DE19753006A1 - Measuring exhaust gases of any vehicle or craft to determine efficiency of anti-pollution components e.g. catalysts - Google Patents

Measuring exhaust gases of any vehicle or craft to determine efficiency of anti-pollution components e.g. catalysts

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Publication number
DE19753006A1
DE19753006A1 DE1997153006 DE19753006A DE19753006A1 DE 19753006 A1 DE19753006 A1 DE 19753006A1 DE 1997153006 DE1997153006 DE 1997153006 DE 19753006 A DE19753006 A DE 19753006A DE 19753006 A1 DE19753006 A1 DE 19753006A1
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Prior art keywords
cold start
emission
start phase
vehicle
pollutant
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DE1997153006
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German (de)
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DE19753006C2 (en
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WWU WISSENSCHAFTLICHE WERKSTAT
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WWU WISSENSCHAFTLICHE WERKSTAT
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Priority to DE1997153006 priority Critical patent/DE19753006C2/en
Priority to DE1998109798 priority patent/DE19809798A1/en
Priority to DE1998126179 priority patent/DE19826179A1/en
Priority to EP98961077A priority patent/EP1002186B1/en
Priority to TJ20000624A priority patent/TJ326B/en
Priority to DE19881838T priority patent/DE19881838D2/en
Priority to CA002350036A priority patent/CA2350036A1/en
Priority to AT98961077T priority patent/ATE201084T1/en
Priority to TR2000/02521T priority patent/TR200002521T2/en
Priority to ES98961077T priority patent/ES2156448T3/en
Priority to PT78101167T priority patent/PT1002186E/en
Priority to PCT/DE1998/003305 priority patent/WO1999028603A2/en
Priority to DE59800700T priority patent/DE59800700D1/en
Priority to NZ506493A priority patent/NZ506493A/en
Priority to EA200000966A priority patent/EA003168B1/en
Priority to SI9830043T priority patent/SI1002186T1/xx
Priority to AU16628/99A priority patent/AU755619B2/en
Priority to DK98961077T priority patent/DK1002186T3/en
Priority to IL13812498A priority patent/IL138124A0/en
Priority to ZA9810857A priority patent/ZA9810857B/en
Priority to ARP980106049 priority patent/AR014047A1/en
Priority to TW087119770A priority patent/TW455680B/en
Priority to MYPI9805425 priority patent/MY133176A/en
Publication of DE19753006A1 publication Critical patent/DE19753006A1/en
Priority to US09/647,313 priority patent/US6532793B1/en
Priority to HK00106738A priority patent/HK1029825A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE19753006C2 publication Critical patent/DE19753006C2/en
Priority to GR20010401082T priority patent/GR3036230T3/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0835—Hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0857—Carbon oxides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M15/00—Testing of engines
    • G01M15/04—Testing internal-combustion engines
    • G01M15/10—Testing internal-combustion engines by monitoring exhaust gases or combustion flame
    • G01M15/102—Testing internal-combustion engines by monitoring exhaust gases or combustion flame by monitoring exhaust gases

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)

Abstract

The cold start phase is used to assess effectiveness of relevant equipment. An analyzer determined gas concentrations, e.g. of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide. The values obtained, maximum concentration, duration of cold start phase, instant of maximum emission and time integrals of cold start emissions were used to assess emission characteristics of the vehicle. Independent claims based on these principles are included, covering in further detail: a retro-fitted modular test unit for a vehicle; an adsorption system following the catalyst, for peak loadings; a method of reducing excessive emission; an emission monitoring system for aircraft, ships and diesel locomotives. Preferred features: In a similar method, during quality control, the cold start phase is executed repeatedly. Measurements are stored in the vehicle. Satisfactory results are compared subsequently with later values, and a warning is given if necessary. Oxygen in the exhaust may be measured during travel. Relevant faults are simulated and the profile of characteristics is measured over time. Further details of the equipment and approach are included.

