EA006841B1 - Transponder and transponder system - Google Patents

Abstract

In a transponder (19) for amplification of a received signal (60) into an antenna (1), to a signal (61) for retransmission, and where the retransmitted signal (61) possibly may have information superimposed, a quenched oscillator (5) is incorporated as amplifying element. The oscillator (5) is preferably of superregenerative type and exhibits negative resistance (30) for the received signal (60). Transponders according to the present invention may be introduced as system elements in a wireless or wire based network to work as intelligent or unintelligent connections in the network. The transponders can also be used in positioning systems.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to transponders (transponders or transponders) of the general type described in paragraph 1 of the claims, the use of such transponders in networks, and also to transponder systems in networks described in paragraph 33 of the claims.

State of the art

In a transponder, a radio frequency signal is transmitted to a transponder, which, in turn, relays the signal, often in a modulated form, i.e. with overlay information from the transponder. Thus, the transponder must partly act as a signal repeater, partially exchanging information with the transponder. Some transponders operate in indirect mode, and some in direct mode. With indirect relaying, signal reception and transmission are carried out sequentially. It may be desirable for the relay to be carried out in a frequency band different from the frequency range of the received signal. An example is the transponder of an aviation rangefinder system. With direct relay, the reception and transmission of the signal is carried out simultaneously, in the same range. In this case, the transfer coefficient of the conversion and modulation of the transponder is used. An example is the tags of the RSO (radio identification system). In the latter case, the transponder acts as an amplifier, often with very low or negative gain. Such transponders have a narrow field of application in wireless communication and radio navigation systems.

The transponder, in many cases, in addition to retransmission (on the uplink), it is also required to receive information (on the downlink) in order to identify itself and execute commands. Therefore, systems in which transponders are used are often referred to as RNOs. Often, a transponder is required to be portable, lightweight, compact, simple and consisting of a small number of components, inexpensive to manufacture, and able to run on a single battery for several years, during which it ceases to meet performance requirements, which is especially typical for communication systems. At the same time, a wide band of communication frequencies and a multi-channel mode of operation are required. It is often required that the relay signal of the transponder be coherent with respect to either the interrogator signal or the signal of the phase metering station, when transponder positioning is also provided.

The operation of transponders is most often subject to the so-called reflective principle. The RF carrier from the beacon or interrogator is received by an antenna connected to a high-frequency diode, which, in turn, is modulated by a signal to be transmitted from the transponder to the interrogator. Typically, the goal is to achieve phase modulation, which is easily accomplished using a diode that switches the reflection coefficient at the terminals of the antenna connection. The resulting modulation is always a combination of amplitude modulation and phase modulation without a significant decrease in performance. The sidebands of the relay signal (uplink) are coherent with the input signal, and the interrogator operates on a homodyne principle. In order to avoid mutual blanking of the side strips, the interrogator uses the reception of one side band with the blanking of the other side band.

Reception (downlink) on transponders is carried out using the aforementioned diode or a special diode that demodulates the high-frequency signal from the antenna directly without high-frequency amplification. High frequency amplification is not used, mainly for reasons of power saving. This leads to a limitation of sensitivity, but the sensitivity can be adjusted in accordance with the dynamics of the transponder, achieved thanks to the reflective principle.

The disadvantage of the reflective principle is that the level of the relay signal can be increased only due to the gain of the antenna. Too large an antenna gain is undesirable because a high antenna gain gives too narrow lobes of the antenna pattern and, therefore, pointing errors, which, as a result, can lead to losses instead of amplification.

In some types of existing transponders, active amplification is provided, which requires active high-frequency or microwave components. At the current level of technology, this leads to high costs in the form of energy consumption and high cost of products. Energy consumption is increasing as unconditionally stable amplifiers are required. Cost increases because microwaving technology and expensive PCB coatings are required to operate at ultra-high frequencies. The gain obtained in this case is very limited due to current leakage, and since it is difficult to maintain sufficient isolation between the transmitter and the receiver in inexpensive products. This means that such solutions should preferably have separate transmit and receive antennas. The advantages of such solutions are usually not so great that you can neglect the cost increase, and, therefore, most of these products currently have passive microwave modules, that is, just one diode or transistor switch. Solutions typically include a limiter that limits the transmitted level below the maximum allowed level that meets the relevant rule or standard for the use of the transponder. A restrictor and filter may also be required to achieve the required

- 1 006841 dim harmonics of the modulation frequency. The RF carrier harmonics are often very difficult to suppress enough to meet standards. The range of the transponders corresponding to the mentioned transponder solutions is very limited, since the amplitude of the output signal is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the input signal due to the absence or small degree of high-frequency amplification in the circuit. Therefore, such amplifying transponders are of little use in the field of wireless communications and radio navigation.

Some well-known systems related to interrogation of sensors or platforms of various types, which require a low-power, simple transponder, have effective solutions for the downlink in the transponder, while the uplink contains one or more generator functions. A significant drawback of this solution is that the transponder must contain a crystal oscillator if the tasks of the transponder cannot be performed with low frequency stability or other calibration. Such a transponder is unsuitable in a homodyne system if it does not contain a phase locked loop (PLL) for frequency synchronization with the interrogator.

It was shown that transponders can be implemented in the form of simple generators with external synchronization. Their specifications impose significant restrictions on the scope. An oscillator with external synchronization, in principle, is a circuit of any type of generator, and the stability of the generator is intentionally made dependent on the absence of external noise or external HB signal (undamped wave) (see below), which is essentially equivalent to the frequency synchronization of the generator. The frequency spectrum of a generator with external synchronization, in the absence of synchronization and an input signal, as well as synchronized with the input signal, looks like the spectrum of a conventional generator with an HB carrier. In the presence of an input signal and in the absence of synchronization, it has a normal, high phase noise on one side of the carrier frequency. As mentioned above, the main disadvantage of a generator with external synchronization is a very narrow frequency band of synchronization and very low sensitivity. The advantage is the low phase noise of the sideband. A technology is needed that provides an advanced generator with external synchronization and the expansion of its scope. As an example of the use of a generator with external synchronization, phased antenna arrays can be mentioned, but their suitability is limited due to the narrow synchronization frequency band, which is usually several tens of thousandths of the carrier frequency and, moreover, an HB signal is required. (Below, the term HB carrier is used for an RF carrier, which can be either continuous or pulsed. This is consistent with traditional literature, although HB carrier is usually understood to be “continuous wave.” From a physical point of view, a continuous wave does not actually exist. By “lockable generator” is meant a generator whose generation is blocked in accordance with a periodic function with a frequency from kHz to MHz.) It has been shown, see US Pat. No. 3,705,385, how to improve an generator with external excitation, especially with respect to enii synchronization frequency band, using the so-called generation interlock, i.e. switching (switching) the generator. However, the synchronization frequency band remains narrow, usually several thousandths of the carrier wave frequency, and, as before, an HB signal, often limited to FM modulated HB, is required so that the signal can be relayed efficiently. In addition, synchronization is highly dependent on the dynamics of the signal and, in the general case, works only with strong HB signals. It is believed that to ensure the joint operation of several transponders without mutual interference, it is necessary to synchronize the carrier frequency itself. For this reason, for such applications, the application of the super regenerative principle should be considered. In addition, it is much more difficult to create a lockable generator operating in a super-regenerative mode than working in an external synchronization mode, due to additional requirements for components, in addition to design requirements. This follows from the fact that the superregenerative function usually takes place or is effective only in a narrow region of the generator bias characteristic, while the external synchronization function takes place over most of the remaining characteristic. This topic is little or not discussed at all in publications on super-regenerative applications of §С-applications. In addition, when a blocking signal is supplied, a significant limitation of the super-regenerative dynamic range often occurs, which, again, indicates an insufficient analysis of the circuit. Previously, it was not shown how to suppress unwanted signal emissions and products of mutual and cross modulation, so that the locked oscillator can work in accordance with standards. The development of component technology has additionally made it possible to more effectively use the super-regenerative principle, at very low power, to foster innovation using this principle. The specifications for a lockable oscillator with external synchronization (= synchronized oscillator) according to the explanations given here, provide for great restrictions on the dynamics and frequency band of the signal and additional disadvantages, including reliability, which narrows the scope of possible applications. This is confirmed by the fact that previously published and patented technologies did not lead to success in applications (see US patent No. 3,705,385), which is a consequence of several factors, of which the most important are unreliable frequency synchronization and a narrow bandwidth of the useful information signal in the range kilobodov. This bandwidth is generally not

- 2 006841 meets the requirements of modern communication technologies. Additionally, from subsequent patents and publications it does not follow that anyone has made serious attempts to improve the technology or expand the scope of a narrow-band synchronized generator.

Solutions are needed that are alternative to the well-known transponder technology involving the use of an “internal” generator. Transponder technology is required that combines the simplicity of existing reflective transponders with a wide band, high performance, stability, low power consumption, production applicability, and which, in addition, provides simple and economical implementation options using microwave ICS (specialized integrated circuits) or microwave ICs ( microwave integrated circuits). In addition, there is a significant need for new technology that provides transponders whose performance exceeds minimum requirements, which allows to expand the scope and increase production compatibility and allows the implementation of microwave transponder systems using less expensive substrate technologies and without the use of a microstrip line.

