DE202018100458U1 - Opto-electronic sensor for detecting objects - Google Patents

Abstract

An optoelectronic sensor (10), in particular laser scanner, for detecting objects in a surveillance area (20) comprising a scanning unit (12, 58) movable about a rotation axis (18), a plurality of scanning modules (22) for periodically scanning the surveillance area (20) and for generating corresponding received signals and an evaluation unit (48) for obtaining information about the objects from the received signals, wherein the scanning modules (22) at least one light transmitter (24) for emitting a plurality of separated light beams (28) and at least one light receiver (36 ) for generating the received signals from the light beams (32) remitted by objects, characterized in that at least one scanning module (22) is tilted with respect to its main viewing direction by a tilt angle (β) and / or rotated by a rotation angle (γ) the tilt angle (β) against a central scanning plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation (18) and the Rotation angle (γ) is measured about an axis corresponding to the main viewing direction.

Description

The invention relates to an optoelectronic sensor for detecting objects in a surveillance area according to the preamble of claim 1.

Many optoelectronic sensors work according to the scanning principle in which a light beam is emitted into the surveillance area and the light beam reflected by objects is received again, in order then to electronically evaluate the received signal. In this case, the light transit time is often measured by a known phase or pulse method in order to determine the distance of a touched object.

In order to extend the measuring range of a single-beam light sensor, on the one hand the scanning beam can be moved, as happens in a laser scanner. There, a light beam generated by a laser periodically sweeps over the monitoring area with the aid of a deflection unit. In addition to the measured distance information, it is concluded from the angular position of the deflection unit on the angular position of the object, and thus the location of an object in the monitoring area in two-dimensional polar coordinates is detected.

Another possibility for measuring range extension and to obtain additional distance data is to simultaneously detect several measuring points with multiple scanning beams. This can also be combined with a laser scanner, which not only records a monitoring level, but also a three-dimensional space area over a multitude of monitoring levels. In most laser scanners, the scanning movement is achieved by a rotating mirror. Especially when using multiple scanning is also known in the art, instead, to rotate the entire measuring head with light emitters and light receivers, as for example in DE 197 57 849 B4 is described.

The arrangement of the multiple scanning beams or scanning planes results in which information is obtained from the three-dimensional spatial area. Exemplary parameters are the number and density of the scanning beams. Depending on the application, there may be a very different need here. It would be desirable to have a simple adjustment of the beam configuration in order to be able to serve different requirements.

Some conventional multi-beam laser scanners use a monolithic line of light emitters or receivers. But then the scanning planes are set to a specific, equidistant distance and are close to each other, because the space on the semiconductor material of the transmitting and receiving elements should be used optimally. Thus, at most, there is still the possibility of discarding data from scanning planes not used in a particular application, but this is not an adaptation of the device, but on the contrary only partially exploits its performance.

The US 8 767 190 B2 chooses the approach to provide its own light emitter and receiver for each scanning plane. In principle, this makes it possible to adjust each individual scanning plane as desired. The system is highly flexible, but only at the cost of a huge effort for the components and the individual adjustment.

In the EP 2 863 176 A2 discloses a rotating platform on which various acquisition modules can rotate. However, embodiments with detection modules for opto-electronic distance measurement also provide only one scanning beam per module. On the one hand, this is proposed for a two-channel, redundant measured value acquisition. In another embodiment, a plurality of distance-measuring detection modules are aligned approximately in the direction of the axis of rotation and thereby tilted against each other. Like in US 8 767 190 B2 Then, for a particular configuration of scan planes, an individual adjustment of the tilt angles is required. Thus, higher flexibility is still not achieved with simple means.

The DE 10 2004 014 041 A1 deals with a laser scanner obstacle detection sensor system that uses a laser line and a series of photodiodes. Such series arrangements have the above-mentioned disadvantages that they set to equidistant, dense distances of the scanning planes. In one embodiment of the DE 10 2004 014 041 A1 three such Abtastsysteme are offset by 120 ° in the direction of rotation offset from each other, the elevation angle can be varied by a lift motor. Thus, the viewing areas detected by respective scanning systems are adjusted so that together they cover the largest possible contiguous elevation angle range. The mentioned numerical example sets the elevation angles in the three scanning systems at {-18 °, -12 °, -6 °}, {-6 °, 0 °, 6 °}, {6 °, 12 °, 18 °}. Still, the flexibility remains relatively small.

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a more flexible generic multi-beam system.

This task is accomplished by an optoelectronic sensor for the detection of objects in a surveillance area according to claim 1 solved. Several scanning modules each generate and receive a plurality of light beams and have for this purpose at least one light transmitter and at least one light receiver. The light rays are not to be understood as rays in the sense of the ray optics within a larger light beam, but as mutually separated light beams and thus scattered scanning rays that produce in the monitoring area when hitting an object according to individual, spaced-apart light spots. A scanning unit rotating about an axis of rotation or at least pivoting ensures that the scanning beams periodically scan the monitoring area. An evaluation unit obtains information about the objects at the respectively touched points from the received signals.

