EP0910921B1 - Video display systems - Google Patents
Video display systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0910921B1 EP0910921B1 EP97932034A EP97932034A EP0910921B1 EP 0910921 B1 EP0910921 B1 EP 0910921B1 EP 97932034 A EP97932034 A EP 97932034A EP 97932034 A EP97932034 A EP 97932034A EP 0910921 B1 EP0910921 B1 EP 0910921B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- buf
- image
- buffer
- store
- images
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/19—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays
- H04N1/195—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays
- H04N1/19594—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays using a television camera or a still video camera
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/36—Microscopes arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes or digital imaging or video purposes including associated control and data processing arrangements
- G02B21/365—Control or image processing arrangements for digital or video microscopes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32358—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device using picture signal storage, e.g. at transmitter
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/19—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays
- H04N1/195—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/0077—Types of the still picture apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/04—Scanning arrangements
- H04N2201/0402—Arrangements not specific to a particular one of the scanning methods covered by groups H04N1/04 - H04N1/207
- H04N2201/0426—Scanning an image in a series of contiguous zones
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N2201/3285—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device using picture signal storage, e.g. at transmitter
- H04N2201/329—Storage of less than a complete document page or image frame
Definitions
- This invention relates to the transmission of a sequence of high quality images for display on a visual display unit. It has particular application in the field of telepathology where magnified images obtained by scanning a medical specimen on the stage of an optical microscope are transmitted from a local pathologist to a remote consultant for diagnosis.
- the remote consultant should have the ability to 'scan' the field of view across the specimen on the microscope stage; both along the left-right (-x) axis and the top-bottom (-y) axis of the field of view.
- the consultant should also be able to move the stage in the longitudinal (-z) axis of the microscope to adjust the focus.
- the main problem with this known system is that the quality of the image viewed by the remote consultant on the display monitor is well below the quality that would be seen by viewing the specimen directly through the microscope.
- 1024 x 768 is the minimum acceptable pixel format for display of diagnostic-quality images on a high-resolution colour monitor. This rules out the use of all analog video cameras, monitors and image compression/decompression devices (codecs) which are based on broadcast standards such as PAL or NTSC.
- codecs image compression/decompression devices
- broadcast standards such as PAL or NTSC.
- the bandwidth limitation imposed by the broadcast standards reduces the effective pixel number in each image to about a quarter of the number required for diagnostic resolution; in addition, in composite TV equipment, the colour resolution of the signal is further reduced by the chrominance subsampling.
- the overriding problem in the use of digital cameras in a telepathology diagnostic system is that, unlike analog video cameras, digital cameras cannot provide images at video rate: in fact a maximum rgb frame rate of about 1/25 of video rate (2/sec), is typical, and in several cases the frame rate is less than 1/sec.
- the image refresh rate in the viewport must be comparable to the flicker fusion frequency of normal human vision, say 30/sec. But because the maximum image capture rate of the digital camera is much less than this (of the order of 1 frame/sec), it is not possible to simply grab, transmit, and display a stream of complete high-resolution images as the specimen is scanned under the objective.
- the present invention makes use of the fact that during scrolling, between one screen refresh and the next, although the rgb values of every pixel will in general be changed, the bulk of the display is simply shifted slightly in a vertical or horizontal direction so that the information content of the image as a whole remains almost constant.
- a method of displaying a sequence of images from a digital videocamera on a video display unit comprising advancing the field of view of the camera in discrete steps across the object being viewed to capture a sequence of contiguous images, temporarily storing a digital representation of a first of the images in a first buffer store and a digital representation of at least part of the next succeeding image in a second buffer store, controlling the data in the two buffer stores such that the data follows the leading edge of the advancing viewport and data in the first store representing a trailing incremental strip of the first stored image is progressively discarded while data in the second store representing a trailing incremental strip of the next contiguous image is transferred to a location in the first store occupied by the data representing a leading incremental strip of the first stored image, and reading out the contents of the first buffer store to the display unit.
- the second buffer may either hold data representing a complete new image in the camera viewport, or data representing an increment or 'scroll quanta' of the image. Where the second buffer holds an entire image, an intermediate or 'scroll' buffer containing the 'scroll quanta' may be inserted between the first and second buffers. Where the second store contains an entire image, the incrementing is continued until the entire contents of the first buffer store representing the original image stored therein have been discarded, and a new image is then grabbed into the second buffer store and the process is repeated. Alternatively, the new image is stored in a third buffer store and the contents of the second buffer store are then replenished continuously with increments from the third buffer store. In either case, the specimen appears to be scrolling smoothly across the field of view while in reality it is moved in a series of quick steps followed by capture of contiguous images.
