EP1137032A2 - Magnetic switch - Google Patents
Magnetic switch Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1137032A2 EP1137032A2 EP01106190A EP01106190A EP1137032A2 EP 1137032 A2 EP1137032 A2 EP 1137032A2 EP 01106190 A EP01106190 A EP 01106190A EP 01106190 A EP01106190 A EP 01106190A EP 1137032 A2 EP1137032 A2 EP 1137032A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- armature
- contact
- core
- switch according
- yoke
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
- H01H51/22—Polarised relays
- H01H51/2209—Polarised relays with rectilinearly movable armature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
- H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
- H01H50/163—Details concerning air-gaps, e.g. anti-remanence, damping, anti-corrosion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
- H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
- H01H50/18—Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature
- H01H50/32—Latching movable parts mechanically
- H01H50/326—Latching movable parts mechanically with manual intervention, e.g. for testing, resetting or mode selection
Definitions
- the invention relates to a magnetic switch having a cup-shaped yoke, a core, a coil, an armature and a fixed contact and a movable contact.
- Magnetic switches of this kind are known, for example, from EP 0 442 311 A2, which discloses a magnetic switch in which a non-magnetic armature is moved by a permanent magnet fixedly connected thereto. During this, in the direction of movement of the armature, only an operational air gap between the permanent magnet and the core brings about the effect. Furthermore, the known magnetic switch has a small coupling surface between the permanent magnet and the core, which extends only over the inner region of the cup-shaped yoke.
- the known magnetic switch has the disadvantage that the coupling surface between the permanent magnet and the core, and thus the holding force of the magnet system, is only very small relative to the structural volume of the magnetic switch.
- This means that the known magnetic switch is not suitable for use as a battery disconnecting switch in a motor vehicle, where on the one hand large currents of a few thousand amps have to be switched, and where on the other hand vibrations and jolts act on the magnetic switch.
- To achieve a greater holding force it would be possible for special magnetic materials which generate a very strong magnetic field to be used. These have the disadvantage that they are expensive to procure and complicated to process.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a magnetic switch which presses the movable contact onto the fixed contact with a high holding force while having a small structural volume.
- the invention specifies a magnetic switch having a yoke that has the shape of a cup with an axis of symmetry.
- the cup has a base and a wall and is open to one side.
- a core which has a radial core flange at its end facing the base.
- This radial core flange forms with the wall of the cup a marginal air gap with a width of H R .
- This marginal air gap has a magnetic resistance of W R .
- the cup contains a plate-shaped permanent magnet which is magnetised parallel to the axis of symmetry of the cup. The permanent magnet is arranged between the core flange and the base and is magnetically coupled thereto.
- a coil whereof the coil axis is the axis of symmetry of the cup.
- the cup is covered by a plate-shaped armature which forms with the yoke a yoke air gap with a width of H J and forms with the core a core air gap with a width of H K .
- the yoke and core air gaps together form, connected serially one behind the other, the operational air gap, which has a magnetic resistance of W A .
- there is arranged on the magnetic switch a means for lifting the armature axially away from the cup. In the closed condition of the magnetic switch, the following applies: W A ⁇ W R .
- a magnetic switch is produced which is shielded from the outside extremely well and has only extremely low scattering losses for the magnetic fields. Because the armature forms an operational air gap with the core and the cup-shaped yoke, a coupling surface which is as large as possible is formed with a particular predetermined structural volume. The large coupling surface between the armature and the yoke and the core respectively results in a large holding force of the magnetic switch in the closed condition. Because the magnetic resistance of the operational air gap is smaller than the magnetic resistance of the marginal air gap, it is ensured that the majority of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet is conducted through the armature in the closed condition.
- the system polarised by the permanent magnet moreover has the advantage that only a short switch pulse has to be sent through the coil in order to close the switch, and the coil current can be returned to zero in the closed condition. This means, in particular, that low-power operation of the magnetic switch is possible.
- the ratio W R /W A In order to achieve the maximum holding force of the armature, it would be desirable for the ratio W R /W A to be as large as possible. This would ensure that all of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet is guided through the armature without losses being produced by way of the marginal air gap.
- a very large ratio W R /W A would, however, mean that a high counter-excitation of the coil would be required to open the switch, in order to displace the magnetic field of the permanent magnet out of the core and guide it through the marginal air gap and the wall of the cup, back onto the underside of the permanent magnet. Consequently, for the magnetic switch to have a high sensitivity to switching off, it would be desirable for the ratio W R /W A to be in the order of magnitude of one.
- a magnetic switch according to the invention may for example readily be produced with the following dimensions: for the cup, a radial extent of between 10 mm and 50 mm is chosen. With a size such as this, a compact construction is possible for the magnetic switch, as is specifically necessary for its use as a battery disconnecting switch in a motor vehicle.
- the width of the yoke and core air gaps purely for reasons of the superficial roughness of the underside of the armature or of the surfaces of the cup wall and the core, the following range can readily be set: 0.005 mm ⁇ H J ⁇ 0.05 mm and 0.005 mm ⁇ H K ⁇ 0.05 mm.
- a wall thickness of the cup of approximately 1 mm is chosen, moreover, then a surface for the yoke air gap with a size of approximately 100 mm 2 is obtained.
- the core air gap or the marginal air gap is constructed to have approximately the same order of magnitude as regards their surfaces, then to fulfil the relation mentioned above between the magnetic resistances of the operational and the marginal air gaps, the following apply: 1 mm > H R > 0.1 mm.
- the said dimensions of the core and yoke air gaps relate to the closed condition of the switch. With a magnetic switch constructed in accordance with these example dimensions, a holding force of approximately 30 N can be achieved. The axial extent of the switch corresponds approximately to the radial extent. A magnetic switch of this type can be switched at a switching capacity of approximately 0.7 W.