The invention is based on the basic idea of allowing configurations of scanning beams which are adapted by tilting and / or rotating scanning modules, or configurations of scanning planes adapted to the movement about the axis of rotation. For this purpose, at least one scanning module is tilted by a tilt angle and / or rotated by a rotation angle. These angles are measured or defined with respect to the main viewing direction of the scanning module. Although a scanning module has multiple scanning beams, which are preferably not all parallel and thus aligned in the same direction. The scanning module as a whole nevertheless has a single main viewing direction, given for example by its center axis, a central scanning beam or a middle direction of all the scanning beams of the scanning module. Now, the conventional, neither tilted nor twisted orientation of a scanning module would be the one with the main viewing direction in the central scanning plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation and in an upright position of the scanning module. According to the invention, the main viewing direction is tilted out of this tilt angle zero and thus no longer corresponds to the central scanning plane and / or the scanning module is rotated from this angle of rotation zero and thus has a non-upright orientation up to lying on the page. To complete the terminology, it should be mentioned that in this description the angle through which the scanning unit moves about the axis of rotation is referred to as scan angle. An angular distance between the scanning beams, on the other hand, is called elevation angle, which, strictly speaking, is only an effective elevation angle after projection with the angle of rotation, as explained in more detail later.

The invention has the advantage that it is very easy to change the beam or plane configuration. There are many different arrangements of measurement levels possible, and this largely without new development and without the high adjustment effort in the case of individually adjustable beams only by tilting or rotation of Abtastmodulen. Thus, in the course of a product life can be reacted quickly and flexibly to changing requirements, and it can be easily created new terminal variants, to individual production in individual pieces for special customer requirements.

The scanning modules are preferably housed in the scanning unit. The sensor thus has a movable about the axis of rotation measuring head. This is a design that combines well with different configurations of tilted and twisted scan modules. Alternatively, it is also possible that the scanning modules are not arranged to be movable and the scanning beams are deflected periodically by a mirror which is movable about the axis of rotation, in particular a rotating mirror or a polygon mirror wheel.

The tilt angle and / or the angle of rotation is preferably static. There is therefore no adjustment mechanism to change these angles even during operation. For a given device, rather, the scanning modules are mounted at certain angles. This does not exclude that the devices are provided with mounting stations for scanning modules, which allow mounting at different angles, which then decides during installation for certain angles.

The tilt angle is preferably in an environment of zero, in particular in the range of ± 60 ° or less, about ± 50 °, ± 40 ° or ± 30 °. Thus, the main direction of vision is approximately radially outward and differs in any case significantly from the direction of the axis of rotation. The scanning planes are accordingly in an environment of the central scanning plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Preferably, for at least one scan module, if not several or all, the tilt angle is nonzero. The central scanning plane can still be detected, if desired in the configuration of the scanning beams, because again the light beams in a tilted scanning module are tilted against its main viewing direction.

The sensor preferably has two to ten scanning modules. Typically, there are two to four scanning modules. If more than ten scanning modules, the overall structure is quite complex, but this case is excluded in principle, if correspondingly numerous scanning beams are needed.

A scanning module preferably generates two to ten light beams. Some preferred numbers are three to six and eight. Again, even larger numbers are conceivable in principle, about sixteen. However, more flexibility is achieved with a scanning module with only a few light beams, and a plurality of scanning beams are then achieved by multiplying the scanning modules.

At least some, preferably all light beams of a scanning module advantageously have a mutual angular offset. Thus, at least not all light rays of a scanning module are parallel to each other. Again preferably, the light beams of a scanning module form a uniform angular grid. The angle grid may be evenly spaced only in three-dimensional space, such as a quadrant, and the planar angles projected onto a tilted or rotated axis of the scan modules themselves are not even. In both cases, the components of a scanning beam configuration are firstly regular and therefore easy to handle. By combining scanning modules, it is still possible to set up a variety of even irregular scanning beam configurations. The scanning modules preferably have light transmitters or light receivers with which light beams can also be arranged with larger and irregular mutual distances. The light beams of a scanning module are therefore preferably arranged such that areas of the field of view which are not scanned are in each case located between the scanning planes produced therefrom. This is achieved in particular by individual and therefore individually alignable light sources or light-receiving elements, that is to say no transmitter or receiver lines which always generate closely spaced scanning planes. The scanning modules are preferably tilted and / or rotated in such a way that scanning planes with uniform angular spacing are formed. This now refers to the overall configuration, not individual scan modules. There are several ways to achieve a uniform angular distance. The scanning modules can divide the entire angular range and complement each other directly adjacent. It is likewise conceivable that scanning modules refine and / or equalize the angle grid of other scanning modules. The term elevation angle would have to be used precisely in the discussion of angles between scanning planes, but here and in the following this is made clear from the context and often linguistically simplified.

The scanning modules are preferably tilted and / or rotated in such a way that scanning planes with a closer angular spacing arise in at least one angular range. In such embodiments, it is deliberately deviated from a uniform angular distance, because certain angular ranges are more interesting than others and from this more data is to be obtained. One of many examples is a sensor for a vehicle, which is primarily intended to gain data in the amount of traffic flows and relevant obstacles and only a few data from the ground or from the height. However, the denser scanned area does not have to be central about an elevation angle of 0 °, but may also be shifted up or down, or more angular ranges are more closely monitored than others. Also, the angular spacing in the denser and less closely monitored angular ranges need not be constant per se.