Description

1. Probleme bei der Erfüllung gesetzlicher Grenzwerte während der Fahrt1. Problems in meeting legal limits during the ride

Die zunehmende Luftverunreinigung hat nahezu in allen Staaten dazu geführt, daß der Schadstoffausstoß begrenzt wurde und immer stärker limitiert wird /1, 2 und 3/. Um die Reproduzierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit zu garantieren, wurden Prüfverfahren erarbeitet. Nachteilig ist, daß viele Staaten unterschiedliche Prüfverfahren, Bewertungen und Grenzwerte festgelegt haben. Ein weiteres großes Problem ist, daß die verwendeten Testzyklen und Prüfbedingungen nur einen Teil der in der Realität auftretenden Fahrbedingungen abbilden können.The increasing air pollution has in almost all states led that pollutant emissions have been limited and always is more limited / 1, 2 and 3 /. To reproducibility and Test procedures were developed to guarantee comparability. The disadvantage is that many countries have different test methods, Have set ratings and limits. Another big one The problem is that the test cycles and test conditions used only part of the driving conditions that occur in reality can map.

Der gegenwärtige Grenzwert für methanfreie Kohlenwasserstoffe (NMHC) liegt in den USA bei 0,25 g/Meile und gilt sowohl für das Zertifizierungsverfahren als auch für den Dauerlauf über 50 000 Meilen. Für den Dauerlauf über 100 000 Meilen ist ein höherer Wert von 0,41 g/Meile erlaubt. Mit dem Modelljahr 1999 verschärfen sich die Grenzwerte und verlangen die Einhaltung von 0,125 g/Meile bei den Non-Methan-Organic-Gasen (NMOG).The current limit for methane-free hydrocarbons (NMHC) is 0.25 g / mile in the US and applies to both Certification procedure as well as for the endurance run over 50,000 Miles. For the endurance run over 100,000 miles is a higher value allowed of 0.41 g / mile. The model year 1999 worsened the limits and require compliance with 0.125 g / mile the non-methane organic gases (NMOG).

Die Einführung der Kategorie ULEV (Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicles) begann im US-Staat Californien zwar 1997, wird aber erst ab dem Jahr 2000 für größere Verkaufsmengen Pflicht. ULEV verlangt die Einhaltung eines Grenzwertes von 0,04 g/Meile bei NMOG.The introduction of the ULEV (Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicles) category started in 1997 in the US state of California, but will only become effective from Year 2000 mandatory for larger sales volumes. ULEV demands that Compliance with a limit of 0.04 g / mile at NMOG.

In Europa soll ab 2000 ein HC-Grenzwert (EURO III) für Otto-PKW von 0,2 g/km eingefürt werden, der in 2005 (EURO IV) auf 0,1 g/km gesenkt wird.In Europe, an HC limit value (EURO III) for petrol cars is to be introduced in 2000 from 0.2 g / km to be introduced in 2005 (EURO IV) to 0.1 g / km is lowered.

Die Grenzwerte für ULEV und vermutlich für EURO III und IV können nur durch den Einsatz neuer Vor-Ort-Meßtechniken eingehalten und kontrolliert werden. Allerdings sind die im warmen Betriebszustand des Kraftfahrzeuges zu erfassenden Konzentrationen derart niedrig, daß die Meßsignale vom natürlichen Rauschen unterdrückt werden könnten. In der Literatur /4/ wurde ein Emissionmeßverfahren während der Fahrt beschrieben. In der vorliegenden Anmeldung wird eine Methode für die Beurteilung der Emissionsgüte des Kraftfahrzeuges anhand der Kaltstartemissionsphase erläutert.The limit values for ULEV and presumably for EURO III and IV can only adhered to by using new on-site measurement techniques and to be controlled. However, they are in the warm operating state concentrations of the motor vehicle to be detected are so low that the measurement signals are suppressed by natural noise could. In the literature / 4 / there was an emission measurement method described while driving. In the present application a method for assessing the emission quality of the Motor vehicle explained using the cold start emission phase.

2. Stand der Bestimmungstechnik des Schadstoffausstoßes2. State of the art of determining pollutant emissions

Auf dem Rollenprüfstand durchfährt das Fahrzeug einen vorgegeben Testzyklus. Zur Anwendung kommt das CVS-Meßverfahren (Constant- Volumen-Sampling) /5/. Während des Testzyklus werden die Abgase mit Umgebungsluft verdünnt und in Beuteln gesammmelt. Aus der Drehzahl des Gebläses und aus der Temperatur des Gases wird die Masse des Abgases bestimmt. Aus der geförderten Gasmasse und der gemessenen Konzentration des Schadstoffes im Abgas wird die Schadstoffmasse der jeweiligen Komponente berechnet, auf die entsprechende Testlänge bezogen und die Emissionswerte in Gramm Schadstoff pro km dargestellt.The vehicle runs through a predefined position on the roller dynamometer Test cycle. The CVS measurement method (constant Volume sampling) / 5 /. During the test cycle, the exhaust gases diluted with ambient air and collected in bags. From the The speed of the fan and the temperature of the gas becomes the Mass of the exhaust gas determined. From the extracted gas mass and the  measured concentration of the pollutant in the exhaust gas The pollutant mass of the respective component is calculated on the appropriate test length and the emission values in grams Pollutant shown per km.