Transponders are commonly used in sensor systems, control systems, medicine and in the RSO. As applied to the sensor system, it is necessary to improve the existing monitoring, control and communication technology for power distribution in distribution systems of high and low voltage power lines. As an example of control systems, you can specify the systems for measuring and activating tasks in processes carried out both indoors and outdoors. An example of medical use is the use of probes and sensors in medical research. In relation to the North Ossetia, it is necessary to identify objects, people and cars and communicate with them at great distances. One option for the use of simple transponders in long-range SARs is the radio tagging of animals, for which modern transponders with limited long-range range are of little use, as a result of which other technologies are used, for example, pulsed beacons, which provide less maintenance per unit of transferred energy, since they require continuous transmission . By long range, they mean distances from ten meters to several kilometers. One widespread use case for SARs is the use of intelligent and non-intelligent "tags" for identifying, charging access, making payments, etc. Transponders for various applications typically use frequencies from 30 MHz to more than 10 GHz. On toll roads, etc. the microwave bands of 2.45 and 5.8 GHz or more are used.

The nodes of some signaling networks or data transmission networks can be considered as relays operating in indirect mode. Examples of such networks are cellular telephony or mobile communication systems (i.e., С8М, СРК.8, ИМТ8, ТЕТКА). The use of nodes or stations in such systems as repeaters leads to a significant narrowing of the bandwidth of the information signal, usually by half. The same is true for wireless local area networks (LANs), the B1ie1oo1y system, and other wireless data networks. Perhaps for this reason, in the above systems, the relay functions are usually not implemented. There is an urgent need for a new system that is compatible with existing and promising wireless networks and communication systems and is able to relay signals in both directions. An inexpensive and efficient technology in the nodes of such networks is also required, which is able to carry out relay functions without reducing the bandwidth due to the relay function. In some cases, transponders are required for intelligent operations.

The development of wireless networks based on radio communications in the direction of expanding the bandwidth, which requires the use of very high frequencies (10-200 GHz), is hampered by the fact that the implementation of transmitters, receivers and transceivers is still too expensive. Until now, it was not possible to implement a simple transponder with great dynamics for such frequencies. At the same time, it is necessary to implement low-cost wireless LANs with a wide bandwidth of over 100 Mbps. There is a great need for system technology that provides low-cost networks operating in the centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges.

The same considerations apply to wired and cable communication systems as to wireless systems. Linear amplifiers are expensive to implement, and are often capable of amplifying a signal traveling in only one direction. Examples of bi-directional line amplifiers include older types of telephone line amplifiers that provide low gain and are capable of operating only at low frequencies. Examples of linear amplifiers with high gain, but unidirectional, are the amplifiers used in cable television for data transmission. At high frequencies, it is possible to make linear amplifiers with a limited isolation between the input and output of the amplifier, which leads to low useful amplification and, thus, greatly narrows their scope. Thus, a new principle is needed to amplify the signals propagating through the cable, using simple methods involving small modifications to the system or without any modifications.

In the processes of positioning, radio navigation and ranging, it is desirable to have

- 3 006841 parameters that determine coherence and adjustable phase relationships. An example is a hyperbolic positioning system in which the phase of the measured signal should be determined by reconstructing the clock signal. At the same time, strict requirements are imposed on real-time processing and filtering, which often leads to a decrease in the system update frequency. In many short- and medium-range positioning systems, it is necessary to use transponders that operate efficiently and relay signals with a known phase. Such transponders are used in objects to be positioned, or as components of a known system infrastructure to improve the measurement geometry of the system. To date, such transponders have been too expensive to manufacture or unrealizable. In addition, the technology of an inexpensive, low-power and efficient transponder is needed that can expand the scope of radio positioning by positioning people, property, etc. Inexpensive and more efficient and useful transponder technology is also necessary for solving research problems.

In the process of monitoring and communication on a power line, series-connected amplifiers (linear amplifiers) in lines or cables are required to compensate for signal loss. Such installations are overly expensive and can cost tens of thousands of US dollars per connected unit. Therefore, only a small number of amplifiers were installed on the lines, which led to a very low bandwidth of the communication channel. In addition, it is expensive and difficult to make contours of transformers and other infrastructure of power networks for communication signals. Therefore, there is a need for a new principle of amplification of signals propagating through the power transmission network by simple methods, which require, or do not require at all, minor modifications of existing installations, and which makes it possible to realize a significantly wider bandwidth of the communication channel and increased flexibility. Known technology does not provide distributed control along the power line, and therefore, existing solutions provide for the use of expensive, far-spaced installations that use radio communications. This implies the need for a new technology that combines all types of monitoring and control in any position of the power transmission network, with two-way communication on power lines.

In the process of monitoring the power line and communication on distribution schemes in which data transmission involves the use of so-called access networks for broadband distribution and other communication with customers, the communication range is limited to 100-300 m due to signal loss. Line amplifiers are quite expensive to implement and install, and repeaters operating in indirect mode reduce the data bandwidth. Therefore, it is often difficult to transmit signals between clients and other units, including routers, host machines, and hubs. Known technology does not allow a simple and inexpensive way to transmit signals without galvanic communication passing through built-in dividers of a power transmission network, for example, a transformer station. Therefore, a new principle is needed for signal amplification in electric networks used as data access networks, using simple methods that require minor modifications of the infrastructure or do not require any modifications.

In communication systems of various types, local shading zones often arise. This is especially true for mobile communication systems, for example, С8М, СРВ8. ϋΜΤδ, Aunt, etc. Until now, it was practically impossible to implement inexpensive transponders or relay systems to amplify signals in a simple way and, thus, fill holes in the coating (coverage) or shading zone. Known technology does not allow to achieve the necessary signal amplification, as a result of which it is necessary to install an additional base station covering the area of the hole. Such insufficient coverage is observed on roads, in buildings, on ships, ferries, etc. Power lines laid along roads can be used to accommodate small transponders that can receive the required small power from the power line via inductive coupling. The known technology does not provide a simple and cost-effective connection of switchboards mounted in buildings, on ships, etc., with the outside world to provide radio coverage. For this reason, a new principle of signal amplification in mobile communication systems through simple and inexpensive methods involving low power consumption is needed. Accordingly, there is a great need for a new technology that makes it possible to simply relay or amplify a signal as applied to radio communications in broadcasting and communication systems and equipment. This is especially true for small geographic areas. In other communication systems that use passive RF technology or low transmit power, for example, in RSO tags, the scope is very small, taking into account communication problems caused by various kinds of changing conditions. A low-cost, energy-efficient transponder technology is needed, which makes it easy to amplify signals in both directions and install transponders, for example, on such a low-power device or near it. In this case, it is logical to call such a transponder a “signal booster” (signal retranslation station). In optical communication systems, a new technology may also be required that acts similarly to the super-regenerative principle for radio waves and which, due to weak communication with a fiber or other optical carrier, amplifies the signals.

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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Thus, the main objective of the present invention is the creation of transponders and transponder systems in which the known disadvantages inherent in known transponder systems are eliminated, and the provision of new and simple embodiments of transponder systems.

Another main objective of the present invention is to create a very universal and, at the same time, inexpensive and energy-saving system for relaying RF signals, on a single or multiple basis, built on the basis of one or more transponders that are easy to install and power on, and which do not require modification or require slight modification of existing other technologies, infrastructures or communication equipment, and thus providing wireless and wired systems with completely new dia azone signal bandwidth specifications and application embodiments that are implemented with existing technology and communication infrastructures.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide means for the implementation of new types of communication systems due to the simplicity and high performance provided by the present invention, which, otherwise, it would be impossible or too expensive to implement.

Another objective of the present invention is to create both direct and indirect relaying of signals, one-way and two-way communication and for interrogation.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide operation at the same and different frequency ranges of the uplink and downlink. Another objective of the present invention is to ensure operation with the same and with different dynamics of the signal going on the uplink and downlink or in different directions.

To solve some problems of the invention, it is proposed, according to the first aspect, the transponder described in claim 1 of the claims. Its advantages follow from the dependent points.

To solve other problems, according to the second aspect, a transponder system is described as described in paragraph 33 of the claims.

Additional system characteristics are given in dependent clauses.

Completely independent of the implementation details of the first aspect of the invention, the principle of the invention can be described as a lockable generator, possibly of a super-regenerative type and, preferably, a negative-type reflective type.

The most obvious features of the invention are a simple transponder having an extremely high conversion gain, and the ability, due to the corresponding performance, to relay the received signal with amplification. The blocked generator operates in the self-generation mode of the HB during the active part of the period of the blocking signal, which controls the operation of the generator. A synchronized generator is a special case of a locked generator, which is optimized for synchronization and has higher synchronization characteristics than a generator without disrupting oscillations with external synchronization. Such a generator in a synchronized state works in the same way as a generator with external synchronization, but, prior to the start of generation during each generation blocking period, the generator acts as an amplifier, which significantly extends the synchronization band. The active part of the blocking period, when there is no generation, provides its higher characteristics as an amplifier than a generator with external synchronization. This gain is dependent on frequency synchronization. In the absence of an input signal, self-generation of high-frequency HB occurs at a given frequency during each blocking period. In the absence of an input signal, its high-frequency spectrum is characterized in that it contains a falling comb of subcarriers on both sides of the fundamental frequency, with gaps equal to the blocking frequency. Phase noise is also at an acceptable level. In the absence of an input signal and synchronization, the frequency spectrum looks accordingly, and phase noise is still acceptable. However, in the presence of an input signal close to the carrier, and in the absence of synchronization, there is usually a strong phase noise on one side of the carriers, which corresponds to an generator with external synchronization under similar conditions. The disadvantages of a locked generator in the synchronization state is the possibility of loss of synchronization and the occurrence of phase noise. In amplifier mode, self-generation always interferes with signals that do not reach synchronization. A locked, synchronized generator has some advantageous characteristics. This mode is easy to implement and operates over a large portion of the generator bias response. Since it can be implemented with a high-level bias generator, it is possible to achieve relatively high levels of output power. Frequency synchronization increases the conversion gain and implicit gain, but, at the same time, significantly limits the bandwidth of the information signal and the types of modulation used. Until now, a lockable oscillator without synchronization has not been used in the transponder. An example of a well-known technology for using a particular case of a locked oscillator is presented in US Pat. 11b for “Transmission Spectrum of a Synchronized Generator”. The ratio between the carrier frequency and the blocking frequency exceeds 10 ³ . These figures also demonstrate that

- 5 006841 Tenenie is used for a narrow passband within a few kilobodes.  From FIG.  11b it follows that, during the blocking period, the generator enters the “uncontrolled generation” mode, which is the generation section in the characteristic, in the presence of external synchronization.