The scanning modules are preferably tilted and / or rotated in such a way that at least some scanning planes scanned in multiple form. As a result, redundant measurement data are obtained, for example, to generate measured values with higher accuracy by forming an average value. In safety engineering, redundant measuring frames are used to protect the device against failures.

The scanning modules are preferably tilted and / or rotated in such a way that at least one angular range arises without scanning planes. In such embodiments, there are gaps in the elevation angle range where no monitoring is done. Thus, the scanning modules do not complement each other immediately adjacent to each other, but leave a free space therebetween in which no data is generated. At this point, of course, gaps or clearances are meant which are greater than the smallest distance between the discrete scanning beams within a scanning module, taking into account the angle of rotation.

The scan modules are preferably tilted and / or rotated such that scan planes of a scan module lie between scan planes of another scan module. Thus, the angular ranges detected by the scanning modules involved overlap there to increase the density of the detected data in elevation or to detect redundant data. According to this embodiment and that of the previous paragraph, it may be advantageous if scanning modules do not complement each other directly adjacent to each other by providing gaps and / or overlaps.

The scanning unit preferably has a multiplicity of mounting locations for scanning modules, which in particular are not all occupied by a scanning module. Thus, the scanning unit is already prepared for receiving scanning modules. In this case, a tilting and / or rotation for the scanning module mounted there may already be predetermined at the respective assembly sites, or at least in certain angular ranges it still allows adaptation. There is a very easy way to create additional variants by unused assembly places. The scanning unit then offers, as it were, a maximum configuration, although smaller sub-configurations with fewer scanning levels are selectable.

The scanning modules are preferably constructed identical to one another. This allows a much accelerated product development and variant formation. In new terminal variants, a main component in the form of the scanning module can remain unchanged. The specification and validation of this scanning module must be done only once. This significantly reduces the production costs even over a large number of always the same scanning modules despite different terminals, especially as the scanning modules can be produced even for the various terminals at a common production site. It would alternatively also be conceivable to use a few types of different scanning modules for even more variants. Although virtually all relevant scanning plane configurations can also be constructed with mutually identical scanning modules by varying the tilting and rotating angles. Nevertheless, it may be advantageous, for example, to provide one two-, four- and eight-beam scanning module and / or scanning modules with two or three different angle grids. This does not open up new scanning plane configurations because, for example, an achromatic scanning module can be replaced by four twin-beam scanning modules and a scanning module with a finer angular grid by a correspondingly rotated scanning module with a coarser angle grid. But there may be an advantage because you can use fewer components and / or, especially in the case of extreme angles of rotation, less space.

At least some scanning modules are preferably arranged one above the other and / or offset from one another in the direction of rotation. There are basically these two degrees of freedom to physically accommodate multiple scan modules in the scan unit. In this case, an offset in the direction of rotation, ie in the scan angle, plays no role in the case of normal speeds and the quasi-static scene. A height offset of scanning modules may slightly affect the scanning planes, depending on the size.

Preferably, in a scanning module a plurality of light beams are arranged in cross-section in a two-dimensional pattern. The pattern is about the arrangement of the scanning beams and not the light emitter and the light receiver, although this may be the same if each of a light emitter and a light emitter correspond to a scanning beam. This is possible but need not be the same for beam splitting, beam combining and / or beam deflection, multiple light emitting surfaces or light receiving elements per light emitter or light receiver or the responsibility of a light emitter or light receiver for multiple scanning beams, but this difference will not be discussed in detail. Two-dimensional patterns may have optical or structural advantages within the scan module. Because of the movement of the scanning unit about the axis of rotation, only the proportion of the two-dimensional pattern in the height direction perpendicular to the movement affects, the two-dimensional pattern effectively acts as a projected on the height direction line arrangement, which is alternatively conceivable.

At least two scanning modules preferably have a common printed circuit board. In particular, the light emitter and / or light receiver are housed on it. Such a common printed circuit board further reduces the complexity and is preferably suitable for an arrangement of the scanning modules involved one above the other or at scan angles of 180 °, in which case the front and rear sides are used. By Flexplatinen or the like, other scan angles are possible.

The evaluation unit is preferably designed to determine a distance of the object from a light transit time between emission of the light beams and reception of the reflected light beams. The sensor is thereby distance-measuring. Alternatively, only the presence of an object is detected and output, for example, as a switching signal.

The method according to the invention can be developed in a similar manner and shows similar advantages. Such advantageous features are described by way of example but not exhaustively in the subclaims following the independent claims.