Während der Fahrt wird heutzutage die unmittelbare Emission nicht gemessen. In den USA gibt es jedoch das On-Board-Diagnose (OBD) II-System für Personenkraftfahrzeuge, das verlangt, daß alle emissionsrelevanten Bauteile, wie Lambda-Sonde, Kraftstoff system, Sekundärluftsystem, Abgasrückführung, Tankentlüftung und die Erkennung von Verbrennungsaussetzern überwacht werden. Die Schadstoffkonzentrationen werden jedoch nicht gemessen, sondern indirekt mit geeigneten Sensorsignalen korreliert.Nowadays, the immediate emission does not become while driving measured. In the US, however, there is on-board diagnostics (OBD) II system for passenger cars that requires everyone emission-relevant components, such as lambda sensors, fuel systems, Secondary air system, exhaust gas recirculation, tank ventilation and the Detection of misfires can be monitored. The However, pollutant concentrations are not measured, but rather correlated indirectly with suitable sensor signals.

Dem Hersteller des Kraftfahrzeuges ist also überlassen, wie er im einzelnen die Überwachung vornimmt, bei der Grenzwertfestlegung wurde jedoch von bestimmten Technologien ausgegangen. Für den Dreiwegekatalysator gibt es nur einen Grenzwert für HC, dessen Einhaltung indirekt über das Sauerstoffspeicherverhalten des Katalysators überwacht wird. Dazu werden die Meßsignale zweier Lambdasonden vor und hinter dem Katalysator verglichen und das Signalverhältnis mit dem Konvertierungsverhalten für Kohlenwasserstoffe korreliert.The manufacturer of the motor vehicle is therefore up to him how he carries out individual surveillance when setting the limit value however, certain technologies were assumed. For the Three way catalyst there is only one limit for HC, whose Compliance indirectly via the oxygen storage behavior of the Catalyst is monitored. For this purpose, the measurement signals are two Lambda sensors in front and behind the catalyst compared and that Signal ratio with the conversion behavior for Hydrocarbons correlated.

Zur Zeit ist nicht absehbar, ob diese Zwei-Sonden-Technik auch zur Katalysatorüberwachung bei ULEV und EURO III/IV-Otto-Pkw geeignet ist.It is currently not foreseeable whether this two-probe technology is also suitable for Catalytic converter monitoring suitable for ULEV and EURO III / IV Otto cars is.

Diese Technik liefert keine Aussagen über den unmittelbaren HC- Ausstoß. In Kraftfahrzeugen mit immer niedrigeren Emissionsgrenzwerten scheint die unmittelbare Erfassung der Schadstoffkonzentration der günstigere Weg zu sein.This technique provides no information about the immediate HC Output. In motor vehicles with ever lower ones Emission limit values seem to be the direct capture of the Pollutant concentration to be the cheaper way.

3. Vorschlag zur Erfassung des Schadstoffausstoßes während der Kaltstartphase3. Proposal to record pollutant emissions during the Cold start phase

Die einzige Methode zur Bauteilüberwachung ist heute das OBD- Verfahren, auch wenn mit ihm keine unmittelbare Emisssionsmeßwerte erzielt werden. Einige Techniken zur Erfüllung der Anforderungen der OBD sind nur mit geringen oder gar keinen Extrakosten des zu überwachenden emissionsrelevanten Bauteils verbunden. Das trifft auf die allgemeine elektrische Überwachung (circuit continuity), die Analyse von sowieso verwendeten Sensorsignalen (Plausibilitätsprüfung von Meßwerten z. B. der Lambdasondenspannung) aber auch auf die Überwachung von Verbrennungsaussetzern zu. Die Überwachung des wichtigsten Bauteils, des Katalysators erfolgt jedoch nur indirekt und nur unter der Berücksichtigung der HC-Konzentration.The only method for component monitoring today is the OBD Procedure, even if it does not have any direct emission measurements be achieved. Some techniques to meet the requirements The OBD are available with little or no extra cost to the monitoring emission-relevant component. That is true on general electrical monitoring (circuit continuity), the analysis of sensor signals used anyway (Plausibility check of measured values e.g. the Lambda probe voltage) but also for the monitoring of Misfires. Monitoring the most important Component, the catalyst, however, is only indirect and only taking into account the HC concentration.