New technology is needed to improve the performance and applicability of a locked synchronized generator. In addition, the technology of universal use of a locked oscillator is required, especially for wide bandwidths.

An over-regenerative generator or amplifier is also a lockable generator. However, since the self-generation of HB does not occur in a super-regenerative generator, it should be considered as an independent technology. The principle of operation of a superregenerative generator is characterized in that, in the absence of an input signal, it is not possible to fully achieve the generation conditions during the blocking period. This means that HB does not self-generate in it, but diffuse (broadband) generation can occur, which in no way reduces the quality of 80 amplification. Thus, the portion of the blocking period corresponding to the amplification mode is much larger than for a synchronized generator, and can reach 50%. The importance of increasing the duty cycle is practically not reflected in the literature and patents. This, combined with the lack of self-generation of HB, leading to “ringing” or compression, provides a super-regenerative generator with high gain characteristics. It does not have problems associated with the interference characteristic of a locked generator with self-generation of HB. A generator operating in a stable super-regenerative mode in the absence of an input signal usually has a frequency spectrum with negligible or low systematic noise. Systematic noise due to diffuse generation, when present, can occur extremely asymmetrically with gaps equal to the blocking frequency, and resembles white noise. Depending on the implementation method of the 80-generator, the frequency response spectrum of the generator may be symmetric or asymmetric and may have different bursts or no bursts. The frequency response spectrum of the 80-generator characterizes its capabilities as an amplifier. In well-known publications and patents in which 80 is used for admission, this fact is not mentioned or is ignored. These are some of the relationships that work together to make the 80-generator more sophisticated technology relative to the core, even if the complexity of the circuit remains very simple compared to solutions based on superheterodyne principles, which, in many cases, are useless.

The transfer function of a super-regenerative generator operating as an amplifier is independent of the frequency or phase synchronization of a high-frequency HB carrier. Instead of the synchronization bandwidth, for the 80-generator, you can set the bandwidth coefficient. The bandwidth coefficient is best defined as the response bandwidth divided by the center frequency, the response bandwidth being determined from the signal-to-noise ratio for a weak signal with a given amplitude and variable frequency.

The transponder of the present invention can be considered, with reference to high frequencies, as a two-terminal device or as a reflective type amplifier giving amplification from high to extremely high. Thus, it can be argued that the paths of the input and output signals are exactly the same, and therefore only one antenna is required. Due to the reflective type of device, the isolation between the input and output is not defined, and can be considered infinitely high. Since the gain depends only on the quality factors of the resonant circuits and on the stability criteria of the active device, it can turn out to be extremely high. On the other hand, the dynamic range is limited only by the limiting power of the active component and the bandwidth and noise figure of the circuit as a whole. The transponder corresponding to the invention, being implemented with high gain, relays the signal with an almost constant amplitude. In general, the received signal is relayed with or without additional modulation. The transponder of the present invention can also be modulated, for example, for interrogation purposes. As a modulator or mixer, the transponder of the present invention has a positive and extremely high conversion gain. This means that to maintain the transmitted level within the requirements of the standards, a special limiter is not required. Thus, it is possible to repeatedly increase the maximum long-range compared with modern transponders. Due to the ability to generate modulation at low levels, harmonics within the communication range can be attenuated sufficiently to meet stringent standards without the need for sophisticated filters. Weak communication between the antenna and the transponder and in other cases, selective communication makes it easy to attenuate unwanted signals in the harmonic bands of the communication range.

The transponder in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention provides a simple method for receiving information signals, has high selectivity and low power consumption. The transponder corresponding to the present invention demodulates an amplitude-modulated information signal, after which it significantly amplifies it and thus has a significantly higher sensitivity compared to a receiver with a simple diode at its input.

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The transponder of the present invention simplifies existing fixed or mobile interrogation systems requiring a large communication area. Thus, the function of high-performance transmission can significantly reduce the physical dimensions, in particular, stationary installations, which leads to environmental benefits. This provides greater compactness and simplicity of design for portable interrogators.

Using transponders operating in accordance with the super-regenerative principle, the aforementioned problems of transponders can be solved. The new technology allows economical and efficient implementation of signal amplification, indirect relaying, transmission, reception and interrogation. The superregenerative transponder is also a switchable generator, but operates in a different mode than the generator with external synchronization, and in order to fully use its capabilities according to the present invention, special requirements must be met. However, when these conditions are satisfied, the super-regenerative circuit has significant advantages, and in no important area can it be replaced by generators with external synchronization. Therefore, the super-regenerative principle is much more useful from a practical point of view. An ultra-regenerative transponder, in principle, can work as a high-gain reflective type amplifier and works equally well in a very wide frequency range, which can include several signals, in contrast to the locked, synchronized generator described in US patent 3,705,385. Frequency synchronization of a blocking signal, when necessary, is possible in a much wider dynamic range than carrier-frequency synchronization in a synchronized oscillator, which allows, for example, to achieve significantly higher attenuation between transponders in a chain. A super-regenerative generator or transponder can be considered as a “gate generator”, and a blocking frequency can be considered as a gate frequency. Such an application of super-regenerative characteristics is an innovation because other technologies did not allow the implementation of such transponders at low cost. The super-regenerative principle was poorly understood and publicized, and patented versions of the super-regenerative principle, mainly when applied to reception, demonstrate poor understanding and inappropriate use of the function. As an example, insufficient descriptions and decisions regarding the importance of filtering the blocking frequency for decoupling the input of a super regenerative circuit to eliminate harmonics that narrow its dynamic range can be given. This is an essential parameter to fully utilize the super regenerative principle according to the present invention. Instead, it is often claimed that the blocking frequency has an upper limit of one thousandth or ten thousandth of the carrier frequency (center frequency). The lock frequency has a decisive influence on the performance of the transponder, and it should be chosen as high as possible, in accordance with the offset function and the lock period. Reverse bias during part of the blocking period allows the use of a higher blocking frequency. The blocking signal can be applied to the 80-generator at several points to achieve the desired characteristics.

An ultra-regenerative transponder is a generator, but without stable generation, in contrast to a generator with external synchronization. Its active component can have an input and an output, which, in many cases, provides a four-terminal device. However, the output is always part of the feedback circuit and influences the phase shift in it and therefore does not necessarily create an interference at the input. 80 is the only known circuit that can be implemented using active components in such a way as to achieve extremely high gain (from 40 to 100 dB) in a wide frequency range and for several different signals, while the isolation between the input and output does not affect to fulfill. This is a significant difference from other technologies, which usually provide a maximum gain of 20 dB. In addition, it allows low-cost options for implementation and reproduction with large tolerances. The circuit contains a signal booster or direct repeater, but can also work as an indirect repeater or transceiver (transceiver) by supplying a carrier from an external source, and it usually needs to be modulated. The scheme also differs in the possibility of a fairly simple implementation of transceiver devices (transceivers) operating at very high frequencies (in cm and mm ranges).

It is known that voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and generators with external synchronization can be implemented in the form of KS-coupled generators. Such generators have a wide synchronization band. Until now, it has not been shown that superregenerative generators can be implemented using KS circuits that do not contain chokes or resonators. Such an opportunity is of particular interest in relation to super-regenerative transponders, since it allows implementing super-regenerative transponders in the lower part of the RF spectrum with large bandwidth coefficients.

For example, it is possible to provide a super-regenerative function in a band width of typically 10 MHz using a simple super-regenerative generator in the frequency range 4-30 MHz, which uses several types of protocols and modulation types to distribute broadband access over a power line (ΟΕΌΜ [OFDM - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing], Ό888 [RSPP - expansion along the spectrum in direct sequence], etc.).

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The present invention can be implemented using KS circuits instead of bC, bCc, ceramic, dielectric, piezoelectric or surfactant (surface acoustic wave) resonators in the regenerator. The main application is the lower part of the RF spectrum, which requires large coefficients of the bandwidth, for example, 1: 5. This can be achieved using KS circuits and, possibly, parallel connection of several generators with overlapping frequency ranges.

An additional embodiment of the present invention to achieve a high blocking frequency is to provide a primary blocking signal at several points in the generator circuit.

The superiority of the present invention over the applied, well-known technology in transponders is demonstrated by passive reflective transponders or modulated reflectors, which typically consume current of more than one milliampere and have conversion gains, minus the antenna gain, of about 6 dB. The present invention allows to bring the corresponding net gain to 40-100 dB depending on the bandwidth and the blocking frequency when the current consumption is less than milliamperes. It follows that the present invention is revolutionary in many existing applications and opens up new applications.