• 1 eine Schnittdarstellung eines als Laserscanner ausgebildeten optischen Sensors;
• 2 eine schematische Darstellung eines einzelnen Abtastmoduls mit dessen Abtaststrahlen oder -ebenen;
• 3a eine Schnittdarstellung eines Abtastmoduls zur Erläuterung des Kippwinkels;
• 3b eine Draufsicht auf den Ein- und Austrittsbereich der Lichtstrahlen eines Abtastmoduls zur Erläuterung des Drehwinkels;
• 3c eine perspektivische Darstellung einer beispielhaften Konfiguration von vier Abtastmodulen mit verschiedenen Kipp- und Drehwinkeln;
• 4a eine Beispielkonfiguration mit drei Abtastmodulen, die gleichmäßig beabstandete Abtastebenen erzeugen;
• 4b eine Beispielkonfiguration mit drei Abtastmodule, die durch Überlappung ebenfalls gleichmäßig, jedoch dichter beabstandete Abtastebenen erzeugen;
• 5a eine Beispielkonfiguration mit drei Abtastmodulen, die redundante Abtastebenen erzeugen;
• 5b eine Beispielkonfiguration mit zwei Abtastmodulen, die teilweise redundante Abtastebenen erzeugen;
• 6 eine Beispielkonfiguration mit drei Abtastmodulen, die in unterschiedlichen Höhenlagen unterschiedlich dicht beabstandete Abtastebenen erzeugen;
• 7 eine Draufsicht auf ein Abtastmodul zur Erläuterung der Verdichtung von Abtastebenen durch Variation des Drehwinkels;
• 8a eine Beispielkonfiguration mit drei Abtastmodulen, von denen zwei einen variierten Drehwinkel aufweisen, um so einen Bereich mit äquidistant beabstandeten sowie zusätzlichen, weiter ab liegenden Abtastebenen zu erzeugen;
• 8b eine Beispielkonfiguration ähnlich 8b, jedoch mit größerem Teilbereich, dafür weiter beabstandet äquidistant liegenden Abtastebenen;
• 9a-c Beispielkonfigurationen mit einem Abtastmodul, das vier zu einem Quadrat angeordnete Abtaststrahlen aufweist, und Darstellungen der Auswirkung einer Variation von dessen Drehwinkel;
• 9d-f Beispielkonfigurationen mit einem Abtastmodul, das neun zu einem Quadrat angeordnete Abtaststrahlen aufweist, und Darstellungen der Auswirkung einer Variation von dessen Drehwinkel;
• 10a-c Darstellungen von Konfigurationen mit mehreren Abtastmodulen in unterschiedlichen Höhenlagen und/oder Scanwinkeln, die eine gemeinsame Leiterplatte nutzen;
• 11a eine Draufsicht längs der Drehachse auf eine Beispielkonfiguration mit vier im Scanwinkel gegeneinander versetzten Abtastmodulen;
• 11b eine Draufsicht ähnlich 11a, hier jedoch mit sechs vorgesehenen Montageplätzen für Abtastmodule, von denen nur fünf tatsächlich besetzt sind; und
• 12 eine Beispielkonfigurationen mit zwei Abtastmodulen und einer periodischen Ablenkung durch ein bewegliches Spiegelelement anstelle eines beweglichen Abtastkopfes.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with regard to further features and advantages by way of example with reference to embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. The illustrations of the drawing show in:

• 1 a sectional view of a designed as a laser scanner optical sensor;
• 2 a schematic representation of a single scanning module with its scanning beams or planes;
• 3a a sectional view of a scanning module for explaining the tilt angle;
• 3b a plan view of the entrance and exit area of the light beams of a scanning module for explaining the rotation angle;
• 3c a perspective view of an exemplary configuration of four scanning modules with different tilt and rotation angles;
• 4a an example configuration with three scanning modules that generate evenly spaced scan planes;
• 4b an example configuration with three scanning modules which, by overlapping, also produce equally spaced but more closely spaced scan planes;
• 5a an example configuration with three scan modules that generate redundant scan planes;
• 5b an example configuration with two scan modules that generate partially redundant scan planes;
• 6 an example configuration with three scanning modules that produce different densely spaced scan planes at different elevations;
• 7 a plan view of a scanning module for explaining the compression of scanning planes by varying the angle of rotation;
• 8a an example configuration with three scanning modules, two of which have a varied angle of rotation, so as to produce a range with equidistant spaced as well as additional, more distant scanning planes;
• 8b an example configuration similar 8b but with a larger portion, but spaced apart equidistant scanning planes;
• 9a-c Example configurations with a scanning module having four scanning rays arranged in a square, and illustrations of the effect of a variation of its rotation angle;
• 9d-f Example configurations with a scanning module having nine scanning rays arranged in a square, and illustrations of the effect of a variation of its rotation angle;
• 10a-c Representations of configurations with multiple scan modules at different elevations and / or scan angles using a common circuit board;
• 11a a plan view along the axis of rotation on an example configuration with four scanning modules offset from each other in scan angle;
• 11b a top view similar 11a here, however, with six intended mounting locations for scanning modules, of which only five are actually occupied; and
• 12 an example configurations with two scanning modules and a periodic deflection by a movable mirror element instead of a movable scanning head.

1 shows a schematic sectional view through an optoelectronic sensor 10 in one embodiment as a modular multi-beam laser scanner. The sensor 10 comprises in rough division a movable scanning unit 12 and a socket unit 14 , The scanning unit 12 is the optical probe while in the socket unit 14 other elements such as a supply, evaluation electronics, connections and the like are housed. In operation, with the help of a drive 16 the base unit 14 the scanning unit 12 in a rotational movement about a rotation axis 18 offset so as to provide a surveillance area 20 to periodically scan.

In the scanning unit 12 are several scanning modules 22a-b intended. In the example shown, there are two scanning modules 22a-b In general, up to ten and in some cases even more scanning modules are conceivable. The scanning modules 22a-b are inclined, so are opposite the axis of rotation 18 tilted. They can alternatively or additionally be twisted against their own central axis, which in the sectional view of 1 is not recognizable. The tilt angles and angles of rotation of scanning modules 22a-b will be later referring to the 2 to 11 explained in more detail.

