DE2510484A1 - Instrument determining geographical coordinates - has elements depicting space as well as earths sphere - Google Patents

Abstract

a simple instrument for the determination of latitude and longitude of a point on the earth's surface, consists of a number of parts which can be moved relatively to each other, of which at least one represents space and at least one the geographical globe. The angles of elevation of various marked heavenly bodies and marked spots on the earth's surface and the corresponding geographical latitude can be read off. By providing a set of discs the effect of passage of time, and hence the longitude can be found. All that is required besides the apparatus itself is a vertical angle measuring apparatus, a radio receiver for the time transmitter or a chronometer. The apparatus itself consists in principle of space table (A), large circle flag (B) and time angle disc (C).

Description

Device for easy location determination according to geogr. Latitude # and geor. Length 1 description.

Well-known: procedures and devices with which you can manage your own Can determine location on the surface of the earth, many things are known.

But with the exception of those procedures in which e.g. the pilot in their aircraft by means of extremely complex location and control systems their respective location is made immediately visible on screens, is liable all other systems have the disadvantage that their application depends on the existing his mostly extensive reference and table works, corresponding apparatus and devices and cards and - in order to be able to use all of this at all - also from the existence of a corresponding specialist knowledge and a relatively calm one Job = dependent.

In contrast to this, working with the one described here is new Device. In addition to the device itself, you only need one to determine your position Vertical angle measuring device, a radio receiver for time transmitter or a chronometer.

The device itself basically consists of the "room board" A, the "large circle flag" B and the "time-angle disk" C (Fig.1).

width # ": The" room table "represents a reduced section from space, next to which, in the example here, the sun is far to the left and sends its rays of light into space (Fig. 2) These rays of light pass through at the same time, our "room board", enter on the left edge, bend over each other away to the right and leave the "room panel" again at the right edge.

Some paths of this light streak are in the left field of the "space = panel "and - from above, over the center line himfeg downwards - with a graduation from 0 ° - 900 - 0 ° kelln = draws. This graduation is overwritten with "midday height of the sun 0 In the point (M) is on the" space table " the center of the "earth = sphere", which is defined by the disk-shaped part of the "great circle flag" is pictured.

The north-south axis as well as run through this point the equator line of the great circle of our "reduced earth" ("great circle" = section through the globe in the north-south axis).

The division of the earth's surface in degrees of latitude, from the equator to North and south each 90 ° to the poles, is on the left half of the "great circle" plotted, as well as the "Äuator" and the "Northern" or "Southern Tropic".

As is well known, the sun is in nature on Sept. and on Mar. of each year vertically above the equator. Hit the rays of light from the sun so with an angle of incidence of 900 there to 0 at the North Pole and at the South Pole on the other hand the sun's rays only touch the surface of the earth; their angle of incidence is therefore there only 00.

This process in nature is also shown by our device The equator line of the "great circle flag" is in line with the center line of the "space table", so the line of September 230 and March 21 are revealed at the same time the "day scale" (which is on the right edge of the "flag") and the mean = line of the "room table" in the area of the designation "date" (right edge of the "room table").

If the "large circle flag" is in this position in the space of the "space = panel ", the paths of the rays of light hit the" surface of the earth "of our reduced ones "Earth", the left semicircle of our "great circle flag", at the equator with 90 ° and at both poles with 0 ° each.

The angle of incidence with which the sun's rays hit the "surface of the earth." on Sept. or on March 21 in the other latitudes between the North Pole, The equator and the south pole can be seen from the degree: division along the lettering Read the "midday height of the sun" on the left edge of the "room table" 0 This results The following is available on Sept. or an observer somewhere on earth on March 21st and measures with a vertical angle measuring device, e.g. a Seg = aunt, during the Time when the sun reaches its highest point has, so at 12.00 noon on Wednesdays (therefore "midday height"!) the angle of incidence of the sun's rays with 900, the observer is standing exactly on the equator.

Another observer, also on Sept. or on 21.

March and also exactly at 12 o'clock local time a vetical angle of 660301 between the sun and the horizon, so it can be next to the gradeir, division at "noon height the sun "on the latitude graduation of the" great circle flag "read 23 ½ °.

