DE102022209026A1 - Circuit breaker and method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a protective switching device (SG) for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit for alternating voltage, in which the level of a differential current of conductors of the low-voltage circuit is determined and, if differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1) are exceeded, a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is avoided by means of a high-resistance state is initiated by switching elements of an electronic interruption unit when the isolating contacts are closed and the amount of the instantaneous value of the current falls below a current threshold value.

Description

The invention relates to the technical field of a protective switching device for a low-voltage circuit with an electronic interruption unit according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for a protective switching device for a low-voltage circuit with an electronic interruption unit.

Low voltage refers to voltages of up to 1000 volts AC or up to 1500 volts DC. Low voltage refers in particular to voltages that are greater than low voltage, with values of 50 volts alternating voltage or 120 volts direct voltage.

Low-voltage circuits or networks or systems mean circuits with nominal currents or rated currents of up to 125 amperes, more specifically up to 63 amperes. Low-voltage circuits particularly refer to circuits with rated currents or rated currents of up to 50 amps, 40 amps, 32 amps, 25 amps, 16 amps or 10 amps. The current values mentioned in particular mean nominal, rated and/or switching off currents, i.e. the maximum current that is normally carried across the circuit or in which the electrical circuit is usually interrupted, for example by a protective device, such as a protective switching device, circuit breaker or circuit breaker. The rated currents can vary further, from 0.5 A to 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, 7 A, 8 A, 9 A, 10 A, etc. up to 16 A.

Circuit breakers have long been known overcurrent protection devices that are used in electrical installation technology in low-voltage circuits. These protect cables from damage caused by heating due to excessive current and/or short circuits. A circuit breaker can automatically switch off the circuit in the event of an overload and/or short circuit. A circuit breaker is a safety element that does not reset automatically.

In contrast to circuit breakers, circuit breakers are intended for currents greater than 125 A, sometimes even from 63 amps. Circuit breakers are therefore simpler and more delicate in design. Circuit breakers usually have a mounting option for mounting on a so-called top-hat rail (mounting rail, DIN rail, TH35).

Circuit breakers according to the state of the art are constructed electromechanically. In a housing they have a mechanical switching contact or shunt release to interrupt (trigger) the electrical current. A bimetal protective element or bimetal element is usually used to trigger (interrupt) in the event of a long-lasting overcurrent (overcurrent protection) or in the event of thermal overload (overload protection). An electromagnetic release with a coil is used for short-term tripping when an overcurrent limit is exceeded or in the event of a short circuit (short circuit protection). One or more arc extinguishing chamber(s) or devices for arc extinguishing are provided. Furthermore, connection elements for conductors of the electrical circuit to be protected.

Residual current circuit breakers for electrical circuits, especially for low-voltage circuits or systems, are well known. Residual current circuit breakers are also known as residual current devices, or RCD for short. Residual current circuit breakers determine the current sum in an electrical circuit, which is normally zero, and interrupt the electrical circuit when a differential current value is exceeded, i.e. a current sum of non-zero that exceeds a certain (differential) current value or residual current value.

Almost all previous residual current circuit breakers have a summation current transformer, the primary winding of which is formed by the conductors of the circuit and the secondary winding of which emits the sum of the current, which is used directly or indirectly to interrupt the electrical circuit.

For this purpose, two or more conductors, usually forward and return conductors or external and neutral conductors in a single-phase alternating current network, all three external conductors or all three external conductors and the neutral conductor in a three-phase alternating current network, are replaced by one, usually having an annular core made of ferromagnetic material, Current transformer led. Only the differential current, i.e. a current that deviates from the forward and reverse current, is converted from the conductors. Typically, the sum of current in an electrical circuit is zero. In this way, fault currents can be detected.

For example, if a current flows towards earth on the energy sink side or consumer side, this is referred to as a fault current. A fault occurs, for example, if there is an electrical connection from a phase conductor of the electrical circuit to ground. For example, if a person touches the phase conductor. Then part of the electrical current does not flow through the neut as usual ral conductor or neutral conductor, but via the person and the earth. This fault current can now be recorded with the help of the summation current transformer, since the sum of the inflowing and returning current recorded in terms of amount is not zero. An interruption of the circuit, for example at least one, a part or all of the lines, is effected via a relay or a holding magnet release, for example with connected mechanics. Residual current circuit breakers for detecting alternating residual currents are generally from the literature DE 44 32 643 A1 known.