The scanning modules 22a-b each have a light transmitter unit 24 on, for example, with LEDs or lasers in the form of edge emitters or VCSELs, using a common transmission optics shown only as a functional block 26 several transmitted light beams 28 generate with mutual angular misalignment, which in the surveillance area 20 to be sent out. For this, depending on the embodiment, multiple light sources with their own circuit boards or common PCB for the multiple transmitted light beams 28 be used, or the light of a light source or some light sources is divided by a beam splitter element or a diffractive optical element. In the example shown, there are four transmitted light beams 28 In general, typically two to ten transmitted light beams are per scanning module 22a-b provided, possibly more.

To avoid stray light within the sensor 10 can the internal light path of the transmitted light beams 28 from an opaque tube 30 be shielded. Meet the transmitted light rays 28 in the surveillance area 20 on an object, so return remitted light rays 32 to the sensor 10 back. The remitted light rays 32 be from a receiving optics 34 on a light receiver 36 guided. The light receiver 36 is Spatially resolving and therefore able to recover from each of the reflected light rays 32 to generate its own electrical reception signal. For this purpose, several photodiodes or APDs (avalanche diode) are conceivable, but also an image sensor with correspondingly assigned single pixels or pixel groups. Another conceivable embodiment provides a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) receiver with a plurality of SPADs. It is also conceivable, several remitted light beams 32 by means of the receiving optics 34 to lead to the same receiving element. The distinction of the remitted light rays 32 is then, for example, by multiplexing, ie sequential activation of transmitted light beams 28 possible.

The light receiver 36 is in this embodiment on a printed circuit board 38 arranged on the axis of rotation 18 lies and with the wave 40 of the drive 16 connected is. The receiving optics 34 is supported by little legs 42 on the circuit board 38 and holds another circuit board 44 the light transmitter unit 24 , The two circuit boards 38 . 44 are interconnected and can also be designed as a common flexprint printed circuit board.

The in 1 shown optical structure with two stacked printed circuit boards 38 . 44 or printed circuit board areas and one centrally within the receiving optics 34 arranged common transmission optics 26 is purely exemplary to understand. As an alternative, any other arrangement known per se, for example, by one-dimensional optoelectronic sensors or laser scanners, such as a biaxial arrangement or the use of a deflection or beam splitter mirror would be possible. Furthermore, it is conceivable light transmitter unit 24 and light receiver 36 to mount on a common circuit board, opposite 1 changed arrangement of the optics on a common printed circuit board, which lies in only one plane. The illustrated common optics 26 . 34 are particularly advantageous, but alternatively also multiple optics for multiple or even individual light beams 28 . 32 possible.

Also the basic arrangement with scanning modules 22a-b in the rotatable scanning unit 12 is an embodiment. Alternatively, it is also possible to have stationary scanning modules 22a-b to use, their beams of light 26 . 32 then through an around the axis of rotation 18 be deflected movable mirror element. Corresponding embodiments will be described later with reference to FIGS 12 explained.

A non-contact supply and data interface 46 connects the movable scanning unit 12 with the dormant base unit 14 , There is a control and evaluation unit 48 that at least partially also on the circuit board 38 or elsewhere in the scanning unit 12 can be accommodated. The control and evaluation unit 48 controls the light transmitter unit 24 and receives the received signal of the light receiver 36 for further evaluation. It also controls the drive 16 and receives the signal from an angle measuring unit, not shown, which is generally known by laser scanners, which detects the respective angular position of the scanning unit 12 certainly.

For evaluation, the distance to a touched object is preferably measured by a known light transit time method. Together with the information about the angular position of the angle measuring unit, two-dimensional polar coordinates of all object points in a scanning plane are available after each scanning period with angle and distance. The respective scanning plane is about the identity of the respective remitted light beam 32 also known, so that a total of a three-dimensional space area is scanned.

Thus, the object positions or object contours are known and can via a sensor interface 50 be issued. The sensor interface 50 or another, not shown connection vice versa serve as a parameterization interface. The sensor 10 can also be designed as a safety sensor for use in safety technology for monitoring a source of danger, such as represents a dangerous machine. A protective field is monitored, which must not be entered by the operating personnel during operation of the machine. Detects the sensor 10 an inadmissible protective field intervention, such as a leg of an operator, so he triggers an emergency stop of the machine. Sensors used in safety technology 10 They have to work very reliably and therefore meet high safety requirements, for example the EN13849 standard for machine safety and the EN61496 device standard for non-contact protective devices (ESPE). In particular, then the sensor interface 50 be designed as a secure output interface (OSSD, Output Signal Switching Device) to output a safety-related shutdown signal during a protective field intervention by an object.

The illustrated sensor 10 is a laser scanner with rotating measuring head, namely the scanning unit 12 , An alternative embodiment pivots the scanning unit 12 instead of the rotation back and forth. An embodiment as a simple multi-beam probe without its own scanning movement is conceivable, which then practically only from the stationary scanning unit 12 with appropriate electronics, but without base unit 14 consists.