The reason why a lockable generator and a super regenerative generator are considered in relation to modern applications is because patents and publications describing a lockable generator and, in particular, a PC generator, focus on microwatt applications and provide for a very short communication range in advance. Until now, it was not assumed that the PC, in principle, can be used at any power level, which is provided for by the present invention. This makes it possible to carry out long-range communications using either one or several interacting transponders. The fact that PC generators distribute their energy over a wide frequency range, which can lead to interference, was undoubtedly considered a drawback, while the present invention allows either to correct this specific characteristic or to use it.

Completely regardless of the details of the implementation of the second aspect of the invention, the principle of the invention can be described as a communication system containing one or more transponders of a locked type. The use of lockable, possibly super-regenerative transponders, makes it possible, as noted above, in an efficient, simple and economical way to achieve high gain without the need for isolation between input and output and allows transponders to work correctly with small antennas or in wired networks without the need for galvanic communication with lines or cables. For satisfactory communication of transponders in the present invention, often parasitic capacitance is sufficient, which is even more effective at higher frequencies. The use of a super-regenerative transponder in the present invention makes it possible to obtain large signal amplification without the need for frequency signal conversion or directivity. However, directivity can be used to combat echoes, standing waves, and multipath, for example, in wireless systems where bi-directional antennas can be used. The same is true for wired systems in which directional couplers can be used. The high gain and isolation between the input and output provided by the present invention makes it easy to implement directional couplers based on weak coupling, usually inductive at lower frequencies, and communication couplers at higher frequencies. The transponders of the present invention may use a carrier with two sidebands, a carrier with one sideband, or simply one sideband. This method of receiving and relaying is carried out by filtering in transponders and, possibly, by modulation in transponders. Sideband selection can be used as a simple means of frequency conversion to optimize the network or adapt transponders to existing technologies. The blocking frequencies in systems that comply with the present invention, which carry out directional relay of signals and contain several super-regenerative transponders, must, in order to avoid interference, meet more stringent requirements of frequency stability than in transponders that perform indirect relay of the signal, i.e., they first receive the signal, and then relay it. The rigidity of these requirements is determined by the type of modulation used for transmission (RRK, RRK, ORRK. FMN, FMN, KFMn, etc.). The main difference between the technical implementation of such transponders and synchronized generators is that the super-regenerative principle does not provide for conditions of lack of synchronization, although the super-regenerative transponder, in many cases, must have phase synchronization at the blocking frequency. The difference lies in the fact that the blocking frequency is much lower, and that synchronization can occur with a significantly smaller loop bandwidth and, therefore, simple circuit solutions. Such a simple solution is a blocking signal generator with external synchronization KS-, quartz or ceramic type. The lock frequency in the transponders can be controlled using a very stable frequency source in each transponder or by frequency and phase synchronization with a common signal distributed over the network, or by synchronizing with each other (self-locking locked oscillator). Frequency and phase synchronization of a locked oscillator even when

- 8 006841 of such simple solutions works in a large dynamic range, as a rule, up to the level of the transponder's own noise, due to the implicit high transmission coefficient of feedback and a relatively narrow synchronization band. The various transponders of the present invention can be intelligent and can perform other tasks besides relaying the received signal. Different transponders can also act as network connecting nodes, in other words, information can be transmitted through the transponder in both directions, i.e. using a PC or sensor platform.

On the uplink and downlink, different transponder devices can be used. Different directions may differ in bandwidth or power range. Two or more transponders can be combined into one unit.

To increase the dynamic range or bandwidth, or both, it is possible, directly or indirectly, to connect in parallel several transponders in accordance with the present invention. Therefore, the present invention theoretically imposes very weak restrictions on achievable bandwidth and dynamic range, and in practice it is possible to obtain results that are in good agreement with theoretical values.

Therefore, the present invention allows the signal to be relayed by passing it through a small or large number of transponders in order to achieve long range without losing the useful signal dynamics or information signal bandwidth. In the case of problems with echoes, standing waves or multipath, for example, for a large bandwidth of an information signal, the present invention, due to its high gain, involves the use of directional sensitivity, which can be used on different transponders to manipulate different transmission directions. Therefore, the present invention allows such a structure in which each relay device comprises a transponder system for each of two transmission directions.

In order to achieve a large dynamic range, high sensitivity and a wide passband using super-regenerative transponders in accordance with the present invention, it is important how the blocking signal is introduced, namely, the input location and its filtering method. This operation can be carried out in different ways during the measurement process, in order to eliminate harmonics of the blocking frequency, narrowing the dynamic range of the transponder. A particular way of doing this is to create a super-regenerative circuit having an input and an output in which the input is most sensitive to the signal, and to supply a blocking signal to the output that is least sensitive to the input signal. One embodiment of the present invention provides a blocking signal in the form of a bias signal through, for example, a filter suitable for this purpose, and thereby benefit from the implicit isolation between the input and output present in the amplifier element. Thus, the dynamic properties are improved, and the increased blocking frequency can be used to work with a wider band of the information signal. This can be combined with filtering at the high-frequency end of the spectrum to remove unwanted transmitted signals and suppress mutual and cross-modulation products. Using this filtering also improves properties when several transponders work together in the same frequency range. Ringing in high-frequency resonant circuits can be reduced by damping resonant elements controlled by a blocking signal, since constant damping is not enough. In some cases, it is possible to optimize the properties of the present invention to use the control of the blocking signal at several levels, for example, using control varactors in the resonant circuits, but in such a way that the properties of the dynamic range do not deteriorate due to the harmonic energy of the blocking frequency. The use of different levels of the blocking signal, as well as several blocking frequencies, is a way to improve super-regenerative properties, in contrast to the corresponding functions in primitive, simple super-regenerative receivers with damped oscillations, known from the prior art, in which unpredictable spurious generation can sporadically improve the super-regenerative function. An important task in this regard is to control the active part of the period (duty cycle) of the super regenerative generator and, at the same time, suppress stable generation only during the duty cycle, in other words, in the absence of an input signal, generation with the same period length should not occur or frequency.

Otherwise, the generator will radically change its characteristics and become a synchronized generator with a carrier frequency and sidebands with an individual gap equal to the blocking frequency.

The super-regenerative transponder of the present invention is a switchable or modulated generator, but it operates in a different mode than the generator with external synchronization, and in the present invention the specific conditions make it possible to fully use it. In the absence of an input signal, it simply transmits noise, and the noise level is mainly determined by the dynamic range and bandwidth of the super-regenerative transponder. Bias and interlock signals agree to make the high-frequency generator work in super

- 9 006841 generative mode. For this purpose, the curve function of the blocking signal can be matched so that it provides an effective reverse bias to the 80-generator during the inactive part of the blocking period. This allows you to ensure the operation of the circuit in a wide range of frequencies without problems of "loss of synchronization" on the communication channel. If stabilization, synchronization of the blocking frequency, or both operations is necessary, this is done at a much lower frequency than the carrier frequency, and synchronization can then be carried out using a narrow frequency band of the circuit and inexpensive, simple and reliable circuits. The present invention can use a blocking signal generator with external synchronization, implemented by means of KS-type resonators, as well as quartz or ceramic. Inexpensive implementation options are provided using cheap 32 kHz crystal oscillators in harmonic circuits for blocking frequencies from 32 to, usually, 288 kHz. For blocking frequencies from 200 kHz onwards, in the MHz region, inexpensive ceramic or quartz resonators are available. A simple embodiment of the present invention provides for phase and frequency synchronization of a blocking signal generator by connecting it to the “output” of a super regenerative generator that contains synchronization information. This connection is carried out through a filter, preferably implemented as an LC filter with one or more poles. This connecting line thus provides both blocking of the high-frequency generator and synchronization of the blocking signal generator. However, the generation and synchronization locking circuits may also be separate circuits due to some complication. Another embodiment of the present invention consists in the possibility of using a high-frequency generator also as a blocking signal generator, in which the harmonics of the blocking frequency can be suppressed by means of a suitable oscillator circuit with or without the use of a high-frequency selective resonator element operating at a blocking frequency. For solutions in which there are more tolerances for cost, more advanced frequency and phase synchronization schemes can be applied. The super regenerative transponder of the present invention operates according to the aforementioned in the mode of a reflective type amplifier capable of providing very high gains, which can be used to amplify signals in both directions in a chain or in all directions in a wireless system. The problem of generation blocking noise in the transponder is solved by shielding and filtering the blocking frequency from the input or the most sensitive section of the super-regenerative circuit to suppress harmonics that narrow the dynamic range. This is an important embodiment of the present invention to achieve large dynamic range and bandwidth using the super regenerative principle. Shielding can often be replaced by downsizing electronic circuits, avoiding communication with larger areas or lines. Thus, the present invention provides the use of blocking frequencies, usually 20-100 times higher than those provided by known technologies that use the super-regenerative principle, mainly in the field of radio reception. The present invention can, in principle, be used to communicate at any desired center frequency. However, in practice, it is applicable at frequencies from a few MHz to the millimeter range. The bandwidth of the communication channel for a particular super-regenerative transponder, among other things, depends on the blocking frequency and how high the blocking frequency is required in accordance with the bandwidth. In the present invention, a high blocking frequency is realized, in some cases, using active amplification components with high gain in combination with a decrease in the quality factor of the resonant circuit of a super regenerative generator. The super-regenerative transponder according to the present invention is a generator, but without stable generation, in which the active element can have an input and an output, and thus is a four-terminal device. The output is made as part of the feedback circuit, but without impairing the properties of the 80-generator. The present invention allows, using modern components, to obtain very high gains (from 40 to 100 dB), sensitivity (usually -90 dB) and a high level of output signal (for example, +20 dBm) together with a wide passband. Each of these properties that the transponders of the present invention should possess is determined by the choice of active components and bias. As for active circuits in general, the properties and design of the transponder should, based on known principles, be selected in accordance with which parameters are most important. The dynamics is additionally determined by the number of transponders or super-regenerative generators shared or in parallel. None of these measures to optimize the properties of the present invention has a significant negative effect on the high performance / cost ratio.

