EP0311268A1

EP0311268A1 - Method and apparatus for producing slow motion television pictures

Info

Publication number: EP0311268A1
Application number: EP88308659A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Ian Malcolm Stewart
Original assignee: Quantel Ltd
Current assignee: Quantel Ltd
Priority date: 1987-09-26
Filing date: 1988-09-19
Publication date: 1989-04-12
Also published as: US5105313A; GB8722704D0; JPH01259682A

Abstract

A system for processing video signals to produce slow motion television pictures is disclosed. A sequence of output frames are produced at broadcast rate by combining a decreasing proportion of pixel values stored in a first frame (i) with an increasing proportion of pixel values stored in a second frame (i+1). On completing a cycle the second frame (i+1) is treated as the first frame and a new second frame (i+2) is provided by a third frame.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing slow motion television pictures.
A television picture is generated by displaying discrete video frames each consisting of two interlaced fields. The field rate is usually locked to the frequency of the alternating power supply, thus the US NTSC system displays 60 fields (30 frames) per second and the European PAL system displays 50 fields (25 frames per second). In addition to the video data, synchronising signals are also required to identify each line and field. Thus conventional television receivers require a field synchronising signal 50 or 60 times each second, referred to herein as the broadcast rate.
The problem of showing television pictures in slow motion is that the television receiver must still receive video frame data at the broadcast rate. A known system for satisfying this requirement operates by showing each frame more than once - thus the sequence of video images may be shown at half speed by playing a recording at half speed, writing each frame to a framestore and then reading each frame from the framestore twice at the broadcast rate. However a problem with this known system is that the illusion of movement soon becomes lost and the image is seen as discrete pictures no longer continuous over time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved system for generating slow motion television pictures.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of producing slow motion television pictures characterized by the steps of receiving a sequence of n video input frames at less than broadcast rate, performing a cycle of combining a decreasing proportion of a first frame with an increasing proportion of a second frame to produce a predetermined plurality (x) of output frames at broadcast rate, repeating said cycle for the second frame and a third frame, and so on until the cycle is performed on frame n-1 and frame n.
Thus in accordance with the first aspect of the invention a plurality of output frames are generated from each adjacent pair of frames in the original input sequence. Thus the output sequence may include frames which are identical to input frames but any additional intermediate frames will consist of varying proportions of the two frames. Thus, when portraying a moving object, each output frame will be unique thus improving the illusion of movement.
Preferably the extent to which the image is slowed down is controlled by a manually selectable speed reduction factor from which the number of frames produced during each cycle is calculated. Preferably said reduction factor is selected from a range which starts at a factor of one third wherein two intermediate output frames are produced for each adjacent pair of input frames.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided slow motion apparatus for television pictures, characterised by comprising means for supplying a sequence of n video input frames at less than broadcast rate to a processing means, wherein said processing means: performs a cycle of combining a decreasing proportion of a first frame with an increasing proportion of a second frame to produce a predetermined plurality (x) of output frames at broadcast rate, repeats said cycle for the second and third frames, and continues to repeat said cycle for new input frames until x output frames have been produced from input frames n-1 and n.
Preferably the apparatus includes means for controlling the speed of a mechanical storage device in response to the selected factor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows a system for recording television pictures and replaying said pictures in slow motion; and,
Figure 2 shows how the system shown in Figure 1 produces output frames from recorded input frames.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