- the data entered into the first buffer representing the trailing incremental strip of the image stored in the second buffer store can be entered directly from the second buffer store or through an intermediate scroll buffer containing only the incremental portion of the image being transferred.
- the progressive replenishment of the image in the first store is performed line by line or in multiples of one complete line, whereas during x-scrolling each line of the displayed image is created as a composite of the corresponding lines in the image buffers.
- first and second buffers can be provided for each of the three colour components, and the readout is to a single common display buffer.
- the pathological specimen to be viewed is placed on a microscope stage 10 beneath an objective lens 11 of the microscope 17 and illuminated by a light source 16.
- a digital video camera 12 with a CCD chip suitable for capturing high-resolution microscope images is fitted to the microscope.
- a ditital interface card (frame grabber) 13 retrieves and stores a digital representation of the image viewed by the camera 12, and this digital representation is processed by a local computer 14 and transmitted to a remote computer 15 operated by a consultant.
- the remote computer 15 is linked through a display driver 18 to a video display unit 19.
- the microscope stage 10 is remotely controlled by the consultant through a stepper motor unit 20.
- the consultant wishes to use the computer 15 to control a local microscope (not shown).
- the consultant drives the microscope stage in discrete steps under the (fixed) objective 11 of the microscope 17, it appears as though a viewport of fixed size is being moved (scrolled) smoothly across a single very large image of the specimen (referred to herein as a 'virtual digital image').
- FIG. 2 The manner in which appareat scrolling of the viewport across the virtual digital image is achieved is illustrated in Fig. 2.
- Scrolling can take place in both directions along trajectories parallel to either the 'y'-axis or to the 'x'-axis.
- This method can be easily extended to scrolling in any direction across any type of digital image, including compressed and non-interleaved colour images, and including images with any number of bits per pixel.
- 'nbits' the number of bits/pixel in each uncompressed image.
- the number of horizontal 'lines' in each image will be denoted by 'ymax', and the number of pixels within each of these horizontal 'lines' by 'xmax'.
- xmax, ymax are the digital width and height of the images respectively and the buffer size required to hold a single image is given by the product (xmax. ymax. nbits).
- Fig. 2 schematically represents two contiguous digital images, continuous in the specimen's 'y'-direction which have been acquired into buffer stores buf_0 and buf_ 1 .
- the data buffers are continuous blocks of RAM, allocated at start-up by the operating system of the computer at the request of the controlling program.
- the individual (x) scan-lines in the images are denoted a , b , c .. and A , B,C... in buf_0 and buf_1 respectively. Scanning commences at a point in time when the image in buf_0 is already being displayed.
- Steps 1-5 can be repeated to continue scrolling until (ymax/N) scroll events have been completed. At this point there is no more useful data in buf_1 and the scroll process must pause while a new image is acquired into buf_1 . Scrolling can then resume as before until a further (ymax/N) scroll events have occurred, etc. If it is desired to reduce the slight irregularity which accompanies this type of scrolling, it is a simple matter to use three buffers instead of two, at the cost of more memory allocation and slightly greater complexity in programming.
- Movement of the specimen under the objective lens 11 in all three orthogonal axes is brought about through activation of one or more of three stepper-motors provided with the motorised stage.
- the three stepper-motors are driven directly from the proprietary stage controller hardware which in turn receives appropriate control signals in the form of ASCII strings via an RS232 port of the local computer 14.
- the microscope stage 10 is controlled by the consultant using a mouse to activate one of the four arrow symbols which the gui provides ('scroll forward, scroll back, scroll left, scroll right').
- the key feature of this type of control is that the microscope does not move smoothly at constant speed: on the contrary, the stage is made to move in steps corresponding to the absolute height (y 0 ) or width (x 0 ) of the region in the viewport frame as appropriate to the selected direction of travel. For example, suppose that the camera/framegrabber In use provides an image (viewport) of height 768 pixels, and that calibration of the system with stage micrometer while using a specific objective lens shows that 1mm in the focal plane corresponds to 218 pixels.
- the stage When one of the 'arrow keys' is activated, then the stage immediately moves by one viewport height (or width) in the appropriate direction and an image is grabbed to buf_1 . No further movement of the stage occurs until the viewport is scrolled completely out of buf_0 , whereupon the stage is made to jump ahead again.