The present invention is capable of operating as a two-way booster of signals with or without galvanic coupling, or as an amplifier whose characteristics with respect to large and small signals are similar to those of conventional unidirectional limited-band amplifiers. The present invention at high frequencies, for example, in the millimeter range, is very easy to implement, thanks to a significant expansion of the frequency limitations of the amplifier component.

In the described communication system, the transponder system of the present invention allows

- 10 006841 maintains a low level on lines or in radio communication systems and, in many cases, eliminates the need for state licensing due to the use of a sufficient number of transponders using sufficiently small gaps.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The present invention is described in more detail in the following examples, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional transponder system corresponding to known technology comprising analog and digital blocks;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an implementation of a first aspect of the present invention, showing the simplest possible relay method in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an implementation providing a separate generator signal to improve control of bandwidth, unwanted radiation, and power consumption of the transponder;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another design providing for a detector and an amplifier of the receiving path (on the downlink) and allowing controlling various levels of reception by means of a receive / transmit switch;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of yet another design, according to which the transponder is included in the microwave ICU because of the simplicity of the microwave technical concept on which the present invention is based, which, again, provides a simple and inexpensive implementation of the microwave ICU or microwave system;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an implementation that differs from the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, in that the antenna is replaced by another communication element, and in that the filter on the signal path going to and from the generator is shown as a split, bidirectional filter;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a second aspect of the invention in which a super regenerative transponder operates as a component of a network architecture;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of various signal transmission means to which a network transponder can be connected;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a particular embodiment of a transponder in accordance with the present invention for communicating with a network;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of the joint use of several transponders in various ways in connection with network solutions;

FIG. 11 is a diagram of the joint use of several transponders in yet another embodiment;

FIG. 12 is an example of the distribution of transponders over communication lines or waveguides to increase line throughput.

Detailed description

In FIG. 1 shows a conventional transponder device 18, consisting of analog 22 and digital 23 blocks. The analog unit includes an antenna 1 and an RF transponder 24. The design also often includes a downlink receiver 25 and a start receiver 26, as well as a control unit 25. When the transponder device 18 includes a digital unit, it consists of an information unit 28, usually connected to the interface 29. The transponder device 18 also contains a power source, which is usually a battery 170.

The most important component of the transponder device 18 is the uplink transponder 24. The downlink information receiver 25 is either a separate component of the transponder device 18, or is partially integrated with the launch receiver 26. The information device 28 of the digital unit 23 identifies the transponder device 18, and the digital unit can also perform an information processing function and control the functions of the analog unit 22 via the control interface 27. The digital unit 23 may also comprise a physical user interface 29, sensors, or actuators.

In FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a transponder 19 of the present invention, and a simple relay method using the present invention is illustrated. The presented solution in accordance with the present invention can be used for signal relay, request and transmission. It covers the two-way communication 2 between the antenna 1 and the band-pass filter 3 and the two-way communication 4 leading to the generator 5, which contains individual components or is combined in a circuit, depending on the requirements of the transponder 19. These requirements relate to the channel bandwidth, multi-channel communication functions sensitivity to unwanted signal and radiation inside and outside the communication range, as well as to the choice of antennas.

The generator 5 can, in principle, be an arbitrary type generator, which, again, is identical to an unstable amplifier, and the connection point 30, can, in principle, be any point in the generator that transfers the necessary energy to and from the generator while maintaining minimum О resonant circuit of the generator 5. This provides super-regenerative amplification sufficient for the purpose for which the transponder is intended. The bias circuit 6 feeds the bias to a generator 5, which may include a bipolar or field effect transistor in trans

- 11 006841 ponders operating in the ranges from short waves to centimeter and millimeter waves. Generator 5, as a rule, consists of one transistor, but, in principle, can contain a larger number of them, for example, when special resonant elements should be used as a resonant element (resonant circuit), or it can contain an integrated circuit, i.e. Microwave IC (microwave integrated circuit). The resonant element may consist of inductance and capacitance in the form of a coil and capacitor, or may be made in the form of a band-pass filter or in the form of lines or in the form of ceramic or dielectric resonant elements. The dielectric resonator is applicable only for narrow frequency ranges, but provides effective suppression of unwanted input and output signals outside the communication channel. A dielectric antenna can also be used as a resonant element. For some multichannel applications or very large bandwidths, resonators with lower O values should be used, such as a choke and capacitor. The transponder 19 may have undesired input and output signals outside the communication channel or range. The electronic switch 7, which may include a diode or transistor, has two main provisions. One provides the operation of the generator 5 in the generation mode, and the other provides a lock generation. Using such a switch connected to a generator is called “generation lock”. The principle of operation of the transponder is that the switch 7 never allows the generator 5 to work continuously. This is due to the fact that the switch 7 changes the bias supplied to the generator 5, or due to the fact that the switch 7 changes the impedance perceived by the generator 5 (i.e., the impedance has a capacitive, inductive or resistive connection to a high-frequency energy source). At the same time, the generator 5 generates a negative resistance at the connection point 30 and, thus, creates a high gain for extraneous frequency components present at the connection point 30. In the future, we will proceed from the fact that the input signal is an unmodulated carrier. Since the signal path from the connection point 30 to the antenna 1 is two-way, the signal supplied to the antenna 1 (i.e., the modulated carrier frequency 60) is relayed through the antenna, but with amplification. The relay signal is exactly in phase with the received signal. If the control signal 32, which controls the switch 7, has a sufficiently high frequency relative to the bandwidth of the filter 3 or the resonator of the generator 5, then only the received signal will be relayed in the antenna 1, which enters the antenna 1, but with amplification. If said frequency band is wider than the frequency controlling switch 7, then the signal relayed in antenna 1 will contain two sidebands (subcarriers) spaced from the received signal in accordance with the frequency that controls switch 7. If the control signal is 32, which controls the switch 7, which, in turn, controls the generator 5, is an AC signal containing information, the signal relayed through the antenna 1 will have two sidebands containing this information.

The signal controlling the switch 7 comes from the modulator 17. The signal from the modulator may contain information to be transmitted (on the uplink) through the transponder. Modulator 17 is an independent module or an integral part of the processor. The control signal 32 can be filtered through a filter unit 8, which may be needed to suppress harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the modulator signal 39, which may be an externally relayed information signal 63.

In FIG. 3 shows a block diagram according to a second embodiment of the present invention, according to which a transponder 19 can be used for signal relay, request and transmission, in which separate modulators 87, 17 are used to modulate information 65 and, accordingly, switch 31, which allows better control the bandwidth of the transponder 19, unwanted radiation and current consumption. Signal 39 or 67 may be a signal from an individual generator, processor, or similar device that is capable of generating a high frequency signal, or in less important applications, it may be generated as self-generation in generator 5 (internal generation lock). Separate modulators for information and switching make it possible to use the pulse generating circuit 9 together with the signal frequency 39, and the function of the modulator 17 can control various properties of the transponder 19. In the transponder 19, the information signal 38 modulates the generator 5, and this can happen in different ways, in this case, as bias modulation 89. This modulation frequency is usually half or less than the frequency of the primary blocking signal 32. The signal 38 becomes the source of two sidebands (subcarriers) that are rely closer to the carrier than the subcarriers generated by signal 32. The locked synchronized oscillator can thus provide good performance as a mixer / modulator, i.e. relaying data from a transponder, mainly in a homodyne system. Due to the fact that the primary blocking of generation has a higher frequency than the secondary blocking of generation (modulation), the primary sidebands located further from the (input and output radiation) of the carrier will be most attenuated by the bandpass filter at the input / output. The circuit 9 can change the properties of the transponder 19, changing the symmetry of the signal 39. Sometimes it is desirable to reduce current consumption and suppress radiation outside the communication channel. An important property of the transponder 19 of the present invention is the ability to use the switching frequency 39,

- 12 006841 which is significantly higher than the highest frequency of the information signal 38, usually 10-100 times. For this reason, the transponder 19 has a wide passband, i.e. allows for multi-channel operation, tolerances for temperature drift and other frequency drift, and unwanted signals generated in the generator 5, are outside the frequency band of the resonator of the generator 5, band-pass filter 3 or antenna 1.

In FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a third embodiment of a transponder in accordance with the present invention, in which a detector 11 and an amplifier 12 are used for downlink reception, wherein the transponder can still be used for signal relay, interrogation, transmission and reception. In this embodiment, an amplifier 13 is also provided that distinguishes the frequency or level for starting, as well as a P / P (receive / transmit) switch.