A system for recording television pictures and then replaying them in slow motion is shown in Figure 1. Component analogue video signals (i.e. having a luminance value and two colour difference components) are generated by a camera, or similar video source, and supplied to a video tape recorder 20. On playback the video signal is supplied to a video processing unit 21 at normal speed, unless speed control data is supplied from a control unit 22.
The tape recorder 20 is driven by a servo drive-motor allowing accurate speed control. The tape includes a reference track carrying a signal at a fixed predetermined frequency the frequency of which is then compared with that of a reference signal generated within the machine and any differences result in an error signal being produce which in turn controls the speed of the drive motor. Thus the effect of supplying speed control data to the recorder 20 from the control unit 22 is to adjust the internally generated reference signal.
Operator control is achieved by means of a keyboard 23 and a visual display unit 24 interfaced to the control unit 22. The keyboard is used to select the "slow motion" mode of operation and to define a speed reduction factor. Then, in response to a command (from the keyboard 23) instructing the machine to run, control signals are supplied to the tape recorder 20 and processing unit 21.
The processing unit 21 includes an analogue to digital converter 25 which samples the analogue components supplied from the tape recorder to produce a digital video signal conforming to the 4:2:2 digital standard - i.e. luminance is sampled at 13.5 MHz and eight bits are generated per sample. The convertor 25 also removes synchronising signals from the video input and supplies these to an addressing circuit 26. Each frame of video data from converter 25 is then written to one of three framestores 27, 28 or 29 via an input framestore selector 30, selection being controlled by control unit 22. The writing of video data to the framestores 27-29, and the reading of data from said framestores, is controlled by the addressing circuit 26 which supplies addressing signals via busses 31. The addressing circuit 26 receives control signals from the control circuit 22 instructing it as to which stores to address and at what rate; the stores being written to at a slower rate, than that at which they are read from, during slow motion operation.
The system is arranged to generate a plurality of output frames at broadcast rate from each adjacent pair of input frames. The procedure for each adjacent pair is substantially the same (assuming the reduction factor remains contant) and is referred to as a cycle. For each cycle two framestores are addressed in parallel and the pixel values read therefrom are supplied to an output framestore selector 32. Three stores are provided so that one may be written to while the other two are being read at broadcast rate.
At any instant of the video input sequence, we may assume that frame i+2 is being played and written to, say, framestore 29 via converter 25. Frame i was written to framestore 27 two cycles ago and during the last cycle frame i+1 was written to framestore 28. In addition to writing frame i+2, the addressing circuit 26 is also arranged to read frames i and i+1 from, at this instant, framestores 27 and 28 respectively. The output framestore selector is therefore arranged to supply the output from framestore 27 (containing frame i) to a descending multiplier 33 and the output from framestore 28 (frame i+1) to an ascending multiplier 34. On the next cycle frame i is overwritten by frame i+3, frame i+1 is read again (but this time selector 32 supplies it to the descending multiplier 33) while frame i+2 (from store 29) is supplied to the ascending muliplier 34. Thus each framestore continually repeats three cycles, in which it receives frame data at less than broadcast rate for the first cycle, supplies data to the ascending multiplier 34 for the second and then supplies data to the descending multiplier 33 for the third.
Multipliers 33 and 34 are referred to as descending and ascending respectively because their other input receives a descending or ascending digital ramp. The number of levels in said ramps will depend on the selected speed reduction factor but the value (1-k) supplied to the descending multiplier is always the inverse of the value (k) supplied to the ascending multiplier. Furthermore, for each cycle, k always starts with the value zero, for which an output frame is produced. Slow motion is created by producing intermediate frames in which k has a value between zero and unity.
The multipliers 33 and 34 multiply each pixel from their respective frame by 1-k and k for each operating cycle. Each pair of pixels, from similar positions in their respective frames, are then combined by an adder 35 and the resulting digital frames are converted to an analogue signal by a digital to analogue converter 36. Converter 36 also adds synchronising signals to give an output video signal with frames at the broadcast rate. The digital ramps are supplied to multipliers from a ramp generator 37 which is programmed by the control unit 22.
Operation of the system shown in figure 1 may be considered with reference to Figure 2 which shows one cycle when operating at one fifth normal speed. In response to a prompt displayed on the display unit 24 an operator selects the slow motion mode of operation and then enters the speed reduction factor x, in this case x equals one fifth. Checks may then be made to ensure that the tape recorder 20 has been loaded with tape, or rewound etc, after which the display unit instructs the operator that the machine is ready.
On instructing the machine to "RUN", via the keyboard 23, the control unit programs the speed control of the tape recorder 20, the addressing circuit 26 and the digital ramp generator 37 with data relevant to a one fifth speed reduction.
The tape recorder is programmed such that the frequency of its internal reference signal is reduced to one fifth that of normal operation. The drive motor then runs at one fifth normal speed and the input sequence of video frames are supplied to converter 25 at one fifth broadcast rate. Digital pixels of the first frame are written to framestore 27 via the input framestore selector 30 under the control of the addressing circuit 26. The second frame is then written to framestore 28 and then it is not until the start of the third cycle, when frame 3 is written to framestore 29, that the first output frame can be produced.
On the start of the third cycle the addressing circuit addresses store 29 at one fifth broadcast rate (to effect writing of frame 3) and addresses framestores 27 and 28 at normal broadcast rate. Thus while frame 3 is written to store 29 frames 1 and 2 are read five times from stores 27 and 28. This is shown schematically in Figure 2 in which multipliers 33 and 34, and adder 35 are represented by box 40.
The ramp generator has been programmed to generate ramps having five levels of equal spacing - i.e. the value of k increases linearly over the ramp. The generator may then be arranged to calculate the values of k or values may be calculated by the control unit 22 and downloaded to the ramp generator. As frames 27 and 28 are being read, frame 1 is supplied to the descending multiplier 33 and each pixel value is multiplied by 1-k. Similarly the pixel values from frame 2 are each multiplied by k in the ascending multiplier 34.
With a reduction factor of one fifth, each cycle produces five output frames, numbered 1 to 5 in Figure 2. For the first frame k=0 and k-1=1 therefore this frame is identical to the first frame of the input sequence. For frame 2, K=0.2 (1-k=0.8); for frame 3, K=0.4; K=0.6 for frame 4 and finally k=0.8 for frame 5. The next frame could be generated by lettering k=1 but this frame is generated from the start of the next cycle, the frame data is supplied to the descending multiplier and an output generated from 1-k=0.