- a magnetic switch in which the yoke, permanent magnet, core, coil and armature are arranged rotationally symmetrically about the axis of symmetry.
- the permanent magnet is of a material containing barium ferrite.
- Barium ferrite is a readily available, inexpensive material for a permanent magnet, which greatly simplifies production of the magnetic switch. Because of the high holding force of the magnetic switch according to the invention, expensive highly magnetised special materials for the permanent magnet can be dispensed with.
- Magnetically soft iron can very readily be demagnetised, which simplifies the displacement of the flux of the permanent magnet out of the core when the magnetic switch is opened. Furthermore, magnetically soft iron has a low magnetic resistance, as a result of which it is ideal for conducting the flux of the permanent magnet to the armature.
- a high holding force of the magnetic switch may be achieved in particular in that the core and the yoke are dimensioned, at least in the region of the corresponding air gaps, in cross-section such that in the closed condition and in the absence of excitation, that is to say when the coil current is 0, there is almost magnetic saturation.
- the armature is particularly advantageous for the armature to be constructed in accordance with the invention with a radially varying plate thickness such that there is almost magnetic saturation in the entire armature in the closed condition of the magnetic switch.
- the armature thinner at the edge than in the centre, since the cross-sectional surface available for the magnetic flux increases with the distance from the axis of symmetry.
- the thickness of the armature can be lessened accordingly with increasing distance from the axis of symmetry. This makes it possible to reduce the mass of the armature to the absolutely minimum amount required.
- a minimised armature mass of this kind has the advantage that the magnetic switch is less sensitive to vibrations or shocks, since in this case it is primarily the inert mass of the armature which determines the extent to which the armature can respond to rapid accelerations.
- the magnetic switch may be constructed to be particularly compact if, according to the invention, a hole running along the axis of symmetry is provided in the yoke, the permanent magnet, the core and the armature, and through this hole runs a pin.
- This pin is secured to the armature at one end, and at the other end is coupled to a movable contact which makes contact with a first fixed contact in the closed condition of the magnetic switch. With the aid of the movable contact and the fixed contact, the circuit of a motor vehicle, for example, may be switched.
- the movable contact is a flange-shaped contact disc which is arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry and has a central hole.
- the pin is secured in the hole in the armature by means of flange-shaped end portions and is suspended in the contact disc from a collar projecting into the contact disc hole.
- the contact disc makes contact with a first and a second fixed contact in the closed condition.
- a pressure spring contact arranged in the hole in the permanent magnet is a pressure spring contact supported against the armature and the contact disc.
- the end of the pin remote from the armature is pre-tensioned in the direction of the armature via a rocker by means of a tension or pressure spring.
- the rocker according to the invention which is coupled to the pin, is a simple means of raising the armature axially away from the cup.
- the pressure spring contact supported against the armature and the contact disc has the advantage that the holding force of the armature can be transmitted over a certain distance, regardless of the spacing between the fixed contacts and the base of the cup.
- the length of the pin in accordance with the invention, such that when the magnetic switch opens, the lower pin flange moves by an overtravel distance H U before it engages with the contact disc.
- This overtravel has the advantage that, when the magnetic switch opens, first the armature is greatly accelerated, together with the pin, as a result of the pressure spring contact, and only once the lower pin flange has engaged with the collar are the contacts pulled open by the forces of inertia thereby gained.
- the overtravel distance is preferably set in a range of between 0.5 mm and 1 mm.
- a magnetic switch in which the pin is suspended in a spring contact secured to the second fixed contact and bearing the movable contact.
- the arrangement according to the invention of a spring contact on the second fixed contact, has the advantage that it is possible to dispense with the pressure spring contact inside the cup. This means that the construction of the spring contact is no longer determined by the dimensions of the cup, but that it can be shaped and arranged outside the cup in almost any desired way.
- a possible material is for example spring steel or a nickel/iron alloy. Although these materials have a very good spring action, they are not suitable for conducting electrical current from the second fixed contact to the movable contact, because of their poor conductivity. Furthermore, it is particularly advantageous for the movable contact to be electrically connected to the second fixed contact by means of a litz wire.
- This litz wire may for example be of copper, which conducts electrical current very well.
- the magnetic switch can be operated even if the circuit fails, it is particularly advantageous to arrange on the rocker an actuating element which can be used to open the switch manually.
- This actuating element moreover has the advantage that it can be arranged such that its position can be visually recognised on the switch from the outside. This means that the means of manually opening the switch can be used as an indicator of the condition of the switch at the same time.
- Figure 1 shows a magnetic switch which is constructed to be substantially rotationally symmetrical with respect to the axis of symmetry 2 that has a yoke 1 in the shape of a cup 3.
- the cup 3 has a base 4 and a wall 9. It is made of a magnetically soft material such as iron.
- a permanent magnet 5 is laid on the base 4.
- the permanent magnet 5 is made for example of barium ferrite. It is magnetised parallel to the axis of symmetry 2. As a result of the permanent magnet 5 coming into contact with the base 4, a magnetic coupling is produced between these two bodies.
- a core 6 having a core flange 8 is arranged on the permanent magnet 5.
- the core 6 is made of a magnetically soft material such as iron.
- the core flange 8 comes into contact with the permanent magnet 5 so that there is a magnetic coupling between these two bodies.
- a coil 7 which is wound onto a coil bobbin 42 is arranged on the core 6.
- the cup 3 is covered by a plate-shaped armature 11.
- the armature 11 may be made from a magnetically soft material such as iron. In the closed condition of the magnetic switch, the armature 11 is placed on the cup 3, with a core air gap 12 being formed between the core 6 and the armature 11 and a yoke air gap 13 being formed between the yoke 1 and the armature 11.