At various levels in the generator 5 for transmitting, receiving and starting, the receive / transmit switch 14 can be controlled to control the gain in the generator 5 and the current consumed by the transponder. This is done by changing the bias conditions for the generator 5, possibly the characteristics of the generator according to the control signal 39, possibly a pulse generating circuit 9 that changes the symmetry of the control signal 32. The goal is to achieve optimal conditions for the three mentioned transponder modes 19. Parameters subject to such control, these are relaying, unwanted input and output radiation, receiver sensitivity and current consumption for the three modes mentioned, to ensure that the present invention It cannot operate for a battery life that matches the shelf life of the battery.

The principle of operation regarding the reception of information (downlink) is that the signal 35, which is relatively weakly connected to the signal path 4, is supplied through a coupler 95 to the detector 11 (i.e., a Schottky diode), which demodulates the modulated signal received in the antenna 1 and amplified by the generator 5. The coupler 95 can also be used at other points of the generator 5, but, usually, the signal point 4 is the optimal point. The detected signal 33 has a relatively large amplitude, but still needs to be amplified by an amplifier 12 so that it can be used in an information block, such as a processor. Amplifier 12 can be implemented as a microwatt amplifier using known technology.

The signal 34 needs to be amplified, possibly filtered and passed through a hysteresis circuit in circuit 12 before a logic level 37 is obtained to trigger the information block.

In FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a fourth embodiment of a transponder in accordance with the present invention, which shows an “analog block” 120 integrated in a microwave ICS (specialized integrated circuit) 651 or microwave IC (microwave integrated circuit). The implementation provides either the presence of only a radio frequency transponder 120, or the presence of also a digital unit 125, a clock generator 135, and input and output terminals.

A design variant is either part of the ICS or microwave IC 651, has only two outputs, acts as an amplifier with negative resistance, in which the bias and modulation are fed through the terminals, or contains an ICC or microwave IC 651 with three or more terminals for the desired number of signals , bias and control signals. Since the present invention is based on a simple concept of application of microwave technology, it allows a simple and economical implementation of microwave ICU 651 and, moreover, is simple enough to implement in microwave IC 651. Antenna 1 can be external and connected to the ICU or microwave IC 651 through the signal path 2, or the antenna 101 can be integrated into the SIS 651, in which it is designed to operate at microwave frequencies to provide an effective electrical length in the SIS or microwave IC 651.

The signal and control lines 710 can be connected to the legs 715 SIS 651 or directly connected to the control unit 125, which can also be an information unit.

In FIG. 6 shows an embodiment similar to that shown in FIG. 2, but characterized in that the antenna 1 is unified as a connecting element of a more general type. In addition, a filter of a special type 3 is shown, namely, having different characteristics for different signal paths, which provides a frequency shift of the relay signal.

In order to ensure the operation of the transponder generator in a stable super-regenerative mode and, at the same time, to maintain the necessary bandwidth and dynamic range, it is possible to control the super-regenerative duty cycle (the active part of the period), as well as oscillations superimposed on the blocking frequency. In some cases, i.e. for higher power levels, for this you can use a constant or controlled reduction in the quality factor. To do this, you can apply a filter that suppresses the overtones (harmonics) of the blocking frequency in the frequency range in which the transponder sensitivity is maximum. The filter must be part of the generator itself, or as part of a separate circuit connected to the generator. The filter allows you to increase the super-regenerative duty cycle, and, therefore, increase the dynamic range and bandwidth of the transponder and, at the same time, reduce interference from the blocking signal in the output signal using the highest possible blocking frequency.

The same benefits can be obtained using the secondary blocking of oscillation generation

- 13 006841 signals superimposed on the primary blocking signal. A secondary blocking signal is supplied to any point in the generator where it is possible to influence the generation conditions.

Another possibility, which provides the same advantages, is to use a blocking signal generated by a function generator of any type that is part of or separate from the transponder, which is able to asymmetrically control the generation lock.

Finally, the same benefits are achieved with two or more super-regenerative generators or transponders connected to each other. This requires that the transponders have a common generation lock, or at least synchronize with controlled phase shifts between different blocking signals. This ensures, in principle, a one hundred percent duty cycle for the transponder.

In FIG. 7 is a block diagram according to a second aspect of the present invention, according to which the super regenerative transponder 510 is used as a repeater, amplifier, or booster, either alone or as part of a network architecture or in addition to a network architecture. A transponder can be present in different ways, depending on what type of network or infrastructure it is part of. The transponder 510 may be intelligent and may receive or transmit information through an interface circuit 317, for example, a PC, sensor, or actuator. So that several transponders can work together without interfering with each other, the blocking signal 311 is stabilized by internal or external synchronization. The internal synchronization of the blocking signal generator 210, if necessary, is carried out using an internal, very stable reference signal generator 212. The blocking signal generator 210 consists of a function generator and a filter. External synchronization of the frequency source is carried out by synchronization with an external synchronizing signal 31 or by synchronizing with the implicit blocking signal 32 of the corresponding transponder 511 in the network.

Frequency synchronization of a blocking signal includes the ability to synchronize demodulation with the duty cycle of signals from a super regenerative transponder. This may be desirable or necessary for some applications, for example, when the bandwidth of the information signal is large compared to the blocking frequency. In other cases, to solve this problem, bandpass filtering in a transponder or receiver / demodulator receiving signals of the transponder (s) can be applied.

The blocking signal or switching signal 311 can be supplied to the generator 355 so that it also participates in the suppression of the harmonics of the blocking signal 311 at the input 303, 304 of the generator 355. The external signal 311 can also be supplied in accordance with the offset at the given output 305, 306 of the generator 355 to reduce interference from an external signal 311 to an output 303, 304. The blocking line 311 may combine the blocking and synchronization of the blocking signal generator 210 with a received signal from the generator 355. The combined input and output 303, 304 is connected to a circuit 200 for receiving and transmitting 51 received high-frequency signals 50, modulated or not modulated by a transponder 510. A direction-sensitive connector 223 is used to attenuate the signals in an undesired direction. The transponders shown in FIG. 7 can be intelligent, for example, due to the built-in processor mentioned in the description of the first aspect of the invention, which allows them to transmit their own information signals 33, and they can contain receivers with known technology that are independent of or operating in conjunction with a super regenerative generator, examples of which are given above. Such a receiving device can use a large gain provided by a super regenerative generator. In FIG. 7 also shows how the amplification of signals in one direction on line 92 can be attenuated using a directional coupler 223, in which a combination of capacitors and inductors, various communication lines (microstrip, strip line, non-substrate lines), or circulators can be used.

In FIG. 8 are shown in accordance with FIG. 7, various means with which transponders / a system of transponders according to the present invention can be used:

free distribution of signals 400 in a vacuum, gas, liquid or solid by means of antennas or probes, communication line 410, consisting of a multi-core electric cable or cable-like infrastructure, communication line 420, consisting of an open electric line or structure corresponding to an open electric line, line a communication system or a linear system comprising a traveling wave antenna, a linear system 430 consisting of one or more wires and in which the transmission is “tied” to the ground, a communication line 440 acting as waves treatment with an open space, so-called leherovskaya (two-wire) line, wherein the wave having a shorter wavelength and is channeled along the wire experiences low attenuation, the communication link 450, which is a closed waveguide, and communication line 460, which is an optical waveguide.

- 14 006841

Connection to the line can be implemented in the form of a weak connection using inductive circuit 141, capacitive circuit 142, resistive circuit 143 or their combination, as for communication lines in the form of a microstrip. Connection schemes of types 141, 142 and 143 can in some cases be used individually or in combination to provide power to transponders from the main infrastructure.

In FIG. 9 shows a transponder 512 corresponding to FIG. 7 and 8, where the output 305, 306 is defined in the generator 355, in which port 303, 304 is an input or input and output at the same time, and port 305, 306 is an output with a higher level and input with reduced sensitivity. Devices 221, 222 are connected to ports 303, 304 and 305, 306 for receiving and transmitting signals for relaying information 71, 81 and or receiving 72, 82 and transmitting information 71, 81 and possibly receiving 72, 82 clock signals 72, 82 and possible transmission of the clock signal 71, 81. The connecting devices 221, 222 may be direction-sensitive, for example, to achieve the necessary attenuation of the echo signal when required.

In FIG. 10 shows how several transponder blocks 213 corresponding to FIG. 7 and 9, in order to increase the dynamic characteristics of the signals in one or several directions 150, 151, it is possible to jointly connect to the connecting device 210 using a common connection 90 or using separate connecting devices 210, 211, 212 and, accordingly, a structure of several transponders is shown 214, 215, 216, which allows to increase the bandwidth and dynamics, and the option of their joint connection to the connecting device 210 using a common connection 90 or using separate connecting devices 210, 211, 212, and trans Ponder 214, 215, 216 correspond to different specifications.

In FIG. 11 is shown in accordance with FIG. 7 and 10, how can several transponder blocks 216, 217, 218 be connected to each other using a common connection or communication line 90 so that the connecting devices 210, 222 can transmit signals 161, 162 from physical position 221 and signals 171, 172 from another physical position 222, for example, from one room 221 to another room.

In FIG. 12 shows one example of how transponders 219 in accordance with FIG. 7 and 11 can be distributed over communication lines or waveguides 91, making these lines suitable for functioning as a communication medium with significantly wider bandwidths and a longer communication range than would otherwise be possible. This structure additionally allows the use of transponders 219 as intelligent and non-intelligent nodes of a branched network consisting of lines 91 and transponders 219, and other communication infrastructure 121 can be connected to the means 91, and communication with the transponder 219 can be carried out by radio using the radio communication unit 129 equipped with an antenna 95, and an interface 60 with the outside world for the purpose of one-way and two-way communication or interrogation.