Die aus den den neuesten Gesetzen nach Punkt 1. entsprechenden Kraftfahrzeugen mit neuen Abgasreinigungstechniken, alternativen Kraftstoffen, mit Vorwärmung des Katalysator etc. emittierten HC- Konzentrationen bewegen sich beim fehlerfreien Zustand des Kfz-s im betriebswarmen Zustand um ca. 10 ppm. Der größten Alterungsgefahr ist unter den emissionsrelevanten Bauelementen der Katalysator ausgesetzt. Die Erhöhung des Schadstoffausstoßes bei einem thermisch vorgealterten Katalysator (z. B. 40 Stunden bei 110 °C) beträgt ca. 30 ppm. Die Schadstoffemission liegt also durchschnittlich bei 40 ppm während der Fahrt. Bei einem Grenzkatalysator, der den vorgegebenen Grenzwert von ULEV mit 0,040 (für 50 000 Meilen) bzw. 0,055 Gramm pro Meile (für 100 000 Meilen) erreicht, gilt etwa der Durchschnittswert von 60-70 ppm während der Fahrt, wenn alle sonstigen Bauelemente in Ordnung sind. (Die eben erwähnten Alterungenseffekte im Katalysator können durch sehr hochtouriges Fahrverhalten auch im Straßenverkehr unter natürlichen Bedingungen entstehen.)The ones corresponding to the latest laws according to point 1 Motor vehicles with new exhaust gas purification technologies, alternatives Fuels, HC- emitted with preheating of the catalyst etc. Concentrations move when the vehicle is in a faultless condition in the warm operating condition by approx. 10 ppm. The biggest The risk of aging is among the emission-relevant components  Catalyst exposed. The increase in pollutant emissions a thermally pre-aged catalyst (e.g. 40 hours at 110 ° C) is approx. 30 ppm. The pollutant emission is therefore average at 40 ppm while driving. At a Limit catalyst that meets the specified limit of ULEV 0.040 (for 50,000 miles) or 0.055 grams per mile (for 100,000 Miles), the average value of 60-70 ppm applies while driving if all other components are OK are. (The aging effects in the catalyst just mentioned can due to very high-speed driving behavior even in road traffic natural conditions arise.)

Die Erfassung solcher feinen Veränderungen im Schadstoffausstoß ist unter den rauhen Bedingungen des täglichen Fahrbetriebes eines Kraftfahrzeuges besonders schwierig.The detection of such subtle changes in pollutant emissions is one under the harsh conditions of everyday driving Motor vehicle particularly difficult.

Es bieten sich zwei Alternativen an:
There are two alternatives:

  • A) Messung der Schadstoffkonzentration hinter dem Katalysator im Abgasweg mit Hilfe eines sehr präzisen Meßinstrumentes während der Fahrt. Die Erkennung von Zunahmen von durchschnittlich 20-30 ppm ist zwar möglich, aber mit einem hohen meßtechnischen Aufwand verbunden, s. Fig. 1.A) Measurement of the pollutant concentration behind the catalyst in the exhaust gas path using a very precise measuring instrument while driving. The detection of increases of an average of 20-30 ppm is possible, but associated with a high level of metrology, see. Fig. 1.
  • B) Erfassung des Schadstoffausstoßes während der Kaltstartphase. Fig. 2 zeigt das Fahrverhalten eines ULEV- Kraftfahrzeuges. Abgesehen von einer erhöhten Emission in der Kaltstartphase ist die HC-Konzentration sehr niedrig. Die während der Kaltstartphase, in den ersten 40-80 Sekunden nach dem Start meßbaren Konzentrationen sind, verglichen mit dem späteren niedrigen Niveau des Schadstoffaustoßes hoch. Sie betragen unter Umständen mehrere 1000 ppm. Somit sind sie meßtechnisch günstiger zu erfassen als die niedrigeren Konzentrationen während des späteren warmen Betriebes.B) Detection of pollutant emissions during the cold start phase. Fig. 2 shows the driving behavior of a ULEV motor vehicle. Apart from an increased emission in the cold start phase, the HC concentration is very low. The concentrations that can be measured during the cold start phase, in the first 40-80 seconds after the start, are high compared to the later low level of pollutant emissions. They may amount to several 1000 ppm. This means that they are more economical to measure than the lower concentrations during later warm operation.