The main function of residual current circuit breakers is to protect people from electrical currents (electric shock), as well as systems, machines or buildings from fire caused by electrical insulation faults.

If the residual current circuit breaker or its summation current transformer is designed in such a way that the secondary-side energy of the summation current transformer is sufficient to actuate a trip unit or an interruption unit or a trigger, then such residual current circuit breakers are called mains voltage independent.

If auxiliary energy is required or used for the tripping circuit, which is usually generated by a power supply provided in the residual current circuit breaker, such residual current circuit breakers are called mains voltage dependent. This means that mains voltage-dependent residual current circuit breakers contain a power supply to supply energy for residual current detection (mains voltage-independent ones do not). These power supplies are required, for example, to detect residual currents in DC voltage networks as well as mixed DC/AC networks or in circuits with high frequencies.

Protective switching devices with an electronic interruption unit are relatively new developments. These have a semiconductor-based electronic interruption unit. This means that the electrical current flow of the low-voltage circuit is conducted via semiconductor components or semiconductor switches, which interrupt the electrical current flow or can be switched to conduction. Protective switching devices with an electronic interruption unit also often have a mechanical isolating contact system, in particular with isolating properties in accordance with relevant standards for low-voltage circuits, whereby the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact system are connected in series to the electronic interruption unit, i.e. the current of the low-voltage circuit to be protected is transmitted both via the mechanical isolating contact system and also carried out via the electronic interruption unit.

beschrieben. Wobei:

• u(t) = momentaner Spannungswert zu der Zeit t
• U = Amplitude der Spannung

The present invention relates in particular to low-voltage alternating current circuits, with an alternating voltage, usually with a time-dependent sinusoidal alternating voltage with the frequency f. The time dependence of the instantaneous voltage value u(t) of the alternating voltage is given by the equation: $$\text{u}\left(\text{t}\right)=\text{U}*\text{sin}\left(2\mathrm{\pi }*\text{f}*\text{t}\right)$$

described. Where:

• u(t) = instantaneous voltage value at time t
• U = amplitude of the voltage

• (T = Periodendauer der Schwingung)

A harmonic alternating voltage can be represented by the rotation of a pointer whose length corresponds to the amplitude (U) of the voltage. The instantaneous deflection is the projection of the pointer onto a coordinate system. One period of oscillation corresponds to one full revolution of the pointer and its full angle is 2π (2Pi) or 360°. The angular frequency is the rate of change of the phase angle of this rotating pointer. The angular frequency of a harmonic oscillation is always 2π times its frequency, i.e.: $$\mathrm{\omega }=2\mathrm{\pi }*\text{f}=2\mathrm{\pi }/\text{T}=\text{Cross frequency of the alternating voltage}$$

• (T = period of the oscillation)

The specification of the angular frequency (ω) is often preferred over the frequency (f), since many formulas in vibration theory can be represented more compactly using the angular frequency due to the occurrence of trigonometric functions, the period of which is by definition 2n: $$\text{u}\left(\text{t}\right)=\text{U}*\text{sin}\left(\mathrm{\omega }\text{t}\right)$$

In the case of angular frequencies that are not constant over time, the term instantaneous angular frequency is also used.

In the case of a sinusoidal, in particular time-constant, alternating voltage, the time-dependent value from the angular velocity ω and the time t corresponds to the time-dependent angle φ(t), which is also referred to as the phase angle φ(t). This means that the phase angle φ(t) periodically passes through the range 0...2π or 0°...360°. This means that the phase angle periodically assumes a value between 0 and 2n or 0° and 360° (φ = n* (0...2π) or φ = n* (0°...360°), due to periodicity; shortened: φ = 0...2π or φ = 0°...360°).

With instantaneous voltage value u(t) or instantaneous current value or instantaneous differential current value, the instantaneous value of the voltage/current/differential current at time t is therefore the value of the voltage/current/differential current at time t, i.e. in the case of a sinusoidal (periodic) alternating voltage, the value of the voltage/current/differential current is relative to the phase angle φ means (φ = 0...2π or φ = 0°...360°, of the respective period).