The superregenerative generator of the present invention operates in such a way that in the absence of a signal during one generation blocking period, it does not fully achieve the generation conditions.

Therefore, self-generation of HB is absent, but diffuse (broadband) generation can take place, which in no case reduces the BS gain. The portion of the blocking period in which amplification is achieved should be made as close as possible to 50 percent of the period of blocking generation. The duty cycle of the present invention can be increased beyond this value by using the function of the blocking signal or by other means. This, combined with the lack of self-generation of HBs, leading to ringing or compression, makes it possible to use the BS generator as a “transponder" corresponding to the invention, which has high gain. This design allows you to effectively suppress the interference associated with the self-generation of HB. Depending on how BS generation is performed in the present invention, the frequency spectrum of the BS generator may be symmetric or asymmetric and may have significant maxima or not. Depending on the properties that are most important to achieve, the present invention usually obtains the best transponder properties when the frequency spectrum consists of white noise with a symmetric curve resembling a Gaussian distribution. For this, you can, for example, use a band-pass filter. The transfer function of the BS generator / amplifier of the present invention is independent of the frequency or phase synchronization of the high-frequency carrier HB and makes it possible to expand the bandwidth of the information signal.

When a BS generator is used as a transponder in the present invention, it operates as a very efficient mixer / modulator and as an amplifier (repeater). The properties of the mixer can be used when the transponder is subject to modulation by information from the transponder or from the interface connected to the transponder. This applies to both radio systems and wired systems. Signal relay properties of the present invention can be used.

Fragments of the structures of the present invention are useful in combination with lockable oscillators in general and for synchronized oscillators. This applies to system solutions and detailed solutions, for example, bandpass filtering, the principles of blocking generation, the use of a system with multiple sidebands, sensitivity to direction, etc.

Known technology allows you to create transponders that implement frequency conversion

- 15 006841 signal or frequency shift signals to avoid implementation problems associated with directional attenuation. The intensive development of solid-state technologies allows us to predict the possibility of creating sufficiently economical and low-power transponders using SIS technology, which includes fragments of the present invention.

The present invention allows the creation of economical, low-power and efficient transponders for positioning systems of short and medium range, where it is desirable to avoid calculating the phase of the transmitted signal (restoration of the clock signal). It is also suitable for measuring distances. It applies both to devices to be positioned and to the infrastructure of the positioning system, for example, to improve geometry or to implement baselines with remote control or similar devices in the system. The present invention is also suitable for creating inexpensive transponders for people and objects to be positioned or searched.

Positioning systems work according to one of two main principles: measuring time (phase) or Doppler shift. In addition, there is a third principle - homing using the properties of antennas. Time measuring stations have either one antenna (one-dimensional positioning - radar and distance measurement) or two or more antennas with a given geometric ratio (baseline, aperture - two- or three-dimensional positioning). Doppler shift measuring stations are measured either using the speed of an object or using artificially created antenna movements at a measuring station. A positioned object may in some cases be measured using a passive reflector. Thanks to the use of a transponder on a positioned object, the maximum range and measurement capabilities are increased, and it is possible to achieve a known, calibrated ratio of the frequency and phase of the signal transmitted from the object. Both that, and another allows to simplify and improve systems of measurement of time and Doppler shift in comparison with a case when only the transmitter (beacon) is installed on object. Unlike a solution involving the use of a beacon, an unknown phase variable is excluded, and measurements in both directions of the signal are possible. This leads to an increase in refresh rates, accuracy, and the calculation of the uncertainty of time or phase measurements. The use of transponder 19, 219 as a modulator / mixer allows you to do this in a new and more economical way due to its gain and transmission properties. The invention allows the implementation of a positioning requestor as a homodyne system. This gives an advantage with respect to phase coherence.

In addition, there are two main areas in which the present invention provides completely new possibilities for solving positioning problems. One is to improve and / or facilitate geometry for measuring stations, especially mobile or mobile. Another is to locally cover the shaded area of the positioning system. In accordance with the present invention, by transmitting signals to transponders located in optimal geometry to achieve coverage and accuracy, positioned objects can perceive transponders 19, 219 as a baseline system or aperture. The system must calibrate against various time delays and geographical locations of fixed geometry.

Any positioning system can be reversed. Circulation of the system may mean, for example, that measurement and calculation are performed on a positioned object. In this case, the present invention is of at least the same interest. The present invention may, for example, facilitate geometric baselines provided as “dormant” in the form of transponders 19, 219 of the present invention in current areas for positioning services. The positioning object can then activate the transponders 19, 219 of the present invention, transmit a measurement signal to them and, using, for example, phase measurements on its own or auxiliary equipment, calculate its own position in one, two or three dimensions.

A corresponding application of the transponders 19, 219 of the present invention is that the shaded area of a positioning system, for example a satellite navigation system (Global Positioning System) (CP8.SPG). It is covered by transponders that can simultaneously see satellites in orbit and a positioned object. In the DGSP (differential GPS), the calibration station can transmit data to the GPS receiver of the positioning object to obtain corrections of the anomalous geometry. Thus, it becomes possible to use standard GPS receivers that calculate the position using the PSS code (pseudo-random noise) or using also the phase of the GPS signal. The receiver must be capable of external calibration or may have special software and lookup tables. The transponders of the present invention are suitable for this application, since spectrum expansion is used in GPS.

The present invention contributes to a presumably new opportunity involving both communication and positioning. It relates to electronic protection (radio countermeasures). Due to the high performance of the transponders, it is possible to scatter transponders 19, 219, corresponding to the present invention, which make “copies” of radio and radar signals and make it difficult for the adversary to position the original signals.

The present invention, using an 80-generator, is well suited as an amplifier for modern types of modulation and transfer protocols, since they are mainly intended to coexist with other signals and noise. They easily use the extended spectrum and distribute the energy of information in the frequency or time domain. The phase response 80 of the generator of the present invention shows linearity over a wide frequency range.

The forms of QPSK are also used in communication with spectrum spreading, for example, in the RSPP and EN88 modes [frequency spreading with frequency hopping (MSCP)], and the present invention is conveniently applied in these cases. For forms of multi-tone modulation of many carriers, for example, OFDM, the present invention is also suitable taking into account the special requirements for the dynamic range imposed in the regime of OFDM.

Locking frequency synchronization facilitates the synchronization of demodulation with the duty cycle of the signals of a super regenerative transponder. For some purposes this will be necessary or desirable, for example, when the bandwidth of the information signal is large compared to the blocking frequency. In other cases, band-pass filtering in a transponder or in a receiver / demodulator receiving a signal of transponder (s) meets these requirements.

Management of the super-regenerative duty cycle and oscillations superimposed on the blocking frequency are measures that ensure the stable operation of the generator in the super-regenerative mode, subject to the requirements for the frequency band and dynamics.

The large bandwidth coefficients provided by the present invention can be realized using a parallel connection of several super-regenerative generators with overlapping or overlapping frequency ranges.

Claims (48)