- the data representing an incremental strip in the x-direction must be retrieved from each of the ymax lines in the appropriate store and either discarded or combined with the data in the corresponding ymax lines in the other store to form an up-dated image.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Closed-Circuit Television Systems (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
- Image Processing (AREA)
- Image Analysis (AREA)
- Medical Treatment And Welfare Office Work (AREA)
- Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)
- Processing Or Creating Images (AREA)
Abstract
Description
The
- a) following initiation of the scrolling process via the local host's gui, scrolling begins earlier on the remote host. This Is because there is no need to wait for an entire image to be transmitted before beginning scrolling on the remote host.
- b) because the image is transmitted in small 'chunks' rather than as one long bitstream, buffer management and error handling are made easier on the remote host.
Claims (6)
- Method of displaying a sequence of images from a digital videocamera (12) on a video display unit (19), the method being
characterized by the steps of advancing the field of view of the camera (12) in discrete steps across the object being viewed to capture a sequence of contiguous images, temporarily storing a digital representation of a first of the images in a first buffer store (buf_0) and a digital representation of at least part of the next succeeding image in a second buffer store (buf_1), controlling the data in the two buffer stores such that the data follows the leading edge of the advancing viewport and data in the first store (buf_0) representing a trailing incremental strip of the first stored image is progressively discarded while data in the second store (buf_1) representing a trailing incremental strip of the next contiguous image is transferred to a location in the first store (buf_0) occupied by the data representing a leading incremental strip of the first stored image, and reading out the contents of the first buffer store (buf_0) to the display unit (19). - Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that where the second buffer (buf_1) holds an entire image, an intermediate 'scroll' buffer containing the 'scroll quanta' is inserted between the first and the second buffers (buf_0, buf_1). - Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the second buffer (buf_1) contains an entire image, that the incrementation is continued until the entire contents of the first buffer store (buf_0) representing the original image stored therein have been discarded, and that a new image is then grabbed into the second buffer store (buf_1) and the process is repeated. - Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the new image is stored in a third image store (buf_2) and that the contents of the second buffer (buf_1) store are then replenished continuously with increments from the third buffer store (buf_2). - Method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the image is a colour RGB image,
characterized in that the first and second buffers (buf_0, buf_1) are provided for each of the three colour components, and that the readout is to a single common display buffer. - Use of a method according to any of the preceding claims in a system for transferring pathological information, such as scanned images, from a local to a remote location.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9614434.0A GB9614434D0 (en) | 1996-07-10 | 1996-07-10 | Video display systems |
GB9614434 | 1996-07-10 | ||
PCT/NO1997/000175 WO1998001999A1 (en) | 1996-07-10 | 1997-07-09 | Video display systems |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0910921A1 EP0910921A1 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
EP0910921B1 true EP0910921B1 (en) | 2001-12-05 |
Family
ID=10796633
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97932034A Expired - Lifetime EP0910921B1 (en) | 1996-07-10 | 1997-07-09 | Video display systems |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6208374B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0910921B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE210357T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU3559297A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69708871T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0910921T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2171266T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9614434D0 (en) |
PT (1) | PT910921E (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998001999A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5836877A (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-11-17 | Lucid Inc | System for facilitating pathological examination of a lesion in tissue |
US20040083085A1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2004-04-29 | Zeineh Jack A. | Integrated virtual slide and live microscope system |
US6606413B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2003-08-12 | Trestle Acquisition Corp. | Compression packaged image transmission for telemicroscopy |
US6493023B1 (en) | 1999-03-12 | 2002-12-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method and apparatus for evaluating the visual quality of processed digital video sequences |
AU7868200A (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2001-04-23 | Research Foundation Of State University Of New York, The | Virtual telemicroscope |
DE10026392A1 (en) * | 2000-05-27 | 2001-11-29 | Leica Microsystems | Method and arrangement for coding live images in microscopy |