Die Erfassung dieser Phase hat den folgenden entscheidenden Vorteil:
Fehler im Abgassystem zeigen sich in dieser Phase besonders drastisch. Fig. 3 stellt die Verbreiterung des Kaltstartpeaks durch Alterung des Katalysators dar. Neben der Verlängerung der Emissionszeit mit erhöhter HC-Konzentration, die mit der notwendigen höheren Katalysatortemperatur zusammenhängt, nimmt auch die absolute Höhe der Schadstoffemission zu. Durch Verlust an aktiven Plätzen im Katalysator geht der Wirkungsgrad der Konvertierung zurück.Capturing this phase has the following key advantage:
Errors in the exhaust system are particularly drastic in this phase. FIG. 3 shows the broadening of the cold start peak due to aging of the catalyst. In addition to the prolongation of the emission time with an increased HC concentration, which is related to the necessary higher catalyst temperature, the absolute level of the pollutant emission also increases. Loss of active positions in the catalytic converter reduces the conversion efficiency.

Natürlich können andere Effekte ebenfalls zur erhöhten Schadstoffemission führen, so ein Defekt bei der Vorwärmung des Katalysators oder Probleme im Verbrennungsmotor usw. Letzten Endes ist es für die Einhaltung der Grenzwerte egal, welche Bauelemente den Fehler verursachen. Die Fehler müssen anschließend durch die Auswertung der sowieso vorhandenen diagnostischen Daten oder durch eine weitere Untersuchung festgestellt und behoben werden. Of course, other effects can also increase Pollutant emissions cause such a defect in the preheating of the Catalytic converter or problems in the internal combustion engine, etc. Ultimately it does not matter which components for compliance with the limit values to cause the error. The errors must then go through the Evaluation of the existing diagnostic data or through a further investigation can be identified and remedied.  

Die Form und Größe des Kaltstartpeaks können das Fahrverhalten selbst der neuesten Kraftfahrzeuge, z. B ULEV, gut wiederspiegeln. Es empfiehlt sich,
The shape and size of the cold start peak can change the driving behavior of even the latest motor vehicles, e.g. B ULEV, reflect well. It is advisable,

  • - die Koordinaten des Maximums,- the coordinates of the maximum,
  • - die absolute Größe dieser maximalen Stelle im Peak,- the absolute size of this maximum point in the peak,
  • - die Zeitdauer des Peaks und- the duration of the peak and
  • - die Fläche (Integral) des Kaltstartpeaks- The area (integral) of the cold start peak

im bordeigenen Microcomputer festzuhalten, s. to be recorded in the on-board microcomputer, s.

Fig.Fig.

4. Jedes Kraftfahrzeug bekommt beim Verlassen des Produktionsbetriebes oder der Fachwerkstatt ein individuelles Kennfeld, das aus mehreren Kaltstarts als Durchschnitt gebildet wird. Die obigen vier Kenngrößen werden im Microcontroller des Kraftfahrzeuges gespeichert. Jede weitere Kaltstartphase wird mit diesem alten kraftfahrzeugspezifischen Kennfeld verglichen und die aufgetretenen Veränderungen werden bestimmt. Überschreiten die Veränderungen, wie Erhöhung der absoluten Höhe der Schadstoffemission, Verschiebung des Zeitpunktes des Maximums innerhalb des Peaks oder Verbreiterung der gesamten Fläche der Emission, (d. h. längere Aufheizphase) den vorgegebenen Grenzwert, so muß beim Erreichen der vorher eingegebenen Grenzwerte eine Alarmmeldung ausgelöst werden. 4. Every Motor vehicle gets or when leaving the production plant the specialist workshop has an individual map that consists of several Cold starts are formed as an average. The four above Parameters are in the microcontroller of the motor vehicle saved. Every further cold start phase is with this old one vehicle-specific map compared and the changes that have occurred are determined. Exceed the Changes, such as increasing the absolute amount of Pollutant emissions, shifting the time of the maximum within the peak or widening the entire area of the Emission (i.e. longer heating phase) the specified limit, when the previously entered limit values are reached, a Alarm message are triggered.  