The object of the present invention is to improve a protective switching device of the type mentioned above, in particular to ensure protection against residual currents caused by people while at the same time reducing the burden on potentially affected people due to current avoidance processes of the protective switching device. Alternatively, to create a novel concept for such a protective switching device.

This task is achieved by a protective switching device with the features of patent claim 1, and by a method according to patent claim 7.

• - ein Gehäuse mit netzseitigen und lastseitigen Anschlüssen für Leiter des Niederspannungsstromkreises,
• - eine Differenzstromsensoreinheit, zur Ermittlung der Höhe eines Differenzstromes der Leiter des Niederspannungsstromkreises,
• - eine Stromsensoreinheit, zur Ermittlung der Höhe eines Stromes eines Leiter, insbesondere eines Phasenleiters, des Niederspannungsstromkreises,
• - eine mechanische Trennkontakteinheit, die einen geschlossenen Zustand der Kontakte für einen Stromfluss im Niederspannungsstromkreis oder einen geöffneten Zustand der Kontakte für eine stromflussvermeidende galvanische Trennung im Niederspannungsstromkreis aufweist,

die mechanische Trennkontakteinheit ist insbesondere durch eine mechanische Handhabe bedienbar und schaltbar, so dass ein Öffnen von Kontakten zur Vermeidung eines Stromflusses oder ein Schließen der Kontakte für einen Stromfluss im Niederspannungsstromkreis (durch die Handhabe) schaltbar ist, damit ist (insbesondere) eine galvanische Trennung im Niederspannungsstromkreis schaltbar;
bei einer mechanischen Trennkontakteinheit wird ein Öffnen von Kontakten auch als Freischalten und ein Schließen von Kontakten als Zuschalten bezeichnet;

• - eine elektronische Unterbrechungseinheit, die stromkreisseitig in Serie zur mechanischen Trennkontakteinheit geschaltet ist und die durch halbleiterbasierte Schaltelemente einen hochohmigen (insbesondere nichtleitenden) Zustand der Schaltelemente zur Vermeidung eines Stromflusses oder einen niederohmigen Zustand der Schaltelemente zum Stromfluss im Niederspannungsstromkreis aufweist;

bei einer elektronische Unterbrechungseinheit wird ein hochohmiger (insbesondere nichtleitender) Zustand der Schaltelemente (zur Vermeidung eines Stromflusses) auch als ausgeschalteter Zustand (Vorgang: Ausschalten) und ein niederohmiger (leitender) Zustand der Schaltelemente (zum Stromfluss) als eingeschalter Zustand (Vorgang: Einschalten) bezeichnet;

• - einer Steuerungseinheit, die mit der Differenzstromsensoreinheit, der Stromsensoreinheit, der mechanischen Trennkontakteinheit und der elektronischen Unterbrechungseinheit verbunden ist.

A protective switching device is provided for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit, in particular a low-voltage alternating circuit, comprising:

• - a housing with network-side and load-side connections for conductors of the low-voltage circuit,
• - a differential current sensor unit for determining the level of a differential current in the conductors of the low-voltage circuit,
• - a current sensor unit for determining the level of a current of a conductor, in particular a phase conductor, of the low-voltage circuit,
• - a mechanical isolating contact unit, which has a closed state of the contacts for a current flow in the low-voltage circuit or an open state of the contacts for a galvanic isolation that prevents current flow in the low-voltage circuit,

the mechanical isolating contact unit can be operated and switched in particular by a mechanical handle, so that opening of contacts to avoid a current flow or closing of the contacts for a current flow in the low-voltage circuit (through the handle) can be switched, thus (in particular) a galvanic isolation in Low voltage circuit switchable;
In the case of a mechanical isolating contact unit, opening contacts is also referred to as disconnecting and closing contacts is referred to as switching on;

• - an electronic interruption unit, which is connected in series on the circuit side to the mechanical isolating contact unit and which, through semiconductor-based switching elements, has a high-resistance (in particular non-conducting) state of the switching elements to prevent current flow or a low-resistance state of the switching elements to prevent current flow in the low-voltage circuit;

In an electronic interruption unit, a high-resistance (in particular non-conducting) state of the switching elements (to avoid current flow) is also called a switched-off state (process: switching off) and a low-resistance (conducting) state of the switching elements (for current flow) is also called a switched-on state (process: switching on). designated;

• - a control unit which is connected to the differential current sensor unit, the current sensor unit, the mechanical isolating contact unit and the electronic interruption unit.