- the core air gap 12 and the yoke air gap 13 may for example result simply from the superficial roughness of the armature 11 and the yoke 1 or the core 6. It may, however, also result from a protective coating on the surface of the armature 11, which is applied at a defined thickness for example by vapour deposition, sputtering or galvanic deposition, and which may be for example of copper or nickel. With the aid of a protective coating of this kind, the width H K of the core air gap 12 can be matched precisely to the width H R of the marginal air gap 10.
- the width H J of the yoke air gap 13 and the width H K of the core air gap 12 the following applies: 0.005 mm ⁇ H J ⁇ 0.05 mm and 0.005 mm ⁇ H K ⁇ 0.05 mm.
- the yoke air gap 13 and the core air gap 12 together form, connected serially one behind the other, the operational air gap of the magnetic switch.
- the operational air gap has a magnetic resistance of W A .
- the marginal air gap has a magnetic resistance of W R .
- a width H R for the marginal air gap of between 1 mm and 0.1 mm is chosen.
- the armature 11 is constructed as regards its plate thickness, varying over the radius, such that in the closed condition of the magnetic switch there is as complete as possible magnetic saturation of the armature 11. This means that the thickness of the armature 11 lessens with increasing distance from the axis of symmetry 2. This makes it possible to construct the armature 11 to be preferably low in mass, so that the magnetic switch becomes insensitive to those jolts and vibrations which occur in particular in motor vehicles.
- the opened condition of the switch is achieved by raising the armature 11 by a spacing s in the direction of the axis of symmetry 2.
- the armature 11 is coupled to a contact disc 17 by means of a pin 14.
- the pin 14 has an upper pin flange 24 by means of which it is secured to the armature 11.
- the contact disc 17 is in the shape of a flange with an inwardly projecting collar 25.
- the pin 14 is connected axially movably to the contact disc 17 by means of a lower pin flange 21.
- the contact disc 17 is a movable contact 15 which bridges a first fixed contact 16 to a second fixed contact 18.
- the contact disc 17 may be for example of copper.
- the fixed contacts 18, 16 are made from electrically conductive material and may for example be injection moulded into a plastics housing.
- a pressure spring contact 19 which is supported against the armature 11 and the contact disc 17. Since the lower pin flange 21 is movable within the contact disc 17 by an overtravel distance H Ü , secure contact between the contact disc 17 and the fixed contacts 16, 18 is ensured even if the contacts 15, 16, 18 are reduced in thickness by contact erosion.
- the pressure spring contact 19 transmits the holding force of the armature 11 to the contact disc 17.
- a rocker 20 illustrated only diagrammatically here
- the magnetic resistances of the operational and marginal air gaps W A , W R are set such that in the closed condition almost the entire magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 5 is conducted through the core 6 into the armature 11.
- the holding force exerted by the permanent magnet 5 on the armature 11 is sufficiently large that the coil current can be switched off once the closed condition is reached.
- low-power operation of the magnetic switch is possible.
- the armature 11 it was possible for the armature 11 to be moved from the opened to the closed condition with a switching capacity of 0.7 watts. Low-power operation of this kind for the magnetic switch is particularly important in cases where electrical power is only available to an extremely limited extent, such as in motor vehicles.
- the armature finally attains the opened position of the magnetic switch, where it is held by the rocker 20 until either the armature 11 is moved manually back into the closed position or else a new switching procedure takes place by means of the coil 7.
- Figure 2 shows a magnetic switch according to the invention, having a yoke 1, an axis of symmetry 2, a cup 3 with a base 4 and a wall 9, a permanent magnet 5, a core 6 and a coil 7, with the cup 3 being covered by an armature 11.
- the armature 11 forms with the core 6 a core air gap 12 and with the yoke 1 a yoke air gap 13.
- the magnetic switch is of exactly the same construction as the magnetic switch shown in Figure 1.
- the armature 11 is coupled to the spring contact 22 by means of a pin 14 which runs in a pin sleeve 26 running through the centre of the cup 3.
- the spring contact 22 bears the movable contact 15.
- the movable contact 15 In the closed state of the magnetic switch, the movable contact 15 is electrically connected to a first fixed contact 16 which for its part is secured to a contact beam 27.
- the spring contact 22 is secured to a second fixed contact.
- Possible materials for the spring contact 22 are in particular spring steel or a nickel/iron alloy. Since such materials conduct electrical current poorly, the movable contact 15 is brought into contact with a litz wire 23 by means of solder 30.
- the litz wire 23 is fixedly connected to the second fixed contact 18 and of flexible construction so that it follows the movement of the spring contact 22, even if the magnetic switch is actuated frequently, without tearing off as a result of material fatigue.
- a rocker 20 Arranged on the underside of the pin 14 is a rocker 20, the functioning of which is clear from Figure 3.
- FIG 3 shows the second fixed contact 18, to which the spring contact 22 is secured.
- the second fixed contact 18 may be connected to the first fixed contact (not illustrated in Figure 3), which is secured to the contact beam 27.
- a movable contact (not illustrated in Figure 3). This movable contact is connected by means of solder 30 to a litz wire 23, which for its part is secured by means of solder 30 to the second fixed contact 18.
- the spring contact 22 is connected to the second fixed contact 18 by riveting 31.
- a rocker 20 pivotal about a rocker axis 29.
- a pressure spring 28 Arranged on the side of the rocker 20 opposite the spring contact 22 is for example a pressure spring 28 which keeps the armature in the opened condition.
- FIG 4 shows the magnetic switch according to the invention, installed in a housing 34 having a cover 35.
- the magnetic switch may be closed manually.
- load terminals 33 are guided into the housing 34.
- These load terminals 33 may for example be encased inside the housing 34 by injection moulding.
- an actuating element 32 which is guided upwards out of the housing 34 to be secured to the rocker. With the aid of the actuating element 32, the magnetic switch may be opened manually.
- Figure 5 shows the housing 34 in the opened condition.
- a chamber 38 in which for example switching electronics for the magnetic switch may be accommodated.
- load terminals 33 are guided into the housing 34.