During the rotation of the sensor 10 is through each of the transmitted beams 28 each sampled an area. Only at an elevation angle from 0 °, so one in 1 only approximately existing horizontal transmitted light beam, thereby becomes a plane of the surveillance area 20 sampled. The remaining transmitted light beams scan the lateral surface of a cone, which is designed differently pointed depending on the deflection angle. For several transmitted light beams 28 , which are deflected at different angles up and down, created as a total sampling as a kind nesting of several hourglasses. These areas are referred to simplifying as scanning planes here.

2 purely schematically shows a single scanning module 22 with its transmitted light rays 28 , The transmitted light rays 28 are also representative of the associated remitted light beams 32 and are often called scanning beams. Because of the movement around the axis of rotation 18 Scanning levels arise, the formulation is also used that a scanning module 22 Scan planes and not just scan beams generated.

The scanning module 22 generates transmitted light rays 28 with mutual angular separation α, which is preferably, but not necessarily uniform. The resulting configuration of scan planes is on the right side of the 2 indicated by small circles. In this example, four equally spaced scanning planes result in their elevation angle α.

The scanning module 22 is in 2 consciously without his in 1 already explained elements shown to emphasize that there are various design options and ultimately depends only on the generated scanning beams and levels. In addition to the electro-optical and optical components for the generation of transmitted light beams 28 and the reception of remitted light rays 32 can be a scanning module 22 Include own evaluation electronics, so that it outputs distance data directly. Alternatively, only raw or preprocessed received signals are sent to the evaluation unit 48 or also an evaluation electronics in the scanning unit 12 for a scanning module 22 or several scanning modules 22a-b passed on, or the evaluation tasks are distributed.

In the subsequently described multiple arrangements of scanning modules 22 are the individual scanning modules 22 preferably identical to one another. Also preferred are symmetrical scanning modules 22 because it brings benefits for optics design. According to the invention, scanning modules 22 combined with different tilt angles and / or rotation angles, which then quite a total also create irregular Abtastebenenkonfigurationen.

Based on 3a-b First, the terms tilt angle and rotation angle are introduced in more detail. 3a is another sectional view of a scanning module 22 with tilt angle β. The tilt angle β becomes against a perpendicular to the rotation axis 18 measured, so is the angle to the main view or center axis of the scan module 22 is tilted from a central scan plane β = 0. The individual scanning beams of the scanning module 22 deviate from the tilt angle β still according to their mutual angular distance α. The main viewing direction is preferably at least roughly radially outwards, ie perpendicular to the axis of rotation 18 and definitely different from the direction of the axis of rotation. An exemplary range for the tilt angle β is [-60 °, + 60 °], with more severe limitations being imposed on, for example, [-50 °, + 50 °], [-40 °, + 40 °] or [-30 °, + 30 °] are conceivable.

3b shows a plan view of the entrance and exit area of a scanning module 22 , The perspective of this plan view is in 3a through an arrow 52 indicated. The scanning module 22 is here twisted against the upright orientation shown by dotted lines by a rotation angle γ. The rotation angle γ therefore measures a rotation of the scanning module 22 around its own main view direction. As the angle of rotation increases, the scanning beams move closer together, namely in the height direction, until the scanning module is located on the side 22 with γ = 90 ° only the scanning plane is scanned in the main direction, but several times.

3c shows in perspective an example with four scanning modules 22a-d at different tilt angles β and angles of rotation γ. To complete the terminology, the scan angle measures the rotation of the scanner 12 around the axis of rotation 18 , and the elevation angle as usual denotes the altitude, more precisely the angle against the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation 18 ,

According to the invention, scanning modules 22a-b combined with different tilt angles β and rotation angles γ to obtain a variety of scanning plane configurations, wherein at least one tilt angle β and / or a rotation angle γ is not equal to zero.

These are followed by numerous, non-exhaustive examples. A single scanning module 22 In this case, it continues to generate, by way of example, four equidistant scanning beams and thus scanning planes, wherein both the number four and the uniform angle grid within one scanning module 22 can be chosen differently. In the first examples with reference to the 4a to 6 are the rotation angles of the scanning modules involved 22 in each case the same, in particular zero, the angle of rotation may deviate for individual scanning modules 22 or all scan modules are varied together.

4a shows an example configuration with three scanning modules 22a-c with tilt angle β such that the scanning modules 22a-c complement each other directly adjacent and so together cover a large elevation angle range. Naturally, the sampling density corresponds to that of the individual scanning modules 22a-c because each is exclusively responsible for a specific elevation angle range. With mutually identical sampling modules 22a-c or at least equal angular intervals within each of the scanning modules 22a-c This results in a regular arrangement of the scanning planes. On the right in 4a the scanning planes are indicated by small circles, here and below, the hatching of these circles and the associated scanning module 22a-c is chosen equal to make the togetherness recognizable.

4b shows an example configuration in which three scanning modules 22a-c are tilted less to each other, so that a denser, overlapping scanning plane configuration is formed. Overlapping means that scanning planes of a scanning module 22a-c between scan planes of another scan module 22a-c lie. Again, in other words, scan modules refine 22a-c the angle grid of another scanning module 22a-c ,

In 4a and 4b arises in each case by direct proximity or overlap a contiguous, interspersed by scanning elevation angle range. Deviating, however, there may also be a gap, for example, in 4a for the outer scanning modules 22a and 22c a larger tilt angle β is selected. Gaps or overlaps create configurations that are different than in 4a no direct proximity of the scanning planes of the scanning modules 22a-c result.