According to the invention, the protective switching device, in particular the control unit, is designed such that when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values are exceeded (ie when a differential current limit value is exceeded for a first period of time), a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is avoided by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit when closed State of the isolating contacts is initiated when the amount of the instantaneous current value falls below a current threshold value,
in particular, that the high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit (with the isolating contacts closed) is initiated at the next zero crossing of the current.

This has the particular advantage that a new type of avoidance of current flow in the low-voltage circuit when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values are exceeded is provided, whereby the avoidance does not take place immediately when the differential current limit values or differential current time limit values are exceeded, but only after a reduction in the level of the current ( especially the phase conductor), especially at zero crossing (current equal to zero). In a low-voltage AC circuit, a faulty differential current (fault current) is also an alternating current. By switching off, for example at the zero crossing or near the zero crossing, ie if the current has fallen below a current threshold value, any possible repercussions are immediately eliminated Current current avoidance, in particular by the electronic interruption unit, which can carry out a very fast current avoidance, for example in the (small) milliseconds or microsecond range, on people who may be involved is avoided, since current avoidance is carried out at current levels that are at least approximately non-reactive in terms of amount. This is based on the assumption that in current avoidance processes (switching processes) with currents of small magnitude through a human body, the current avoidance occurs almost without reaction, that is, for example, ventricular fibrillation is avoided, which could possibly occur more strongly due to an abrupt switch-off at high currents.

Here, appropriate evaluation or processing can advantageously be carried out using the instantaneous value of the current.

Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the subclaims and in the exemplary embodiment.

Advantageously, only the mechanical isolating contact unit can be operated by the mechanical handle. Switching on and off using the electronic interruption unit cannot be operated (directly) on the device.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, an effective value of the differential current is determined from the level of the determined instantaneous differential current. The effective value of the differential current is compared with an (effective) differential current limit or (effective) differential current time limit and, if exceeded, prevention of current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated as suggested.

This has the particular advantage that an evaluation is carried out with regard to an effective differential current time limit value, which corresponds to a classic evaluation as is used today in residual current circuit breakers according to the state of the art.

The effective value of the differential current can advantageously be used to evaluate the effective differential current time limit value. For example, by determining the differential current using an RMS value (root mean square = effective value). If the corresponding standard (FI circuit breaker) differential current/time limit values are exceeded, the current flow is avoided according to the invention.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the instantaneous value of the differential current is used with regard to the exceedance of the differential current limit values or differential current time limit values.

This has the particular advantage that a faster or (quasi) immediate shutdown occurs when the amount is exceeded, with current avoidance taking place immediately after an initial reduction in the current.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the protective switching device, in particular the control unit, is designed such that when first current limit values or first current time limit values are exceeded, an avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit when the isolating contacts are closed .

This has the particular advantage that, in addition to the residual current detection and the associated protective functions, there is also an overcurrent/short-circuit current detection, so that a combined residual current/line protection device is advantageously provided.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, after the current limit values or current time limit values are exceeded, the current flow is avoided within a first period of time, which is in particular less than 1 ms, more specifically less than 100 µs or 10 µs.

This has the particular advantage that, in a new way, very fast current avoidance is possible in the event of an overcurrent/short-circuit current detection (event).

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the mechanical isolating contact unit is assigned to the load-side connections.

This has the particular advantage that there is an architecture that supports the behavior of the protective switching device according to the invention, since on the one hand the current flow is interrupted when the interruption unit is high-resistance, but the protective switching device continues to be supplied with energy even when the contacts are open, so that work can continue to be carried out according to the invention.

According to the invention, a corresponding method for a protective switching device for a low-voltage circuit with electronic (semiconductor-based) switching elements is claimed with the same and further advantages.

According to the invention, a corresponding computer program product for a protective switching device is claimed. The computer program product includes commands which, when the program is executed by a microcontroller, cause it to carry out or support the inventive embodiments or methods of the protective switching device. In particular, when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values are exceeded, an avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated by a high-resistance state of switching elements of an electronic interruption unit when isolating contacts are closed and the amount of the instantaneous value of the current subsequently falls below a current threshold value.