- Figure 6 shows the armature holding force 39, the contact force 40 acting on the fixed contacts, and the spring force of the pressure spring 41 on the rocker as a function of the spacing s between the armature and the cup, illustrated in a measurement graph for the embodiment of the magnetic switch illustrated in Figure 1, in the closed condition.
- the armature holding force 39 is approximately 35 N.
- the armature holding force decreases sharply as the spacing s between the armature and the cup increases, as a result of the weakening of the magnetic field as the operational air gap grows larger.
- the contact force 40 decreases as the spacing s between the armature and the cup increases, although only linearly, in accordance with the force/distance curve of a spring.
- the spring force of the pressure spring 41 decreases linearly with increasing spacing s between the armature and the cup, in accordance with the force/distance curve of a spring. From a spacing s between the armature and the cup of approximately 0.8 mm, the contact is opened, as a result of which the contact force 40 goes down to zero. At this spacing, the armature holding force 39 is still only very small, being still approximately 1 N, as a result of which the armature is held in the opened position by the spring force 41 of the pressure spring.
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to a magnetic switch having a cup-shaped yoke, a core, a coil, an armature and a fixed contact and a movable contact.
- Magnetic switches of this kind are known, for example, from
EP 0 442 311 A2, which discloses a magnetic switch in which a non-magnetic armature is moved by a permanent magnet fixedly connected thereto. During this, in the direction of movement of the armature, only an operational air gap between the permanent magnet and the core brings about the effect. Furthermore, the known magnetic switch has a small coupling surface between the permanent magnet and the core, which extends only over the inner region of the cup-shaped yoke. - The known magnetic switch has the disadvantage that the coupling surface between the permanent magnet and the core, and thus the holding force of the magnet system, is only very small relative to the structural volume of the magnetic switch. This means that the known magnetic switch is not suitable for use as a battery disconnecting switch in a motor vehicle, where on the one hand large currents of a few thousand amps have to be switched, and where on the other hand vibrations and jolts act on the magnetic switch. To achieve a greater holding force, it would be possible for special magnetic materials which generate a very strong magnetic field to be used. These have the disadvantage that they are expensive to procure and complicated to process.
- The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a magnetic switch which presses the movable contact onto the fixed contact with a high holding force while having a small structural volume.
- This object is achieved in accordance with the invention by a magnetic switch according to
Claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention can be found in the additional claims. - The invention specifies a magnetic switch having a yoke that has the shape of a cup with an axis of symmetry. The cup has a base and a wall and is open to one side. Arranged in the cup is a core which has a radial core flange at its end facing the base. This radial core flange forms with the wall of the cup a marginal air gap with a width of HR. This marginal air gap has a magnetic resistance of WR. Furthermore, the cup contains a plate-shaped permanent magnet which is magnetised parallel to the axis of symmetry of the cup. The permanent magnet is arranged between the core flange and the base and is magnetically coupled thereto. Moreover, arranged in the cup is a coil whereof the coil axis is the axis of symmetry of the cup. The cup is covered by a plate-shaped armature which forms with the yoke a yoke air gap with a width of HJ and forms with the core a core air gap with a width of HK. The yoke and core air gaps together form, connected serially one behind the other, the operational air gap, which has a magnetic resistance of WA. Moreover, there is arranged on the magnetic switch a means for lifting the armature axially away from the cup. In the closed condition of the magnetic switch, the following applies: WA < WR.
- As a result of the construction of the magnetic switch, in accordance with the invention, a magnetic switch is produced which is shielded from the outside extremely well and has only extremely low scattering losses for the magnetic fields. Because the armature forms an operational air gap with the core and the cup-shaped yoke, a coupling surface which is as large as possible is formed with a particular predetermined structural volume. The large coupling surface between the armature and the yoke and the core respectively results in a large holding force of the magnetic switch in the closed condition. Because the magnetic resistance of the operational air gap is smaller than the magnetic resistance of the marginal air gap, it is ensured that the majority of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet is conducted through the armature in the closed condition. The system polarised by the permanent magnet moreover has the advantage that only a short switch pulse has to be sent through the coil in order to close the switch, and the coil current can be returned to zero in the closed condition. This means, in particular, that low-power operation of the magnetic switch is possible.
- In order to achieve the maximum holding force of the armature, it would be desirable for the ratio WR/WA to be as large as possible. This would ensure that all of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet is guided through the armature without losses being produced by way of the marginal air gap. A very large ratio WR/WA would, however, mean that a high counter-excitation of the coil would be required to open the switch, in order to displace the magnetic field of the permanent magnet out of the core and guide it through the marginal air gap and the wall of the cup, back onto the underside of the permanent magnet. Consequently, for the magnetic switch to have a high sensitivity to switching off, it would be desirable for the ratio WR/WA to be in the order of magnitude of one. Thus, it is particularly advantageous to set the ratio WR/WA such that both the holding force of the armature and the sensitivity of the magnetic switch to switching off are in a reasonable range. Tests have shown that this is the case if the ratio WR/WA is selected to be between 1 and 100. A ratio WR/WA = 50 has been shown to be particularly advantageous.
- A magnetic switch according to the invention may for example readily be produced with the following dimensions: for the cup, a radial extent of between 10 mm and 50 mm is chosen. With a size such as this, a compact construction is possible for the magnetic switch, as is specifically necessary for its use as a battery disconnecting switch in a motor vehicle. For the width of the yoke and core air gaps, purely for reasons of the superficial roughness of the underside of the armature or of the surfaces of the cup wall and the core, the following range can readily be set: 0.005 mm < HJ < 0.05 mm and 0.005 mm < HK < 0.05 mm. If a wall thickness of the cup of approximately 1 mm is chosen, moreover, then a surface for the yoke air gap with a size of approximately 100 mm2 is obtained. If the core air gap or the marginal air gap is constructed to have approximately the same order of magnitude as regards their surfaces, then to fulfil the relation mentioned above between the magnetic resistances of the operational and the marginal air gaps, the following apply: 1 mm > HR > 0.1 mm. The said dimensions of the core and yoke air gaps relate to the closed condition of the switch. With a magnetic switch constructed in accordance with these example dimensions, a holding force of approximately 30 N can be achieved. The axial extent of the switch corresponds approximately to the radial extent. A magnetic switch of this type can be switched at a switching capacity of approximately 0.7 W.
