The non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge. The electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
Moreover, the present invention provides a method for creating an electric glow discharge by providing an electric glow apparatus, introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap, connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that the both electrically conductive screens are the cathode and the electrically conductive fluid is an anode, and connecting an external anode to the electrical power supply. The electric glow discharge apparatus includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen. The insulators maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen. The non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge. The electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply..
The present invention also provides a system for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a power supply, a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen. The insulators maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen. The non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge. The electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
Turning now to FIG. 5 - Toe to Heel Oil Shale Plasma Electrolysis, the conventional Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) with carbon dioxide (CO₂) method can be dramatically improved and is virtually a step-change from traditional CO₂ flooding. For example, the vertical injection well may be utilized as the cathode (-) while the horizontal production well may be utilized as the anode (+). On the surface a water source, for example, produced water, wastewater or tailings pond water is tested for conductivity in order to operate in a plasma electrolysis mode at a DC voltage ranging from 50 to 500 volts DC and more specifically between 200 and 400 volts DC. The conductivity may be increased by adding an electrolyte selected from Nahcolite (baking soda commonly found within oil shale formations), lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid formed from dissolving CO₂ into water.
In order to complete the electrical circuit between the vertical injection well and the horizontal production well, the horizontal well may be drilled such that a continuous bore is formed between both the vertical and horizontal wells. This is common for running a pipeline underneath a river or underneath a road. Whether the vertical well or horizontal well is utilized as the cathode an important and necessary disclosure is that the surface area for the cathode must be maximized in order to carry a sufficient current through the electrolyte which of course completes the electrical circuit.
There are many ways to maximize surface area, however the inventor of the present invention will disclose the best mode for maximizing cathode surface area. The graphite electrode as shown in FIG. 2 was replaced with a v-shaped wire screen which is commonly used as a well screen to prevent sand entrainment. The large surface area of the v-shaped wire screen immediately formed a large glow discharge when submersed into the carbon crucible with water and baking soda.
This disclosure is unique and unobvious in that it allows every oil and gas well, worldwide, to be converted into an in situ upgrader or heater treater. Referring to FIG. 4, a 1st well screen is separated from a 2nd well screen via an electrical insulator. The electrical insulator may be selected from a high temperature non-electrical conductive material such alumina or zirconia or any ceramic or composite material capable of withstanding temperatures greater than 500°C. Either the 1st or 2nd screen can be the cathode. Of course the other screen would be operated as the anode. In order to operate as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) system, the only requirement is that the oil or gas must have a sufficient amount of conductivity. And of course most oil and gas wells produce water, hence the term produced water which is a highly conductive solution. The ionic produced water forms the glow discharge upon the cathode. Heavy paraffin wax contained in heavy oil will be upgraded or cracked into smaller molecules. This provides two beneficial attributes. First, since the paraffin waxes are no longer available to plug the well, hot oil injection may be reduced or completely eliminated. Second, since the heavy paraffin waxy hydrocarbons are what make a crude oil heavy, low API, cracking the waxes in situ, may lead to in situ upgrading. The higher the API gravity the easier it is to pump. Likewise, a high API gravity crude brings in a higher price.
In addition, it is well known that plasma electrolysis will produce hydrogen. Not being bound by theory, it is believed that bound sulfur species within crude oil may be converted to hydrogen sulfide when flowed through the Plasma Electrolysis Well Screen. The H2S can easily be separated from the crude oil with surface separation equipment.
The Plasma Electrolysis Well Screen can be utilized to fracture wells. For example, since electrolysis generates gases and plasma dramatically increases the temperature of the fluid, the production string simply needs to be filled with an electrolyte. Next, the well head can be shut in. When the DC power supply is energized, a glow discharge will be formed on the cathode. This will increase the pressure and temperature of the fluid while generating gases. The pressure will be released as the formation is fractured, thus more electrolyte may be added to the production string. This process may be very applicable to fracturing horizontal wells as shown in FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 5 - Horizontal Wells for In Situ Oil Shale Carbonizing with Plasma Electrolysis, the aforementioned well fracturing method can be utilized by installing the Plasma Electrolysis or Glow Discharge Well Screens in both the upper and lower horizontal legs. To fracture the oil shale formation both wells are operated in independent plasma electrolysis modes in order to fracture the formation. Once the oil shale formation is fractured and an electrical circuit can be completed with an electrolyte between the upper and lower leg, then one well can be operated as the cathode while the other leg can be operated as the anode.
The oil shale will be carbonized in situ, thus allowing only light hydrocarbons and hydrogen to be produced with the electrolyte. Of course it will be understood that the electrolyte may be recirculated to minimize water usage. Upon reaching the surface the produced water and shale oil may be further treated and separated with an invention of the present inventor's referred to as the ArcWhirl™. Not being bound by theory, this process enables carbon sequestration to become a true reality by carbonizing the oil shale, thus minimizing the production of hydrocarbons while maximizing the production of hydrogen. Also, this process enables the hydrogen economy to become a reality utilizing the largest known fossil fuel reserves in the world - oil shale - while allowing the United States to become independent from foreign oil imports.
Different embodiments of the invention described above are also illustrated in the FIGS. 7- 12.
In the foregoing, preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail; however it will be understood by those skilled in the art that further embodiments are possible without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

An apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge comprising:
a first electrically conductive screen having a first end and a second end;

a second electrically conductive screen having a first end and a second end;

characterized by a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen;

a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen;

characterized by a first insulator attached to the first end of the first electrically conductive screen and the first end of the second electrically conductive screen,

wherein the first insulator maintains a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen;

a second insulator attached to the second end of the first electrically conductive screen and the second end of the second electrically conductive screen, wherein the second insulator maintains the substantially eqidistant gap betweenthe first electronically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen;

a non-conductive granular material disposed within the substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, wherein the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge; and wherein the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power supply such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the non-conductive granular material comprises marbles, ceramic beads, molecular sieve media, sand, limestone, activated carbon, zeolite, zirconium, alumina, rock salt, nut shell or wood chips.
The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that:
the electrically conductive screens are flat, tubular, elliptical, conical or curved;

the apparatus is installed within a conduit, pipeline, flow line, stripper column, reactor, a well or a well screen; and

the apparatus is protected by a non-conductive rotating sleeve or a non-conductive screen.
The apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the electrical power supply operates in a range from 50 to 500 volts DC, preferably in a range of 200 to 400 volts DC.
The apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the cathode reaches a temperature of at least 500°C, preferably at least 1000°C, most preferably at least 2000°C, during the electric glow discharge.
The apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that once the electric glow discharge is created, the electric glow discharge is maintained without the electrically conductive fluid.
The apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrically conductive fluid comprises water, produced water, wastewater or tailings pond water.
The apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that an electrolyte is added to the electrically conductive fluid to increase the conductivity, the electrolyte comprises baking soda, Nahcolite, lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid.
The apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the apparatus is used as to heat or fracture a subterranean formation containing bitumen, kerogen or petroleum, and wherein preferably the subterranean formation comprises oil shale or oil sand.
A method for creating an electric glow discharge with the use of an apparatus according to anyone of claims 1 to 9, characterized by
- introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap; and

- connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that (a) the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, or (b) that the both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens, and an external anode is connected to the electrical power supply.
The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the non-conductive granular material comprises marbles, ceramic beads, molecular sieve media, sand, limestone, activated carbon, zeolite, zirconium, alumina, rock salt, nut shell or wood chips.
The method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that
the electrically conductive screens are flat, tubular, elliptical, conical or curved;
the apparatus is installed within a conduit, pipeline, flow line, stripper column, reactor, a well or a well screen; and
the apparatus is protected by a non-conductive rotating sleeve or a non-conductive screen.
The method according to anyone of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the electrical power supply operates in a range from 50 to 500 volts DC, preferably in a range of 200 to 400 volts DC.
The method according to anyone of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that the cathode reaches a temperature of at least 500°C, preferably at least 1000°C, most preferably at least 2000°C, during the electric glow discharge.
The method according to anyone of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that once the electric glow discharge is created, the electric glow discharge is maintained without the electrically conductive fluid.
The method according to anyone of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that the electrically conductive fluid comprises water, produced water, wastewater or tailings pond water.
The method according to anyone of claims 10 to 16, characterized in that an electrolyte is added to the electrically conductive fluid to increase the conductivity, the electrolyte comprises baking soda, Nahcolite, lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid.
The method according to anyone of claims 10 to 17, characterized in that the apparatus is used as to heat or fracture a subterranean formation containing bitumen, kerogen or petroleum, and wherein preferably the subterranean formation comprises oil shale or oil sand.
A system for creating an electric glow discharge comprising:
- an apparatus as recited in any one of claims 1 to 9; and

- an electrical power supply electrically connected to the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal of the apparatus.