More specifically, the avoidance of the current flow is initiated at the next zero crossing of the current.

The microcontroller is part of the protective switching device, especially the control unit.

According to the invention, a corresponding computer-readable storage medium on which the computer program product is stored is claimed.

According to the invention, a corresponding data carrier signal that transmits the computer program product is claimed.

All refinements, both in a dependent form based on patent claim 1 or 7, as well as based only on individual features or combinations of features of patent claims, in particular also a reference of the pending arrangement claims to the independent method claim, bring about an improvement in a protective switching device, in particular an improvement in the Safety for people and provide a new concept for a protective switching device for residual currents (residual currents that are usually avoided by classic residual current circuit breakers).

The described properties, features and advantages of this invention as well as the manner in which these are achieved will become clearer and more clearly understood in connection with the following description of the exemplary embodiments, which are explained in more detail in connection with the drawing.

• 1 eine erste Prinzipdarstellung eines Schutzschaltgerätes,
• 2 eine zweite Prinzipdarstellung eines Schutzschaltgerätes.

The drawing shows:

• 1 a first schematic diagram of a protective switching device,
• 2 a second schematic diagram of a protective switching device.

• - netzseitige Anschlüsse, die i.B. einen netzseitigen Neutralleiteranschluss NG und einen netzseitigen Phasenleiteranschluss LG umfassen,
• - lastseitige Anschlüsse, die i.B. einen lastseitigen Neutralleiteranschluss NL und einen lastseitigen Phasenleiteranschluss LL umfassen,
• - die Anschlüsse sind für den Niederspannungsstromkreis vorgesehen;
• - an den netzseitige Anschlüssen / der Netzseite GRID ist üblicherweise eine Energiequelle angeschlossen / mit einer Energiequelle verbunden,
• - an den lastseitige Anschlüssen / der Lastseite LOAD ist

üblicherweise ein Verbraucher angeschlossen;

• - eine (zweipolige) mechanische Trennkontakteinheit MK mit lastseitigen Anschlusspunkten APLL, APNL und netzseitigen Anschlusspunkten APLG, APNG, wobei für den Neutralleiter ein lastseitiger Anschlusspunkt APNL, für den Phasenleiter ein lastseitiger Anschlusspunkt APLL, für den Neutralleiter ein netzseitiger Anschlusspunkt APNG, für den Phasenleiter ein netzseitiger Anschlusspunkt APLG vorgesehen ist. Die lastseitigen Anschlusspunkte APNL, APLL sind mit den lastseitigen Neutral- und Phasenleiteranschlüssen NL, LL verbunden, so dass ein Öffnen von Kontakten KKN, KKL zur Vermeidung eines Stromflusses oder ein Schließen der Kontakte KKN, KKL für einen Stromfluss im Niederspannungsstromkreis schaltbar ist,
• - eine, insbesondere einpolige, elektronische Unterbrechungseinheit EU, (die bei einpoliger Ausführung insbesondere im Phasenleiter angeordnet ist,) mit einem netzseitigen Verbindungspunkt EUG, der mit dem netzseitigen Phasenleiteranschluss LG in elektrischer Verbindung steht, und einem lastseitigen Verbindungspunkt EUL, der mit dem netzseitigen Anschlusspunkt APLG der mechanischen Trennkontakteinheit MK in elektrischer Verbindung steht bzw. verbunden ist, wobei die elektronische Unterbrechungseinheit EU durch (nicht dargestellte) halbleiterbasierte Schaltelemente einen hochohmigen Zustand der Schaltelemente zur Vermeidung eines Stromflusses oder einen niederohmigen Zustand der Schaltelemente zum Stromfluss im Niederspannungsstromkreis aufweist bzw. schaltbar ist,
• - eine Differenzstromsensoreinheit ZCT, zur Ermittlung der Höhe eines (momentanen) Differenzstromes der Leiter des Niederspannungs-stromkreises, die Differenzstromsensoreinheit ZCT ist im Beispiel zwischen elektronischer Unterbrechungseinheit EU und mechanischer Trennkontakteinheit MK angeordnet, sie kann alternativ zwischen mechanischer Trennkontakteinheit MK und den lastseitigen Neutral- und Phasenleiteranschlüssen NL, LL vorgesehen (angeordnet) sein, ebenso alternativ zwischen elektronischer Unterbrechungseinheit EU und den netzseitige Anschlüssen NG, LG vorgesehen (angeordnet) sein. Die Differenzstromsensoreinheit ZCT ermittelt die Höhe des Differenzstromes der durch das Schutzschaltgerät geführten (zu schützenden) Leiter des Niederspannungsstromkreises. Im Beispiel bei einem Einphasenwechselstromkreis von Neutralleiter und Phasenleiter.