- Particularly advantageous is a magnetic switch in which the yoke, permanent magnet, core, coil and armature are arranged rotationally symmetrically about the axis of symmetry. As a result of the rotationally symmetrical arrangement according to the invention of the elements of the magnetic switch about the axis of symmetry, an optimum flux concentration is achieved in the interior of the switch without magnetic field losses occurring at corners or edges. Moreover, a magnetic switch with rotational symmetry is easy to produce.
- Furthermore, particularly advantageous is a magnetic switch in which the permanent magnet is of a material containing barium ferrite. Barium ferrite is a readily available, inexpensive material for a permanent magnet, which greatly simplifies production of the magnetic switch. Because of the high holding force of the magnetic switch according to the invention, expensive highly magnetised special materials for the permanent magnet can be dispensed with.
- Furthermore, particularly advantageous is a magnetic switch in which the yoke and/or the core are of a material which contains magnetically soft iron. Magnetically soft iron can very readily be demagnetised, which simplifies the displacement of the flux of the permanent magnet out of the core when the magnetic switch is opened. Furthermore, magnetically soft iron has a low magnetic resistance, as a result of which it is ideal for conducting the flux of the permanent magnet to the armature.
- A high holding force of the magnetic switch may be achieved in particular in that the core and the yoke are dimensioned, at least in the region of the corresponding air gaps, in cross-section such that in the closed condition and in the absence of excitation, that is to say when the coil current is 0, there is almost magnetic saturation.
- Furthermore, it is particularly advantageous for the armature to be constructed in accordance with the invention with a radially varying plate thickness such that there is almost magnetic saturation in the entire armature in the closed condition of the magnetic switch. For this, it is in particular possible to make the armature thinner at the edge than in the centre, since the cross-sectional surface available for the magnetic flux increases with the distance from the axis of symmetry. The thickness of the armature can be lessened accordingly with increasing distance from the axis of symmetry. This makes it possible to reduce the mass of the armature to the absolutely minimum amount required. A minimised armature mass of this kind has the advantage that the magnetic switch is less sensitive to vibrations or shocks, since in this case it is primarily the inert mass of the armature which determines the extent to which the armature can respond to rapid accelerations.
- Furthermore, the magnetic switch may be constructed to be particularly compact if, according to the invention, a hole running along the axis of symmetry is provided in the yoke, the permanent magnet, the core and the armature, and through this hole runs a pin. This pin is secured to the armature at one end, and at the other end is coupled to a movable contact which makes contact with a first fixed contact in the closed condition of the magnetic switch. With the aid of the movable contact and the fixed contact, the circuit of a motor vehicle, for example, may be switched.
- Moreover, particularly advantageous is a switch in which the movable contact is a flange-shaped contact disc which is arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry and has a central hole. In this case, the pin is secured in the hole in the armature by means of flange-shaped end portions and is suspended in the contact disc from a collar projecting into the contact disc hole. The contact disc makes contact with a first and a second fixed contact in the closed condition. Arranged in the hole in the permanent magnet is a pressure spring contact supported against the armature and the contact disc. The end of the pin remote from the armature is pre-tensioned in the direction of the armature via a rocker by means of a tension or pressure spring. The rocker according to the invention, which is coupled to the pin, is a simple means of raising the armature axially away from the cup. The pressure spring contact supported against the armature and the contact disc has the advantage that the holding force of the armature can be transmitted over a certain distance, regardless of the spacing between the fixed contacts and the base of the cup.
- Here, it is particularly advantageous to select the length of the pin, in accordance with the invention, such that when the magnetic switch opens, the lower pin flange moves by an overtravel distance HU before it engages with the contact disc. This overtravel has the advantage that, when the magnetic switch opens, first the armature is greatly accelerated, together with the pin, as a result of the pressure spring contact, and only once the lower pin flange has engaged with the collar are the contacts pulled open by the forces of inertia thereby gained. The overtravel distance is preferably set in a range of between 0.5 mm and 1 mm.
- Furthermore, particularly advantageous is a magnetic switch in which the pin is suspended in a spring contact secured to the second fixed contact and bearing the movable contact. The arrangement according to the invention, of a spring contact on the second fixed contact, has the advantage that it is possible to dispense with the pressure spring contact inside the cup. This means that the construction of the spring contact is no longer determined by the dimensions of the cup, but that it can be shaped and arranged outside the cup in almost any desired way.
- For the spring contact, a possible material is for example spring steel or a nickel/iron alloy. Although these materials have a very good spring action, they are not suitable for conducting electrical current from the second fixed contact to the movable contact, because of their poor conductivity. Furthermore, it is particularly advantageous for the movable contact to be electrically connected to the second fixed contact by means of a litz wire. This litz wire may for example be of copper, which conducts electrical current very well.
- So that the magnetic switch can be operated even if the circuit fails, it is particularly advantageous to arrange on the rocker an actuating element which can be used to open the switch manually. This actuating element moreover has the advantage that it can be arranged such that its position can be visually recognised on the switch from the outside. This means that the means of manually opening the switch can be used as an indicator of the condition of the switch at the same time.
- The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to example embodiments and the associated figures:
- Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the magnetic switch according to the invention, in diagrammatic cross-section.
- Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of the magnetic switch according to the invention, in diagrammatic cross-section;
- Figure 3 shows the contact assembly of the magnetic switch from Figure 2, in plan view;
- Figure 4 shows a magnetic switch installed in a housing;
- Figure 5 shows the magnetic switch illustrated in Figure 4, without the cover; and
- Figure 6 shows the armature holding force, the contact force acting on the fixed contacts, and the spring force of the pressure spring on the rocker, as a function of the spacing between the armature and the cup, illustrated in a measurement graph.
-
- Figure 1 shows a magnetic switch which is constructed to be substantially rotationally symmetrical with respect to the axis of
symmetry 2 that has ayoke 1 in the shape of acup 3. Thecup 3 has abase 4 and a wall 9. It is made of a magnetically soft material such as iron. Apermanent magnet 5 is laid on thebase 4. Thepermanent magnet 5 is made for example of barium ferrite. It is magnetised parallel to the axis ofsymmetry 2. As a result of thepermanent magnet 5 coming into contact with thebase 4, a magnetic coupling is produced between these two bodies. - A
core 6 having acore flange 8 is arranged on thepermanent magnet 5. Thecore 6 is made of a magnetically soft material such as iron. Thecore flange 8 comes into contact with thepermanent magnet 5 so that there is a magnetic coupling between these two bodies. Acoil 7 which is wound onto acoil bobbin 42 is arranged on thecore 6. Thecup 3 is covered by a plate-shapedarmature 11. - The
armature 11 may be made from a magnetically soft material such as iron. In the closed condition of the magnetic switch, thearmature 11 is placed on thecup 3, with acore air gap 12 being formed between thecore 6 and thearmature 11 and ayoke air gap 13 being formed between theyoke 1 and thearmature 11. - The
core air gap 12 and theyoke air gap 13 may for example result simply from the superficial roughness of thearmature 11 and theyoke 1 or thecore 6. It may, however, also result from a protective coating on the surface of thearmature 11, which is applied at a defined thickness for example by vapour deposition, sputtering or galvanic deposition, and which may be for example of copper or nickel. With the aid of a protective coating of this kind, the width HK of thecore air gap 12 can be matched precisely to the width HR of themarginal air gap 10. - For the width HJ of the
yoke air gap 13 and the width HK of thecore air gap 12, the following applies: 0.005 mm < HJ < 0.05 mm and 0.005 mm < HK < 0.05 mm. Between thecore flange 8 and the wall 9 of theyoke 1 there is a further air gap, themarginal air gap 10. Theyoke air gap 13 and thecore air gap 12 together form, connected serially one behind the other, the operational air gap of the magnetic switch. The operational air gap has a magnetic resistance of WA. The marginal air gap has a magnetic resistance of WR. - In order, as already described above, to set a ratio of WR/WA which is suitable for the holding force and sensitivity to switching off of the magnetic switch, with a typical diameter of the magnetic switch of 30 mm and a thickness of the wall 9 of 1 mm, and with a dimension of the
core 6 which can be derived from this with a properly scaled drawing, a width HR for the marginal air gap of between 1 mm and 0.1 mm is chosen. Thus, a holding force for thearmature 11 of 30 N can be achieved for a magnetic switch of this type. - The
armature 11 is constructed as regards its plate thickness, varying over the radius, such that in the closed condition of the magnetic switch there is as complete as possible magnetic saturation of thearmature 11. This means that the thickness of thearmature 11 lessens with increasing distance from the axis ofsymmetry 2. This makes it possible to construct thearmature 11 to be preferably low in mass, so that the magnetic switch becomes insensitive to those jolts and vibrations which occur in particular in motor vehicles. - The opened condition of the switch is achieved by raising the
armature 11 by a spacing s in the direction of the axis ofsymmetry 2. Thearmature 11 is coupled to acontact disc 17 by means of apin 14. Thepin 14 has anupper pin flange 24 by means of which it is secured to thearmature 11. - The
contact disc 17 is in the shape of a flange with an inwardly projectingcollar 25. Thepin 14 is connected axially movably to thecontact disc 17 by means of alower pin flange 21. Thecontact disc 17 is amovable contact 15 which bridges a first fixedcontact 16 to a second fixedcontact 18. Thecontact disc 17 may be for example of copper. - The fixed
contacts cup 3 there is arranged apressure spring contact 19 which is supported against thearmature 11 and thecontact disc 17. Since thelower pin flange 21 is movable within thecontact disc 17 by an overtravel distance HÜ, secure contact between thecontact disc 17 and the fixedcontacts contacts pressure spring contact 19 transmits the holding force of thearmature 11 to thecontact disc 17. At the lower end of thepin 14, there is arranged a rocker 20 (illustrated only diagrammatically here) which presses thearmature 11 upwards into the opened position by spring tension. By applying a coil current across thecoil 7, a strong magnetic field is produced which pulls the armature into the closed position. - As already described above, the magnetic resistances of the operational and marginal air gaps WA, WR are set such that in the closed condition almost the entire magnetic flux of the
permanent magnet 5 is conducted through thecore 6 into thearmature 11. The holding force exerted by thepermanent magnet 5 on thearmature 11 is sufficiently large that the coil current can be switched off once the closed condition is reached. Thus, low-power operation of the magnetic switch is possible. - In an example embodiment having the dimensions mentioned above, it was possible for the
armature 11 to be moved from the opened to the closed condition with a switching capacity of 0.7 watts. Low-power operation of this kind for the magnetic switch is particularly important in cases where electrical power is only available to an extremely limited extent, such as in motor vehicles. - In order to open the magnetic switch, a current opposed to the coil current used to close the magnetic switch is sent through the