5a shows a further example configuration for a redundant detection, which may be advantageous for example in the field of safety technology. In this configuration, multiple scan beams are captured at the same scanplane. In the example shown, this is done by the same tilt angle β for several scanning modules 22a-c , where here by three similar tilted scanning modules 22a-c the scan frequency is even not only two but three times higher. In the form shown with β = 0, this configuration only falls within the scope of the claims if γ ≠ 0 applies to the unrecognizable angle of rotation, otherwise according to the invention at least one scanning module would have to be tilted with β ≠ 0. It is also possible to use the scanning modules 22a-c to give a mutual offset in the direction of the scan angle, for example, rotated by 120 ° from each other, and so multiply the scan frequency.

5b shows another example configuration illustrating that instead of full redundancy it is also possible to capture several scan planes multiple times but not others. In the example shown, by means of corresponding tilt angles β, only the lowest or highest scanning plane is detected twice, but it is clear that this would be possible analogously for several scanning planes.

6 shows an example configuration with different density of the scan planes. In the upper angle range is only a tilted scanning module 22a responsible, while in the lower angle range, two also slightly tilted against each other scanning modules 22b-c effectively halve the angle grid. Correspondingly, a wide variety of angular ranges can be combined with denser and less dense scanning, whereby gaps are also possible, ie angular ranges in which over the discrete distance between two scanning beams of a scanning module 22a-c There are no scanning planes at all. This is also an example of the fact that with several symmetrically constructed measuring modules total scanners can be constructed, which have an asymmetrical arrangement of the measuring beams.

In the example configurations explained so far, only the tilt angle β has been varied. 7 illustrated in a plan view from the main viewing direction as in 3b the effect of a variation of the angle of rotation γ, which in itself, but expressly together with a tilt according to the 4 to 6 combined can be made. At finite angle of rotation γ, the scanning planes move as a projection onto the height direction or the axis of rotation 18 closer together. Because of the movement around the axis of rotation 18 causes the lateral distance, in 7 in the horizontal direction, only a minimal and also if necessary compensated time offset of the measurement. The angle of rotation γ is thus a parameter with which the effective angular distance α of the scanning beams of a scanning module 22a-c can be reduced. In this case, any combinations of tilt angles β and rotation angles γ for individual scanning modules 22a-c or groups of scanning modules 22a-c possible.

The 8a-b illustrate how different scanning plane configurations are created by different angles of rotation γ. In the examples, an upright, ie with γ = 0 not twisted scanning module 22a with two scanning modules rotated at γ ≠ 0 22b-c combined. The two twisted scan modules 22b-c are also slightly tilted with different tilt angles β to each other, so that their pitches refine each other. The angle of rotation γ in 8a bigger than in 8b , The The result is an area with denser scanning planes and a few, rather scattered scanning planes with a slightly larger angular distance. In 8a is the denser recorded angle range smaller and interspersed with many scanning levels, in 8b larger with correspondingly lower density of the scanning planes.

Such arrangements are advantageous, for example, for autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, which use the more dense scanning beams to monitor in detail the environment ahead for navigation and collision avoidance and monitor the air and ground with the farther distant beams, such as to assure alignment in elevation, and holes or Capture staircases.

So far, it has been assumed that the scanning beams within the Abtastmodule 22 lie in one plane, ie the scanning beams form a line arrangement in cross section. The 9a-f illustrate advantageous arrangements with a two-dimensional cross-sectional pattern of the scanning beams. It exploits that effectively because of the movement around the axis of rotation 18 a projection on the height direction takes place so that two-dimensional patterns behave like line arrangements. But they offer constructive and visual additional possibilities and symmetries.

In the 9a-c the scanning beams form a 2x2 square. Thus, depending on the angle of rotation γ equidistant scanning planes as in 9a , partially redundant scan planes like in 9b or areas of different density as in 9c be generated.

In the 9d-f The scanning planes form a 3x3 square. This results in the possibility via the rotation angle γ to form three scanning planes each scanned in three different ways, as in FIG 9d to emulate a line arrangement with nine scanning beams and thus to cover an angular range equidistant from scanning planes as in FIG 9e to combine different redundancies with an equidistant sampling as in 9f or to produce irregular configurations at yet another angle of rotation γ. The two square arrangements are only an example of a two-dimensional pattern, here the additional degree of freedom offers many more possibilities.

It is particularly advantageous for the invention if the scanning modules 22 are identical to each other and so similar basic building blocks for a sensor 10 form. On the other hand, it may also be advantageous to scan modules 22 at least partially build together, especially with a common circuit board 54 for light transmitter unit 24 and / or light receiver 36 , This can front and back of the common circuit board 54 with the main viewing direction offset by 180 ° in the scanning angle, as in FIG 10a be used. Also in adjacent, in particular stacked scanning modules 22a-b as in 10b is a common circuit board 54 possible, which is equipped here from the same side. An offset in scan angle and height direction is also common with PCB 54 combinable, like 10c shows. With the help of a flexprint printed circuit board or the like even an offset in the scanning angle are not equal to 180 ° or different tilt angles β on a common printed circuit board 54 conceivable.