So he stands with his sextant on a line, a "stand = line "which is 23030 'from the equator.

If he stands so that he sees the sun in the south, he is at 23 ° 30 'north latitude; but if he sees the sun in the north, then stands he on 23030 'south.

By chance it would then also be on the "northern" - or the "southern tropic".

In this simple way, all of them can be measured = Nine - or "closed" - midday heights belonging to the baseline according to their respective determine geographical latitudes.

What has been said so far only referred to the days of Sept. and-21. March, the times of the "equinox", also called "equinox".

But now the earth moves on an ellipti = in the course of a year orbit around the sun. And since the north-south axis of the earth happens to be An observer sees that it is not perpendicular to the plane of this ellipse, but rather crooked on earth, who even care about themselves within a day turns, the sun "rise in the east" at a different point every day of the year and "perish in the west".

This inclination of the earth, based on the elliptical plane of the earth = orbit around the sun, makes itself for the observer on the earth on June 21st or on Dec. 21st most noticeable, on those two days when the so-called summer solstice " or the "winter solstice" takes place.

On those days, the IG rode - and with it, of course, the Equatorial plane - its greatest inclination to the connecting line earth = center - sun center a.

The l-island between this connecting line and the equatorial plane our earth is on each day 23 ° 30 '.

The sun is then in each case vertically above the "northern" or

the "southern tropic".

So an observer measures on June 21, in the northern hemisphere standing, at midday height of 90 ° and he sets the "day scale" the "Large circle flag" with June 21st on the date line on the right edge of the "space table", so he reads under "90 ° midday height of the sun" on the scale of the geographical latitude de "large circle = flag", that it is on 23 ½ °, thus coincidentally on the "northern tropic" stands.

On the same day to the north, if it were to have an altitude of noon of, for example 66 ½ ° "shoot", so he could read off the "large circle flag" of the device, that its baseline happens to be the equator.

Certainly he would, he would, have contrary temperature sensations again on the same day, i.e. on June 21st, instead of the aforementioned 66 and a half degrees one Shoot south at midday height of 23 ° 30 '.

If it were then exactly on the North Pole.

All intermediate values can be found just as easily.

But now to get the geographic latitude lines for all days of the year to be able to determine, is on the "flag" of the "large circle flag" the "Nonatslinie" (No). It, in conjunction with the "day scale", allows the device to be set on every day of the year and thus the determination of the "latitude #" for the respective "Midday Heights".

What has been said so far referred only to the determination of the geographical "Latitude" is intended to mean determining a baseline parallel to the equator now the determination of the second baseline required to determine the location be discussed, the geogr.

"Length #".

The lines running from pole to pole are called meridians and they intersect all width lines at right angles.

An infinite number of "meridians" run from pole to pole across the Ku = gel surface of the earth; which is most important to be mentioned here for our consideration the so-called "prime meridian". It runs from the North Pole via the Greenwich Observatory, intersects the equator at the point "0 °" and continues to the south pole.

From 11 0 ° "1800 runs to the east as" Eastern longitude "and 1800 to the west as "western longitude" in order to become the 3600 of the full circle again to unite.

The circumference of the earth at the equator is approx. 40,000 1cm. This route divided into 360 degrees and these in turn divided into 60 arc minutes each, sc one obtains at the equator the circumference of the earth of 360 x 60 = 21,600 arc minutes.

One minute of arc @ Seeemeine (nautical mile) - 1 Sm.

@ 0 000 A sea mine = = 1.852 km.

2 @@@@ Time: However, it turns 1 x on yours day own axis.

Therefore, for an observer on earth, the sun moves in 24 hours full 360 ° around the earth. If you divide this 360 ° by 24, you get that the sun passes through a Hogen full 150 in one hour (see C, "Difference between Greewich time and local time "!) 0 So if the sun is 2:13. in one: place perpendicular = right above the sieridian 500 First, it means that the sun is from the "prime meridian" until it was exactly 3 hours and 20 minutes on the way.

This also means that it is at the same time as it is on the meridian 50 ° W is exactly noon, in Greenwich already 3:20 p.m.