coil 7. This displaces the magnetic field of thepermanent magnet 5 out of thecore 6 and thus out of thearmature 11. Thepressure spring contact 19 tensioned between thearmature 11 and thecontact disc 17 now raises thearmature 11 to such an extent that thelower pin flange 21 engages with thecollar 25 of thecontact disc 17. As a result of the force of inertia obtained in this first switching component, thecontact disc 17 is now raised away from the fixedcontacts contacts contact disc 17 has been raised away from the fixedcontacts rocker 20 until either thearmature 11 is moved manually back into the closed position or else a new switching procedure takes place by means of thecoil 7. - Figure 2 shows a magnetic switch according to the invention, having a
yoke 1, an axis ofsymmetry 2, acup 3 with abase 4 and a wall 9, apermanent magnet 5, acore 6 and acoil 7, with thecup 3 being covered by anarmature 11. Thearmature 11 forms with the core 6 acore air gap 12 and with the yoke 1 ayoke air gap 13. As regards the parts mentioned, the magnetic switch is of exactly the same construction as the magnetic switch shown in Figure 1. - The
armature 11 is coupled to thespring contact 22 by means of apin 14 which runs in apin sleeve 26 running through the centre of thecup 3. Thespring contact 22 bears themovable contact 15. In the closed state of the magnetic switch, themovable contact 15 is electrically connected to a first fixedcontact 16 which for its part is secured to acontact beam 27. Thespring contact 22 is secured to a second fixed contact. Possible materials for thespring contact 22 are in particular spring steel or a nickel/iron alloy. Since such materials conduct electrical current poorly, themovable contact 15 is brought into contact with alitz wire 23 by means ofsolder 30. Thelitz wire 23 is fixedly connected to the second fixedcontact 18 and of flexible construction so that it follows the movement of thespring contact 22, even if the magnetic switch is actuated frequently, without tearing off as a result of material fatigue. Arranged on the underside of thepin 14 is arocker 20, the functioning of which is clear from Figure 3. - Figure 3 shows the second fixed
contact 18, to which thespring contact 22 is secured. With the aid of thespring contact 22, the second fixedcontact 18 may be connected to the first fixed contact (not illustrated in Figure 3), which is secured to thecontact beam 27. Arranged on the underside of thespring contact 22 is a movable contact (not illustrated in Figure 3). This movable contact is connected by means ofsolder 30 to alitz wire 23, which for its part is secured by means ofsolder 30 to the second fixedcontact 18. Thespring contact 22 is connected to the second fixedcontact 18 by riveting 31. Arranged below thespring contact 22 is arocker 20 pivotal about arocker axis 29. Arranged on the side of therocker 20 opposite thespring contact 22 is for example apressure spring 28 which keeps the armature in the opened condition. - Figure 4 shows the magnetic switch according to the invention, installed in a
housing 34 having acover 35. By means of adiaphragm 36 arranged above thearmature 11, the magnetic switch may be closed manually. Laterally with respect to the magnetic switch,load terminals 33 are guided into thehousing 34. Theseload terminals 33 may for example be encased inside thehousing 34 by injection moulding. Instead of thepressure spring 28 shown in Figure 3, it is also possible for anactuating element 32 which is guided upwards out of thehousing 34 to be secured to the rocker. With the aid of theactuating element 32, the magnetic switch may be opened manually. - Figure 5 shows the
housing 34 in the opened condition. Next to themagnet system 37 of the magnetic switch and theactuating element 32 there is provided in the housing 34 achamber 38 in which for example switching electronics for the magnetic switch may be accommodated. Laterally with respect to the magnetic switch,load terminals 33 are guided into thehousing 34. - Figure 6 shows the
armature holding force 39, thecontact force 40 acting on the fixed contacts, and the spring force of thepressure spring 41 on the rocker as a function of the spacing s between the armature and the cup, illustrated in a measurement graph for the embodiment of the magnetic switch illustrated in Figure 1, in the closed condition. When s = 0, thearmature holding force 39 is approximately 35 N. The armature holding force decreases sharply as the spacing s between the armature and the cup increases, as a result of the weakening of the magnetic field as the operational air gap grows larger. Similarly, thecontact force 40 decreases as the spacing s between the armature and the cup increases, although only linearly, in accordance with the force/distance curve of a spring. Similarly, the spring force of thepressure spring 41 decreases linearly with increasing spacing s between the armature and the cup, in accordance with the force/distance curve of a spring. From a spacing s between the armature and the cup of approximately 0.8 mm, the contact is opened, as a result of which thecontact force 40 goes down to zero. At this spacing, thearmature holding force 39 is still only very small, being still approximately 1 N, as a result of which the armature is held in the opened position by thespring force 41 of the pressure spring. - The invention is not restricted to the embodiments indicated by way of example, but is defined in its most general form by
Claim 1.
Claims (16)
- A magnetic switch comprising a yoke (1) which has the shape of a cup (3) with an axis of symmetry (2) and with a base (4) and a wall (9), containing thereina core (6) having a radial core flange (8) at an end facing the base (4), this radial core flange defining with the wall (9) a marginal air gap (10) with a width of HR and a magnetic resistance of WR,a plate-shaped permanent magnet (5) which is magnetised parallel to the axis of symmetry (2) and is arranged between the core flange (8) and the base (4) and is magnetically coupled thereto,a coil (7) whereof the coil axis corresponds to the axis of symmetry (2);which is covered by a plate-shaped armature (11) which forms with the yoke (1) a yoke air gap (13) with a width of HJ and defines with the core (6) a core air gap (12) with a width of HK, which together form an operational air gap, which has a magnetic resistance of WA,having a member (20) for lifting the armature (11) axially away from the cup (3),in which, in the closed condition, the following applies: WA < WR.
- A switch according to Claim 1, wherein 10 < WR/WA < 100.
- A switch according to Claim 1, wherein the yoke (1), permanent magnet (5), core (6), coil (7) and armature (11) are arranged rotationally symmetrically about the axis of symmetry (2).
- A switch according to Claim 1 to 3, wherein the permanent magnet (5) is of a material containing barium ferrite.
- A switch according to Claim 1 to 4, wherein the yoke (1) and/or the core (6) are of a material which contains magnetically soft iron.