11a shows again the scanning unit 12 in a plan view here with four by 90 ° in scan angle offset from each other scanning modules 22a-d which are directed radially outward with their main viewing direction. It would also be conceivable to use the beam path of some or all of the scanning modules 22a-d to fold by deflecting elements, it comes for the scanning plane configuration is not on the mounting of the scanning modules 22a-d itself, but the optical effect.

11b shows an alternative arrangement with mounting positions 56 for six scanning modules 22a-f , In this case, not all assembly sites are 56 but only five of the six possible scan modules 22a-f installed. In this way, it can be a common platform for a variety of sensors 10 in which the further scan plane configuration is very simple by omitting scan modules 22a-f be formed.

12 illustrates another family of embodiments. In contrast to 1 here is no moving scanner 12 provided in which the Abtastmodule 22 move with it. Rather, the scanning modules 22a-b arranged even standing, in which context this has nothing to do with the angle of rotation, but means a static or immovable arrangement. The periodic scan is by a mirror 58 generated around the axis of rotation 18 moved and preferably designed as a rotating mirror. Again, by tilting and twisting scan modules, a variety of three-dimensional scan patterns can be generated. 12 shows just one example, the numerous previously for in the scanning unit 12 moving scanning modules 22 Illustrated variants are also with a mirror 58 possible. The definition of the main view direction can optionally directly on the scanning module 22 or the one after the mirror 58 generated by the mirror 58 folded beam path are related. Alternatively to a simple mirror 58 as in 12 It is also possible to use a polygon mirror wheel, with which 360 ° are not scanned during a rotation, but rather through multiple mirror facets one scan angle section multiple times. In addition, it is conceivable in principle, a corresponding static configuration of Abtastmodulen 22a-b without rotating mirror as a non-scanning multi-beam measuring device to use.

As explained in numerous examples, the scanning modules allow 22 which are particularly identical to each other, a variety of scanning plane configurations. The respective concrete sensor 10 for a particular application can be made with little effort: Should all scan planes be arranged close to each other or rather have a large distance from each other, to a large surveillance area 20 to enable? Should some of the scan planes be scanned multiple times to get shorter response or redundancy for security applications? Should the scanning planes be arranged in a uniform angular grid or, better, more scanning planes cover special angular ranges, even if this can lead to an uneven spacing of the planes? All this is possible according to the invention by selecting the tilt angle β and the angle of rotation γ.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 19757849 B4 [0004]
• US 8767190 B2 [0007, 0008]
• EP 2863176 A2 [0008]
• DE 102004014041 A1 [0009]

Claims (14)

An optoelectronic sensor (10), in particular laser scanner, for detecting objects in a surveillance area (20) comprising a scanning unit (12, 58) movable about a rotation axis (18), a plurality of scanning modules (22) for periodically scanning the surveillance area (20) and for generating corresponding received signals and an evaluation unit (48) for obtaining information about the objects from the received signals, wherein the scanning modules (22) at least one light transmitter (24) for emitting a plurality of separated light beams (28) and at least one light receiver (36 ) for generating the received signals from the light beams (32) remitted by objects, characterized in that at least one scanning module (22) is tilted with respect to its main viewing direction by a tilt angle (β) and / or rotated by a rotation angle (γ) the tilt angle (β) against a central scanning plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation (18) and de r rotation angle (γ) is measured about an axis corresponding to the main direction of view. Sensor (10) after Claim 1 , wherein the scanning modules are accommodated in the scanning unit (12). Sensor (10) after Claim 1 or 2 , wherein the tilt angle (β) and / or the rotation angle (γ) is static and / or wherein the tilt angle (β) is in an environment of zero, in particular in the range of ± 60 °. A sensor (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising two to ten scanning modules (22) and / or wherein a scanning module (22) generates from two to ten light beams (28, 32) Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein light beams (28, 32) of a scanning module (22) have a mutual angular offset (α). Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the scanning modules (22) are tilted (β) and / or twisted (γ) in such a way that scanning planes with uniform angular spacing are formed. Sensor (10) according to one of Claims 1 to 5 in that the scanning modules (22) are tilted (β) and / or twisted (γ) in such a way that scanning planes with a closer angular spacing arise in at least one angular range. Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the scanning modules (22) are tilted (β) and / or twisted (γ) in such a way that at least some scanned-multiple scanning planes arise. Sensor according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the scanning modules (22) are tilted (β) and / or rotated (γ) in such a way that at least one angular range arises without scanning planes and / or that scanning planes of a scanning module (22) are interposed between scanning planes of another scanning module (22). 22) lie. Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the scanning unit (12) has a plurality of mounting locations (56) for scanning modules (22), which in particular are not all occupied by a scanning module (22). Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the scanning modules (22) are constructed identically to one another and / or wherein at least some scanning modules (22) are arranged one above the other and / or offset from one another in the direction of rotation. Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in a scanning module (22) a plurality of light beams (28, 32) are arranged in cross-section in a two-dimensional pattern. Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least two scanning modules (22) have a common printed circuit board (54). Sensor (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the evaluation unit (48) is adapted to determine from a light transit time between emitting the light beams (28) and receiving the remitted light beams (329 a distance of the object.

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