Claims

1. A method of producing slow motion television pictures characterised by the steps of receiving a sequence of n video input frames at less than broadcast rate, performing a cycle of combining a decreasing proportion of a first frame with an increasing proportion of a second frame to produce a predetermined plurality (x) of output frames at broadcast rate, repeating said cycle for the second frame and a third frame, and so on until the cycle is performed on frame n-1 and frame n.

2. A method according to claim 1 characterised in that a speed reduction factor is manually selectable, and the number of frames (x) produced during each cycle is calculated from said factor.

3. A method according to claim 1 characterised in that a range of selectable reduction factors starts at a factor of one third wherein two intermediate output frames are produced from each adjacent pair of input frames.

4. A method according to claim 2 characterised in that the sequence of input frames are stored on a mechanically moving medium and the speed of said medium is controlled in response to said factor.

5. A method according to claim 1 characterised in that proportions of the frames are increased and decreased linearly in intervals of one over the number of frames per cycle (¹/x).

6. Slow motion apparatus for television pictures, characterised by comprising means for supplying a sequence of n video input frames at less than broadcast rate to a processing means, wherein said processing means:
performs a cycle of combining a decreasing proportion of a first frame with an increasing proportion of a second frame to produce a predetermined plurality (x) of output frames at broadcast rate, repeats said cycle for the second and third frames, and continues to repeat said cycle for new input frames until x output frames have been produced from input frames n-1 and n.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6 including means for manually selecting a speed reduction factor from which the number of frames (x) produced during each cycle is calculated.

8. Apparatus according to claim 7 characterised in that a range of selectable reduction factors starts at a factor of one third wherein two intermediate output frames are produced from each adjacent pair of input frames.

9. Apparatus according to claim 7 characterised by means for controlling the speed of a mechanical storage device in response to said selected factor.

10. Apparatus according to claim 6 characterised by frame storage means for storing frames as digitally encoded pixels wherein a decreasing proportion of a first frame is combined with an increasing proportion of a second frame in incremental steps on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

11. Apparatus according to claim 10 characterised by means for caluclating values of the increasing factor (k) in a range between zero and unity, means for calculating values of the decreasing factor (1-k), means for multiplying the pixel values of a first frame with its respective decreasing factor, means for multiplying the pixel values of a second frame by its respective increasing factor, and means for combining the result of each of said multiplications on a pixel-by-pixel basis to produce output pixels.

12. A system for producing slow motion television pictures, characterised by a video tape recorder (20) for storing a sequence of video frames; a processing unit (21); manually operable means (23) for selecting a speed reduction factor; means for controlling the speed of said tape recorder (20) in response to said selected factor so that a sequence of video frames is supplied to said processing unit at less than broadcast rate; wherein said processing unit (21) is arranged to perform a cycle of combining a decreasing proportion of a first frame with an increasing proportion of a second frame on a pixel-by-pixel basis to produce a plurality of output frames in response to said selected factor at broadcast rate, repeat said cycle for the second and third frames, and continue to repeat said cycle for new frames from said tape recorder until the requisite number of frames have been produced from input frame n-1 and input frame n.