DE10031746A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2002-01-10 | Leica Microsystems | Method and arrangement for adjusting the lateral and temporal resolution of a microscope image |
US7292251B1 (en) | 2000-10-06 | 2007-11-06 | The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York | Virtual telemicroscope |
US7194118B1 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2007-03-20 | Lucid, Inc. | System for optically sectioning and mapping surgically excised tissue |
US6657621B2 (en) * | 2001-05-01 | 2003-12-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Device and method for scrolling stored images across a display |
DE10202286A1 (en) * | 2002-01-22 | 2003-07-31 | Siemens Ag | Control of access to personal data, especially medical data, whereby to ensure that only authorized persons can access sensitive patient data at least a part of an authentication code is specific to the patient alone |
WO2004025462A2 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-03-25 | Nline Corporation | Flow control method for maximizing resource utilization of a remote system |
US6921365B2 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2005-07-26 | Clinictech, Inc. | Remote non-invasive biofeedback diagnostic system based on patient image |
WO2006081504A2 (en) * | 2005-01-26 | 2006-08-03 | Pixar | Interactive spacetime constraints: wiggly splines |
US7348528B2 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2008-03-25 | Marshall Daniel R | Distance measuring system |
US7864996B2 (en) * | 2006-02-17 | 2011-01-04 | Lucid, Inc. | System for macroscopic and confocal imaging of tissue |
JP5739351B2 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2015-06-24 | サクラ ファインテック ユー.エス.エー., インコーポレイテッド | Automatic focusing method and automatic focusing device |
US10139613B2 (en) | 2010-08-20 | 2018-11-27 | Sakura Finetek U.S.A., Inc. | Digital microscope and method of sensing an image of a tissue sample |
EP2734838B1 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2019-04-24 | Mikroscan Technologies, Inc. | Network-based pathology system with desktop slide scanner |
DE102013103971A1 (en) | 2013-04-19 | 2014-11-06 | Sensovation Ag | Method for generating an overall picture of an object composed of several partial images |
CA2930411C (en) | 2013-11-15 | 2022-05-03 | Mikroscan Technologies, Inc. | Geological scanner |
US10007102B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-06-26 | Sakura Finetek U.S.A., Inc. | Microscope with slide clamping assembly |
US10162166B2 (en) | 2014-10-28 | 2018-12-25 | Mikroscan Technologies, Inc. | Microdissection viewing system |
US10388054B2 (en) | 2016-06-03 | 2019-08-20 | Apple Inc. | Controlling display performance using animation based refresh rates |
US10510317B2 (en) | 2016-06-03 | 2019-12-17 | Apple Inc. | Controlling display performance with target presentation times |
US11280803B2 (en) | 2016-11-22 | 2022-03-22 | Sakura Finetek U.S.A., Inc. | Slide management system |
CN112136071B (en) | 2018-02-26 | 2023-08-11 | 凯利博成像和诊断公司 | System and method for macroscopic and microscopic imaging of in vitro tissue |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4719644A (en) * | 1985-07-09 | 1988-01-12 | Apert-Herzog Corporation | Video data acquisition and display scan converter |
US4817184A (en) * | 1986-04-14 | 1989-03-28 | Vartec Corporation | Electronic inspection system and methods of inspection |
US5216596A (en) | 1987-04-30 | 1993-06-01 | Corabi International Telemetrics, Inc. | Telepathology diagnostic network |
US5239387A (en) * | 1989-11-30 | 1993-08-24 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Buffering control for accommodating variable data exchange rates |
DE69324972T2 (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 2000-02-17 | Canon Kk | Image capture device |
US5345552A (en) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-09-06 | Marquette Electronics, Inc. | Control for computer windowing display |
JP3927608B2 (en) * | 1994-11-30 | 2007-06-13 | キヤノン株式会社 | Moving image display device and moving image storage device |
US6006191A (en) * | 1996-05-13 | 1999-12-21 | Dirienzo; Andrew L. | Remote access medical image exchange system and methods of operation therefor |
US5831614A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 1998-11-03 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | X-Y viewport scroll using location of display with respect to a point |
-
1996
- 1996-07-10 GB GBGB9614434.0A patent/GB9614434D0/en active Pending
-
1997
- 1997-07-09 AT AT97932034T patent/ATE210357T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-07-09 DE DE69708871T patent/DE69708871T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-09 DK DK97932034T patent/DK0910921T3/en active
- 1997-07-09 ES ES97932034T patent/ES2171266T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-09 AU AU35592/97A patent/AU3559297A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-07-09 WO PCT/NO1997/000175 patent/WO1998001999A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-07-09 US US09/147,497 patent/US6208374B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-09 PT PT97932034T patent/PT910921E/en unknown
- 1997-07-09 EP EP97932034A patent/EP0910921B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9614434D0 (en) | 1996-09-04 |
US6208374B1 (en) | 2001-03-27 |
DE69708871D1 (en) | 2002-01-17 |
DK0910921T3 (en) | 2002-04-02 |
PT910921E (en) | 2002-05-31 |
ES2171266T3 (en) | 2002-09-01 |
WO1998001999A1 (en) | 1998-01-15 |
ATE210357T1 (en) | 2001-12-15 |
EP0910921A1 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
AU3559297A (en) | 1998-02-02 |
DE69708871T2 (en) | 2002-08-01 |
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