Unterschriften und Erläuterungen zu den FigurenSignatures and explanations for the figures

Fig. 1 Vergleich eines neuen und eines gealterten Katalysators am Prüfstand beim FTP-75 Zyklus Fig. 1 Comparison of a new and an aged catalyst on the test bench in the FTP-75 cycle

Fig. 2 Emission während des Kaltstartes und danach beim ULEV-Kraftfahrzeug
1 Konzentration an Kohlenwasserstoffen im Auspuff vor dem Starten
2 Starten des Kraftfahrzeuges
3 Konzentration an HC nach Warmwerden des Katalysators Fig. 2 emission during the cold start and then in the ULEV motor vehicle
1 concentration of hydrocarbons in the exhaust before starting
2 Starting the motor vehicle
3 Concentration of HC after the catalyst has warmed up

Fig. 3 Verlängerung der Kaltstartzeit und Zunahme der absoluten Kohlenwasserstoffemission durch Alterung des Katalysators Fig. 3 Extension of the cold start time and increase in absolute hydrocarbon emissions due to aging of the catalyst

Fig. 4 Erläuterung der bestimmenden Parameter für die mathematische Analyse der Kaltstartemission
1 Zeitpunkt Null beim Start
2 Maximale Emissionskonzentration in ppm oder g.m-3
3 Zeitliche Lage der Maximums nach dem Starten in sec
4 Zeitliche Länge der Kaltstartphase nach dem Starten in sec
5 Fläche (Integral) der Kaltstartemission, angegeben in ppm .sec-1 Fig. 4 Explanation of the determining parameters for the mathematical analysis of the cold start emission
1 time zero at start
2 Maximum emission concentration in ppm or gm -3
3 Time position of the maximums after starting in sec
4 Time length of the cold start phase after starting in sec
5 area (integral) of the cold start emission, given in ppm .sec -1

Literaturliterature

/1/ Komission der Europäischen Gemeinschaft: Vorschlag für eine Richtlinie des Rates zur Änderung der Richtlinie 70/220/EWG zur Angleichung der Rechtsvorschriften der Mitgliedsstaaten über Maßnahmen gegen die Verunreinigung der Luft durch Kraftfahrzeugemissionen
/2/ Schäfer, F.: Gesetzliche Vorschriften zur Schadstoff- und Verbrauchsbegrenzung bei PKW-Verbrennungsmotoren MTZ 52 (1991) 7/8
/3/ Stern, A. C.: University of North Carolina, History of Air Pollution Legislation in the United States, (1982) , S. 52-57
/4/ Patentanmeldung 197 36 864.6: Vorrichtung zur Analyse des Abgases von Kraftfahrzeugen.
/5/ Umweltbundesamt: Kfz-Emissionen, Grenzwerte Vorschriften Mess­ ungen. Berlin 1989/ 1 / Commission of the European Community: Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 70/220 / EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against air pollution from motor vehicle emissions
/ 2 / Schäfer, F .: Statutory regulations on the limitation of pollutants and consumption in car combustion engines MTZ 52 (1991) 7/8
/ 3 / Stern, AC: University of North Carolina, History of Air Pollution Legislation in the United States, (1982), pp. 52-57
/ 4 / Patent application 197 36 864.6: Device for analyzing the exhaust gas from motor vehicles.
/ 5 / Federal Environment Agency: Motor vehicle emissions, limit values, regulations, measurements, Berlin 1989

Claims (5)