1. A low cost analog repeater and transponder system for digital networks with a wireless, wired or waveguide infrastructure for at least one communication medium (400-460), comprising at least one repeater and at least one transponder (24, 19, 601 -606, 213-218), and each repeater / transponder (19, 120, 213-219) has at least one port (2, 303-304) for connection via signal branching means (1, 141-143, 210- 212, 200, 223) to the communication medium, and each of the repeaters and transponders (19, 120, 213-219) refers to analog for a type with a positive and large signal gain, it is applicable for use in a wide frequency range and is implemented using semiconductor components or semiconductor integrated circuits (120, 651), and the selectivity requirements correspond to either the information signal bandwidth and the blocking signal frequency, or ideal decoupling from interference between the system communication medium (400-460) and vacuum (400), characterized in that the transponders and transponders are of the regenerative type and are equipped with means providing selectivity for input and output signals, due to which the characteristics of the analog bandpass filtering of repeaters and transponders are consistent with the requirements of selectivity. 2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the individual repeaters are configured to substantially support the bandwidth of the information signal of the system. 3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the individual repeaters are configured to work with high-frequency carriers, from high frequency to ultra-high frequency. 4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater (19, 120, 213-219) is configured to operate as an amplifier (19, 601-606) of a reflective type. 5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater (19, 120, 213-219) is configured to operate as a loop-through amplifier or a composite amplifier (601606), designed for decoupling between input signals ( 31, 60, 72, 82, 150) and output signals (32, 61, 71, 151), i.e. without exceeding the gain of the amplifier. 6. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the individual repeaters are configured to maintain the dynamic range of the signal for input signals and for output signals and are configured to substantially maintain their own dynamic range of the signal of the repeater when connected to a communication medium. 7. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to create an amplified version of the input signal in the frequency range of the input signal without any frequency shift, while largely maintaining the dynamic range of the input signal. 8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that for large amplification factors of the signal of the repeater and transponder, in the absence of a signal in the frequency range of the input signal, in the frequency range of the output signal, there is mainly white or unsystematic noise. - 17 006841 9. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to create an amplified version of the input signal and provide a frequency shift between the frequency spectrum of the input signal and the frequency spectrum of the output signal, thereby attenuating the interference for the input signal so that greatly support the dynamic range of the input signal and the dynamic range of the repeater. 10. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to separate the direction of the transmitted signal in the communication medium and the direction of the received signal in the communication medium by means of directional couplers, directivity or directional couplers. 11. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to be directed in the communication medium using simple directional couplers for the input signal and / or output signal, made in the form of a communication line, inductive coupling or capacitive coupling . 12. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to shift the frequency spectra of information signals to any number of different frequency spectra in order to maintain the dynamic range in the communication medium used, and it is possible to re-shift the frequency spectrum and possibly re- the use of frequency spectra in the communication medium used in any suitable order. 13. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that any number of repeaters is used that use the same carrier frequency for the input signal and output signal and allow the use of a high carrier frequency, with each repeater being in any physical position in the communication medium, and attenuation of the medium at such frequencies is used to help attenuate the interference echo, utilize a large dynamic range of the signal, and maintain the bandwidth. 14. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is equipped with a built-in short-range wireless interface. 15. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one relay is configured not only to relay signals, but also to receive information and intelligently process information, as well as with the ability to transmit intelligent information. 16. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to connect to a communication medium using an antenna, a communication line, inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, galvanic coupling, or any combination thereof. 17. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to receive power from the main infrastructure using an antenna, inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, galvanic coupling, optical coupling, or any combination thereof. 18. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is connected asymmetrically or symmetrically to a communication medium containing an infrastructure including a power line and / or a signal cable and / or a non-signal cable, and / or at least one metal wire forming an asymmetric or symmetrical communication line. 19. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one relay is connected asymmetrically to the infrastructure in the form of at least one metal (s) wire or line forming (s) either an asymmetric communication line with radiation losses or an antenna traveling wave, and which can have any level of zero potential or can use the earth as the surface of zero potential. 20. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is connected symmetrically to the infrastructure in the form of at least two metal wires or lines forming a symmetrical communication line with radiation losses, traveling wave antennas or leaky communication lines. 21. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is connected to the infrastructure in the form of a metal (s) wire or line forming (s) a Leher wire communication line by using high-frequency carriers at very short wavelengths to support very wide frequency ranges in unidirectional or bidirectional mode. 22. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the separate repeater is configured to operate in a modulation mode of any type or any mixed type, including, but not limited to, KFMn, KAM, KMCHR, OCHR, RSPP, ChMn, FMN, AM, FM, FM, either in the existing high-frequency carrier format, or converted to a high-frequency carrier format. 23. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater is configured to operate in any system or at any level of the transmission protocol or a combination thereof, including, but not limited to, OOS818 x.x, EigoOOS'818 х.х, ΙΕΕΕ802.11Α, ΙΕΕΕ802.11Β, ΙΕΕΕ8Ο2.110, 1ЕЕЕ802.3х, 08М, 0РК8, ИМТ8, ΤΕΤΡΑ. ΒΙιιυΐοοίΙι. 24. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one repeater using solid-state optics technology is connected to an optical waveguide or optical communication line for - 18 006841 holding the dynamic range of the system, the communication range and the bandwidth of the communication frequency for optical wavelength signals. 25. A repeater or transponder, applicable for bulk production, for a system of analog repeaters and transponders for digital networks with wireless, wired or waveguide infrastructure for at least one communication medium (400-460) containing at least one repeater and at least one transponder (24, 19, 601-606, 213-218), and each repeater / transponder (19, 120, 213-219) has at least one port (2, 303-304) for connection via signal branching means ( 1, 141-143, 210-212, 200, 223) to the communication medium, each of which is a relay the emitter and transponders (19, 120, 213-219) refers to the analog type with a positive and high signal gain, is applicable for use in a wide frequency range and is implemented using semiconductor components or semiconductor integrated circuits (120, 651), and the selectivity requirements correspond to either the bandwidth of the information signal and the frequency of the blocking signal, or ideal isolation from interference between the communication system medium (400-460) and vacuum (400), characterized in that the transponders and The transponders are of the regenerative type and are equipped with means providing selectivity for the input and output signals, due to which the characteristics of the analog bandpass filtering of repeaters and transponders are consistent with the requirements of selectivity. 26. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it comprises a lockable oscillator or a lockable amplifier, in which at least one frequency of the blocking signal is higher than the highest frequency band of the information signal to provide a dynamic range of regenerative amplification of the broadband signal. 27. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it comprises a lockable oscillator or a lockable amplifier, in which at least one frequency of the blocking signal is lower than the lowest frequency of the information signal to provide a dynamic range of regenerative amplification of the broadband signal. 28. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it contains two or more lockable generators or lockable amplifiers connected in parallel, which act as a single amplifier using synchronized lock, to provide an increase in the dynamic range and / or increase in the frequency bandwidth and to provide dynamic range, regenerative amplification of a broadband signal. 29. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it contains two or more lockable oscillators or lockable amplifiers connected in series, which act as a single amplifier using synchronized lock, to provide an increase in the dynamic range and / or increase in the frequency bandwidth and to provide the dynamic range of the regenerative amplification of a broadband signal. 30. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, wherein the repeater or transponder is configured to operate as a reflective type amplifier. 31. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, wherein the repeater or transponder is configured to operate as a loop-through amplifier or a composite amplifier for decoupling between input and output signals, i.e. without exceeding the gain of the amplifier. 32. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, wherein the repeater or transponder is configured to create an amplified version of the input signal in the frequency range of the input signal without any frequency shift, while maintaining the dynamic range of the input signal. 33. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, wherein the repeater or transponder is configured to create an amplified version of the input signal and provide a frequency shift between the frequency spectrum of the input signal and the frequency spectrum of the output signal, thereby weakening the interference for the input signal so that greatly support the dynamic range of the input signal and the dynamic range of the repeater. 34. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it comprises a lockable oscillator or a lockable amplifier with additional components and circuits included in the lockout circuit to reduce harmonics of the lockout signal in the passband of the received signal, limiting the dynamic range of the relay and, thus Thus, to ensure the dynamic range of the regenerative amplification of a broadband signal. 35. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it contains a lockable oscillator or a lockable amplifier, in which a lock at the output of the transistor or amplifier of the lockable circuit is used to reduce the harmonics of the lock signal in the passband of the received signal, limiting the dynamic range of the relay, which allows also synchronize or capture the blocking signal, and thus to provide the dynamic range of the regenerative amplification of the broadband signal. - 19 006841 36. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it comprises a lockable oscillator or a lockable amplifier, in which at least one blocking signal generator is a function generator that produces a blocking signal of any shape to improve the dynamic range of the repeater, and thus , to provide the dynamic range of the regenerative amplification of a broadband signal. 37. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that it comprises a lockable oscillator or a lockable amplifier, which uses an auxiliary blocking signal to provide a wide dynamic range and a wide frequency band in any frequency band defined by at least one high-pass bandpass filter , and thus to provide the dynamic range of the regenerative amplification of the broadband signal. 38. The repeater or transponder according to claim 25, characterized in that for large amplifiers of the signal of the repeater and transponder, in the absence of a signal in the frequency range of the input signal, mainly white or unsystematic noise is observed in the frequency range of the output signal. 39. A repeater or transponder of a super-regenerative, analog type, applicable in conditions of low cost of components and production, with a very large dynamic range or a very wide frequency band and a bandpass filter characteristic, wherein the internal blocking system of the repeater or transponder may have external synchronization, and in which the requirements selectivity is consistent with the bandwidth of the information signal or the frequency of the blocking signal, characterized in that it contains two or more bl Cove amplification, each of which is lockable or blockable power generator connected in series or in parallel, which act as a single amplifier, with the internal synchronization lock, and a transponder adapted to provide matching to the requirements of selectivity. 40. A repeater or transponder of a regenerative, analog type, applicable in conditions of low cost of components and production, with a large dynamic range or wide bandwidth and a bandpass filter characteristic in which the selectivity requirements are consistent with the bandwidth of the information signal, characterized in that it contains two or more gain units, each of which is a lockable generator or lockable amplifier, connected in series or in parallel, which act act as a single amplifier using an unsynchronized or internally synchronized low-frequency blocking signal, and the transponder is configured to match the selectivity requirements. 41. A positioning system using transponders or transponders, based on radio wave propagation or human-made infrastructure (40-46), comprising at least one repeater and at least one transponder (1, 110, 111), intended mainly for ensure accuracy of positioning, coverage and range, each of which has at least one port (3, 4, 5, 6) for connection via means (20, 21, 22) of signal branching with the communication medium (40-46), each repeater / transponder (1, 110, 111) refers to the lair type, has a positive and large signal gain, implemented using semiconductor components, or at least one semiconductor integrated circuit, allows not to use isolation or use a small isolation between the input signal and the output signal transmitted to high-frequency carriers using any type of modulation and any communication protocol, and the requirements of selectivity are consistent with the bandwidth of the information signal or with a width of VOCs measuring signal frequencies, characterized in that the transponders and the transponders are provided with regenerative type, and means providing selectivity for the input signal and output signal, whereby the analog bandpass filtering characteristics repeaters and transponders are consistent with the requirements of selectivity. 42. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any repeater / transponder represents a two- or three-dimensional coordinate of the target or user end of the system. 43. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any relay / transponder represents a two- or three-dimensional coordinate of the relay between the target or user and the base line or base station of the system. 44. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any repeater / transponder is located on the baseline or on the main station of the system. 45. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any repeater / transponder forms a synthesized aperture or synthesized baseline of said system, which is any navigation or positioning system, including a global positioning system (GPS). 46. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any repeater / transponder - 20 006841 is the purpose of detection and / or identification in the system. 47. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any repeater / transponder performs the function of a target beacon in the system. 48. The positioning system according to paragraph 41, wherein any repeater / transponder is a false target or a false source in the homing, positioning and radio jamming scenarios of a military radio countermeasure system.