1 shows a representation of a protective switching device SG for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit, in particular a low-voltage alternating circuit, with a housing GEH, comprising:

• - network-side connections, which iB include a network-side neutral conductor connection NG and a network-side phase conductor connection LG,
• - load-side connections, which iB include a load-side neutral conductor connection NL and a load-side phase conductor connection LL,
• - the connections are intended for the low voltage circuit;
• - an energy source is usually connected to the grid-side connections / the grid side GRID / is connected to an energy source,
• - LOAD is present on the load-side connections/load side

usually a consumer connected;

• - a (two-pole) mechanical isolating contact unit MK with load-side connection points APLL, APNL and network-side connection points APLG, APNG, with a load-side connection point APNL for the neutral conductor, a load-side connection point APLL for the phase conductor, a network-side connection point APNG for the neutral conductor, and a network-side connection point APNG for the phase conductor Grid-side connection point APLG is provided. The load-side connection points APNL, APLL are connected to the load-side neutral and phase conductor connections NL, LL, so that an opening of contacts KKN, KKL to avoid a current flow or a closing of the contacts KKN, KKL to prevent a current flow in the low-voltage circuit can be switched,
• - a, in particular single-pole, electronic interruption unit EU (which in the case of a single-pole version is arranged in particular in the phase conductor) with a network-side connection point EUG, which is in electrical connection with the network-side phase conductor connection LG, and a load-side connection point EUL, which is connected to the network-side connection point APLG of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK is in electrical connection or is connected, the electronic interruption unit EU having a high-resistance state of the switching elements to avoid a current flow or a low-resistance state by means of semiconductor-based switching elements (not shown). State of the switching elements for current flow in the low-voltage circuit or can be switched,
• - a differential current sensor unit ZCT, for determining the level of a (momentary) differential current of the conductors of the low-voltage circuit, the differential current sensor unit ZCT is arranged in the example between the electronic interruption unit EU and the mechanical isolating contact unit MK, it can alternatively be between the mechanical isolating contact unit MK and the load-side neutral and Phase conductor connections NL, LL can be provided (arranged), as can alternatively be provided (arranged) between the electronic interruption unit EU and the network-side connections NG, LG. The differential current sensor unit ZCT determines the magnitude of the differential current of the conductors of the low-voltage circuit (to be protected) that are routed through the protective switching device. In the example of a single-phase AC circuit with neutral conductor and phase conductor.

• - eine Stromsensoreinheit SI, zur Ermittlung der Höhe des Stromes des Niederspannungsstromkreises, die insbesondere im Strompfad des Phasenleiter bzw. Phasenleiterstrompfad angeordnet ist,
• - (optional) eine erste Spannungssensoreinheit SUA, zur Ermittlung der Höhe der Spannung des Niederspannungsstromkreises, insbesondere der netzseitigen (GRID) Spannung bzw. der Spannung im Bereich der netzseitigen Anschlüsse LG, NG,
• - (optional) eine zweite Spannungssensoreinheit SUB, zur Ermittlung der Höhe der Spannung über der elektronischen Unterbrechungseinheit EU,
• - einer Steuerungseinheit SE, die mit der Differenzstromsensoreinheit ZCT, mit der Stromsensoreinheit SI, (optional) mit der ersten Spannungssensoreinheit SUA, (optional) mit der zweiten Spannungssensoreinheit SUB, mit der mechanischen Trennkontakteinheit MK und der elektronischen Unterbrechungseinheit EU verbunden ist.

The differential current sensor unit ZCT can be a classic summation current transformer. The primary side of the summation current transformer is formed by the conductors of the low-voltage circuit (in the example phase conductor and neutral conductor). The secondary side of the summation current transformer is connected to the control unit SE.