1. Verfahren für die Bestimmung der Einhaltung der Grenzwerte in heutigen und zukünftigen Kraftfahrzeugen mit niedrigem Emissionsniveau dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kaltstartphase als ausschlaggebender Abschnitt für die Beurteilung der Güte von abgasrelevaten Bauelementen herangezogen wird, wobei die Konzentration an Gaskomponenten, wie an Kohlenwasserstoffen (HC), Kohlenmonoxid (CO) und Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) mit Hilfe eines im Abgasstrom unmittelbar messenden Gasanalysators direkt, d. h. unmittelbar bestimmt wird.1. A method for determining compliance with the limit values in current and future motor vehicles with a low emission level, characterized in that the cold start phase is used as a decisive section for assessing the quality of exhaust-gas-related components, the concentration of gas components, such as hydrocarbons (HC). , Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) is determined directly, ie immediately, with the aid of a gas analyzer that measures directly in the exhaust gas stream. 2. Verfahren für die Bestimmung der Einhaltung der Grenzwerte in heutigen und zukünftigen Kraftfahrzeugen mit niedrigem Emissionsniveau dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die maximale Konzentration der jeweils gemessenen Komponente,
die Zeitdauer der Kaltstartphase nach dem Start,
die zeitliche Lage des Emissionsmaximums nach dem Start und
die Fläche (Integral) des Schadstoffausstoßes
während der Kaltstartphase als charakteristische Größen für die Beurteilung der Emissionseigenschaften des Kraftfahrzeuges angesehen werden.2. A method for determining compliance with the limit values in current and future motor vehicles with a low emission level, characterized in that
the maximum concentration of the component measured in each case,
the duration of the cold start phase after the start,
the temporal position of the emission maximum after the start and
the area (integral) of the pollutant emissions
during the cold start phase are regarded as characteristic variables for the assessment of the emission properties of the motor vehicle. 3. Verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jedes Kraftfahrzeug bei der Qualitätskontrolle im Herstellungsbetrieb oder in einer Fachwerkstatt die Kaltstartphase mehrmals durchfahren muß und die während des Tests, beim fehlerfreien Zustand aller abgasrelevanten Bauelemente gewonnenen und als Durchschnittsgröße ermittelten Daten der im Anspruchspunkt 2 beschriebenen Parameter im bordeigenen Microcontroller gespeichert werden.3. The method characterized in that each motor vehicle at quality control in the manufacturing company or in a Specialist workshop has to go through the cold start phase several times and the during the test, when all exhaust-relevant components are in a faultless condition Components obtained and determined as an average size Data of the parameters described in claim 2 in on-board microcontroller can be saved. 4. Verfahren nach Hauptanspruchspunkt 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die bei jedem Kaltstartvorgang neu gemessenen Daten der im Anspruchspunkt 2 beschriebenen Parameter mit dem, bei der letzten Qualitätskontrolle gespeicherten Parametern verglichen werden, wobei eine unerwünschte grenzwertverletzende Veränderung der Parameter zu einer Warnmeldunq führt.4. The method according to main claim 3, characterized in that the newly measured data in each cold start of the Claim 2 described parameters with the, in the last Quality control stored parameters are compared, an undesirable change in the violation of the limit value Parameter leads to a warning message. 5. Verfahren nach Hauptanspruchspunkt 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Konzentrationsverlauf während der Kaltstartphase, gemessen in ppm Schadstoff und den vom Gesetz geforderten Grenzwerten für die Emission, angegeben in Gramm Schadstoff pro km-(oder Meile) Fahrtstrecke bestimmt werden muß.5. The method according to main claim 3, characterized in that the relationship between the concentration course during the Cold start phase, measured in ppm of pollutant and by law required emission limits, expressed in grams Pollutant must be determined per km (or mile) of travel.
DE1997153006 1997-11-30 1997-11-30 Procedure for the assessment of exhaust gas limit value violations and for the assessment of the quality of exhaust gas relevant components in low emitting motor vehicles while driving Expired - Fee Related DE19753006C2 (en)