- A switch according to Claim 1 to 5, wherein the core (6) and the yoke (1) are dimensioned, at least in the region of the corresponding air gaps (12), (13), in cross-section such that in the closed condition and in the absence of excitation there is almost magnetic saturation.
- A switch according to Claim 6, wherein the plate thickness of the armature (11) varies radially.
- A switch according to Claim 1 to 7, wherein a hole running along the axis of symmetry (2) is provided in the yoke (1), the permanent magnet (5), the core (6) and the armature (11), and through this hole runs a pin (14) which is secured to the armature (11) at one end, and at the other end is coupled to a movable contact (15) which makes contact with a first fixed contact (16) in the closed condition.
- A switch according to Claim 8, wherein the movable contact (15) is a flange-shaped contact disc (17) which is arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry (2) and has a central contact disc hole, in which the pin (14) is secured in the hole in the armature by means of flange-shaped end portions (21, 24) and is suspended in the contact disc (17) from a collar (25) projecting into the contact disc hole, in which the contact disc (17) makes contact with a second 40950 EPC fixed contact (18) in the closed condition, in which a pressure spring contact (19) supported against the armature (11) and the contact disc (17) is arranged in the hole in the permanent magnet (5), and in which the end of the pin (14) remote from the armature (11) is pre-tensioned in the direction of the armature (11) via a rocker (20) by means of a tension or pressure spring (28).
- A switch according to Claim 9, wherein the length of the pin (14) is such that when the magnetic switch opens, the lower pin flange (21) moves by an overtravel distance HÜ before engaging the contact disc (17).
- A switch according to Claim 10, wherein the overtravel distance HÜ is 0.5 mm < HÜ < 1 mm.
- A switch according to Claim 8, wherein the pin (14) is suspended in a spring contact (22) secured to the second fixed contact (18) and bearing the movable contact (15).
- A switch according to Claim 12, wherein the movable contact (15) is electrically connected to the second fixed contact (18) by means of a litz wire (23).
- A switch according to Claim 9, wherein an actuating element (32) is arranged on the rocker for the purpose of opening the switch manually.
- A switch according to Claim 1 to 14, wherein the cup has a radial extent of between 10 mm and 50 mm.
- A switch according to Claim 1 to 15, wherein 0.005 mm < HJ < 0.05 mm, 0.005 mm < HK < 0.05 mm, and 1 mm < HR < 0.1 mm.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01106190A EP1137032A3 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-14 | Magnetic switch |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00105436 | 2000-03-15 | ||
EP00105436 | 2000-03-15 | ||
EP01106190A EP1137032A3 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-14 | Magnetic switch |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1137032A2 true EP1137032A2 (en) | 2001-09-26 |
EP1137032A3 EP1137032A3 (en) | 2003-07-16 |
Family
ID=26070672
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP01106190A Withdrawn EP1137032A3 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-14 | Magnetic switch |
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Cited By (10)
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CN103311047A (en) * | 2012-03-07 | 2013-09-18 | 吉林永大电气开关有限公司 | Permanent magnetic operating mechanism |
EP3018677A1 (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-11 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Single pole, single current path switching system and method |
CN106655705A (en) * | 2016-10-16 | 2017-05-10 | 黄佳宁 | Soft-start permanent magnetic coupler |
US9722513B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-01 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Torque-based stepwise motor starting |
US9726726B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-08 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Single-pole, single current path switching system and method |
US9748873B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-29 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | 5-pole based wye-delta motor starting system and method |
US9806641B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-10-31 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Detection of electric motor short circuits |
US9806642B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-10-31 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Modular multiple single-pole electromagnetic switching system and method |
US10074497B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2018-09-11 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Operator coil parameter based electromagnetic switching |
US10141143B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2018-11-27 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Wear-balanced electromagnetic motor control switching |
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Cited By (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103311047A (en) * | 2012-03-07 | 2013-09-18 | 吉林永大电气开关有限公司 | Permanent magnetic operating mechanism |
CN103311047B (en) * | 2012-03-07 | 2015-05-13 | 吉林永大电气开关有限公司 | Permanent magnetic operating mechanism |
US9772381B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-09-26 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Synchronized reapplication of power for driving an electric motor |
US9806641B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-10-31 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Detection of electric motor short circuits |
US10393809B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2019-08-27 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Intelligent timed electromagnetic switching |
US9722513B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-01 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Torque-based stepwise motor starting |
US9726726B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-08 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Single-pole, single current path switching system and method |
US9746521B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-29 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | 6-pole based wye-delta motor starting system and method |
US9748873B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-08-29 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | 5-pole based wye-delta motor starting system and method |
US9766291B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-09-19 | Rockwell Automation Technologies Inc. | Cleaning and motor heating electromagnetic motor control switching |
EP3018677A1 (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-11 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Single pole, single current path switching system and method |
CN105589348A (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-18 | 洛克威尔自动控制技术股份有限公司 | Single-pole, single current path switching system and method |
US9806642B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2017-10-31 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Modular multiple single-pole electromagnetic switching system and method |
CN105589348B (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2018-06-29 | 罗克韦尔自动化技术公司 | Monopole list current carrying path switching system and method |
US10018676B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2018-07-10 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Electromagnetic switch interlock system and method |
US10074497B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2018-09-11 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Operator coil parameter based electromagnetic switching |
US10101393B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2018-10-16 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Temperature-based electromagnetic switching |
US10141143B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2018-11-27 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Wear-balanced electromagnetic motor control switching |
US10175298B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2019-01-08 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Wellness monitoring of electromagnetic switching devices |
US10361051B2 (en) | 2014-11-06 | 2019-07-23 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Single pole, single current path switching system and method |
CN106655705A (en) * | 2016-10-16 | 2017-05-10 | 黄佳宁 | Soft-start permanent magnetic coupler |
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