The same is true if the sun is perpendicular above 1100 East then is there 12 p.m. local time, i.e. noon. As you can see from C he needs the sun to get there from the prime meridian, exactly 16 hours and 40 minutes.

This also means that the sun to move from 110 ° East back to zero = meridian to come, another 7 hours and 2G minutes is on the way.

From which it follows that if it is on meridian 1100 East It is just 12,000 noon, it is in Greenwich and around the prime meridian It is 7 hours and 20 minutes "earlier", i.e. 4:40 in the morning.

All of this can be easily done from the "" Time-Angle-Slider " See C. These C-disks can be used in simple devices like the one described here be recorded on the room board or on the large circle flag; you can but also consist of several discs rotatable about a common axis where the time, the 360 ° full circle and the setting in geogr. 180 ° east and 180 ° west are recorded. You can then use this to directly calculate the difference in terms of time and angle set and read.

The Greenwich Mean Time can nowadays be checked using a radio receiver received exactly all over the world or take it with you by means of a chronometer, as well as can be used at any location using a vertical protractor - e.g.

by means of sextants - pretty much determine when the Son ne has reached its highest level and it is then noon there.

And the difference between Greenwich Mean Time and local time can be then the geogr. Length and thus the second necessary to determine the location Determined baseline.

And exactly at the intersection of "Latitude #" and "Longitude #" is the location of the observer.

Use @@@@ @@ Values for latitude and longitude can be @@@ n @@@ @@@ öten of this kind relatively accurate @@ @ e @.

For example, a primitive paper model (DIN A4) already produces one Accuracy of about 1/4 counter degree (less near the pole, more accuracy near the equator ). This corresponds to an arc length of approx.

15 minutes of rain, a distance of about 15 nautical miles.

According to this principle, precision devices with fine and vernier drums - and / or micrometer settings as well as with optical setting and reading devices built, so with the term devices very high accuracy in the location determination reach.

Furthermore, devices can be built according to the same system, with de = Great circle flags designed for other reference stars by means of an interchangeable mechanism can be put on.

Sextants or other measuring devices are used to determine the height of the morning used. These can also be permanently connected to the devices described here or be mountable.

- Even very simple angle encoders fulfill their purpose.

Two possible embodiments are shown, for example, in FIG. 30 a) it is a protractor that consists of a graduation (90 ° arc) and a There is a small spirit level that is attached to the underside of room panel A. are. To measure the vertical angle, the device is placed so vertically that the shadow of a pen also attached to the underside of the tree - or, if an optical system is used, a beam of light - on the degree arc the elevation angle of the star = shows The Fir, 03 b) shows a device in which instead of a plumb bob is used for the water balance, the devices described here should do not replace or replace known navigation systems, they are suitable but due to their ease of use very much to a navigator or even a To show relatively inexperienced travelers where they are at the moment - with one Accuracy, which is definitely entries in an overseas sailing chart or in country = maps of steppe areas, deserts or large forest areas. as well accuracy of these location determinations is sufficient for search and rescue operations Schnell-ins in large areas such as empty forests, forests, steppes and deserts Target, provided that the person to be searched for has their posi = tion according to latitude and longitude

Claims (5)

"Device for @@@@ r. Wide and geographical @ patent claims : 1. Device for easy location determination according to latitude and geogr. Length, dadurhc marked that the device consists of several mutually adjustable parts consists of which are. one part schematically the "space" and at least one part schematic = table represent the "globe" and together result in a device in which from the different positions of the "globe" in relation to "space" and the ones present in it Stars the elevation angles between these stars and the "earth globe surface" and the geographical latitudes of these heights = angles on the "globe surface" belonging points are siclit = bar. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the device £ .r several Has disks - rigidly connected to the device and / or around an axis rotatable - allow it with the help of appropriate divisions that are created by the rotation of the earth caused time shifts visible for every point on the earth's surface and thus to make the geographical length determinable. 3e device according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the Device for precise adjustment and readability of mechanical and / or optical devices such as vernier divider, drum and micrometer settings, optical lens and / or Prism systems = me owns. 4. Apparatus according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it with a device for measuring the vertical angle between the horizontal and the connecting line to the reference face is equipped. 5. Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that that one or more timers, of which at least one is a stopwatch. L e r s e i t e