Priority Applications (26)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1997153006 DE19753006C2 (en) 1997-11-30 1997-11-30 Procedure for the assessment of exhaust gas limit value violations and for the assessment of the quality of exhaust gas relevant components in low emitting motor vehicles while driving
DE1998109798 DE19809798A1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-03-09 Measuring exhaust gases of any vehicle or craft to determine efficiency of anti-pollution components e.g. catalysts
DE1998126179 DE19826179A1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-06-14 Measuring exhaust gases of any vehicle or craft to determine efficiency of anti-pollution components e.g. catalysts
AU16628/99A AU755619B2 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
DE19881838T DE19881838D2 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of pollutant components in the exhaust gas and reduction of excessive pollutant emissions during cold starts and driving
CA002350036A CA2350036A1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
AT98961077T ATE201084T1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 METHOD FOR DETECTING DEFECTS IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND IN THE EXHAUST GAS AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEM BY MEASUREMENT OF THE POLLUTANT COMPONENTS IN THE EXHAUST DURING COLD START AND DRIVING
TR2000/02521T TR200002521T2 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of harmful substance inks in the exhaust and reduction of very high emissions of harmful substances during operation and driving when the engine is cold.
ES98961077T ES2156448T3 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 PROCEDURE FOR THE RECOGNITION OF ANOMALIES IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND IN THE POST-TREATMENT SYSTEM OF EXHAUST GASES THROUGH THE MEASUREMENT OF CONTAMINANT COMPONENTS CONTAINED IN THE EXHAUST GASES DURING THE COLD STARTING AND DURING MARCH.
PT78101167T PT1002186E (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 METHOD FOR RECOGNIZING DEFECTS IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND IN THE POST-TREATMENT SYSTEM OF EXHAUST GASES THROUGH MEDICATION OF CONTAMINANT COMPONENTS IN EXHAUST GASES DURING COLD AND DURING DRIVING
PCT/DE1998/003305 WO1999028603A2 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
DE59800700T DE59800700D1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Process for the detection of defects in an internal combustion engine and in the exhaust gas aftertreatment system by measuring the pollutant components in the exhaust gas during cold starting and driving
NZ506493A NZ506493A (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
EA200000966A EA003168B1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
EP98961077A EP1002186B1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Method for a recognition of defects in an internal combustion engine and the exhaust gas after-treatment system by measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas during cold start and while driving
TJ20000624A TJ326B (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
DK98961077T DK1002186T3 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04 Method for recognizing defects in the engine and exhaust aftertreatment system by measuring the components of pollutants in the exhaust gas during cold start and driving
SI9830043T SI1002186T1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-04
IL13812498A IL138124A0 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-14 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
ZA9810857A ZA9810857B (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-27 Measurement of the emission of pollutants.
TW087119770A TW455680B (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-30 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
MYPI9805425 MY133176A (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-30 Method for a recognition of defects in an internal combustion engine and the exhaust gas after-treatment system by measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas during cold start and while driving
ARP980106049 AR014047A1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-11-30 PROCEDURE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ISSUANCE OF POLLUTANTS IN THE EXHAUST GAS AND DECREASE OF THE ISSUANCE OF TOO MUCH POLLUTION DURING THE COLD STARTING AND RUNNING, SURVEILLANCE DEVICE AND CONTAMINANT ADSORTION SYSTEM.
US09/647,313 US6532793B1 (en) 1997-11-30 2000-09-27 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving
HK00106738A HK1029825A1 (en) 1997-11-30 2000-10-23 Method for a recognition of defects in an internal combustion engine and the exhaust gas after-treatment system by measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas during cold start and while driving
GR20010401082T GR3036230T3 (en) 1997-11-30 2001-07-16 Measurement of contaminant components in exhaust gas and reduction of excessive contaminant emissions during cold starts and while driving

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DE1998109798 Withdrawn DE19809798A1 (en) 1997-11-30 1998-03-09 Measuring exhaust gases of any vehicle or craft to determine efficiency of anti-pollution components e.g. catalysts
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WO2012045604A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Avl List Gmbh Method for evaluating the emissions in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine
CN107489504A (en) * 2016-06-13 2017-12-19 罗伯特·博世有限公司 For planning the method and control device of the measure for exhaust after-treatment
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DE10124235A1 (en) * 2001-05-18 2002-12-05 Esytec En U Systemtechnik Gmbh Method and device for the comprehensive characterization and control of the exhaust gas and the control of engines, especially of internal combustion engines, and of components of the exhaust gas aftertreatment
DE10124235B4 (en) * 2001-05-18 2004-08-12 Esytec Energie- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh Method and device for the comprehensive characterization and control of the exhaust gas and the control of engines, especially internal combustion engines, and of components of the exhaust gas aftertreatment
WO2012045604A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Avl List Gmbh Method for evaluating the emissions in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine
CN107489504A (en) * 2016-06-13 2017-12-19 罗伯特·博世有限公司 For planning the method and control device of the measure for exhaust after-treatment
CN107489504B (en) * 2016-06-13 2021-04-20 罗伯特·博世有限公司 Method and control device for planning measures for exhaust gas aftertreatment
DE102018213076A1 (en) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-06 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Method for operating a motor vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle, and motor vehicle, in particular motor vehicle
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CN117112969B (en) * 2023-10-25 2024-01-02 中汽研汽车检验中心（天津）有限公司 Vehicle pollutant emission list accounting method

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