• - a current sensor unit SI, for determining the level of the current of the low-voltage circuit, which is arranged in particular in the current path of the phase conductor or phase conductor current path,
• - (optionally) a first voltage sensor unit SUA, for determining the level of the voltage of the low-voltage circuit, in particular the grid-side (GRID) voltage or the voltage in the area of the grid-side connections LG, NG,
• - (optional) a second voltage sensor unit SUB, for determining the level of voltage across the electronic interruption unit EU,
• - a control unit SE, which is connected to the differential current sensor unit ZCT, to the current sensor unit SI, (optionally) to the first voltage sensor unit SUA, (optionally) to the second voltage sensor unit SUB, to the mechanical isolating contact unit MK and the electronic interruption unit EU.

According to the invention, the protective switching device SG, in particular the control unit SE, is designed in such a way that when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values DSG1 are exceeded, a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is avoided by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit when the isolating contacts are closed and the amount of the isolating contacts is subsequently undershot Instantaneous value of the current is initiated below a current threshold. More specifically, if differential current limit values or differential current time limit values DSG1 are exceeded, avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit can be initiated by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit with the isolating contacts closed in the next zero crossing of the current.

This means that as soon as an exceedance of residual current limit values or differential current time limit values is detected (a corresponding residual current time limit is exceeded), the electronic interruption unit EU does not immediately become high-resistance, but rather it waits until the current (as the driving variable) reaches the next zero crossing has sufficiently approximated and only then, when the amount of the instantaneous value of the current falls below a current threshold value, does the electronic interruption unit EU become high-resistance. This means that an electronic switch-off can be achieved near or at the storm zero crossing. At this point in time, the differential current is usually close to or at zero crossing. This reduces or minimizes the impact on people causing the differential current, which, for example, reduces the risk of ventricular fibrillation, since it is assumed that a rapid current interruption could cause the risk of ventricular fibrillation.

For example, the level of the differential current and the level of the current can be evaluated via a digital algorithm in the control unit, for example using a microcontroller contained in the control unit. As soon as the algorithm detects that differential current limit values or differential current time limit values have been exceeded (a fault current is detected), the system waits until the amount of the instantaneous current value falls below the current threshold value. The electronic interruption unit then becomes high-resistance to prevent current flow in the low-voltage circuit.

This can be implemented by a computer program product for a microcontroller or a control unit for a protective switching device.

The current threshold value can be in the range of less than 10 A, less than 5 A or in particular less than 1 A.

The current sensor unit SI, which is connected to the control unit SE, for determining the level of a current in the conductors of the low-voltage circuit, can design the protective switching device SG in such a way that when first current limit values are exceeded (i.e. when the level of the current exceeds the (amount) of the first current limit value) or first current time limit values (i.e. the first current limit value is exceeded for a first period of time; i.e. if the level of the (amount of) current exceeds the first current limit value for a first period of time) avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit is initiated when the isolating contacts are closed.

In particular, the current flow can be avoided within a first time period, which is in particular less than 1 ms, more specifically less than 100 µs or 10 µs.

In the example, the mechanical isolating contact unit MK is arranged on the load side, the electronic interruption unit EU is arranged on the network side according to the invention.

The GRID network side with the energy source is normally under electrical voltage. An electrical consumer is usually connected to the load side LOAD.

This has the advantage that there are no further (particularly live) parts or components between the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact unit / load-side connection points (APLL, APNL) of the mechanical isolating contact unit and the two load-side connections (LL, NL). Due to this architecture or construction, it can be ensured that when the contacts KKL, KKN are open, there is never any voltage present at the load-side connections LL, NL. This increases the safety of the protective device.

In contrast, in other architectures in which the mechanical isolating contact unit is arranged on the network side, there are often (not galvanically isolated) electronic units in front of the load-side connection.

The protective switching device can be designed in such a way that the level of the voltage across the electronic interruption unit can be determined. This means that the level of a voltage between the network-side connection point EUG and the load-side connection point EUL of the electronic interruption unit EU can be determined or is determined. This is shown in the example 1 a second voltage sensor unit SUB connected to the control unit SE is provided, which determines the level of the voltage between the network-side connection point EUG and the load-side connection point EUL of the electronic interruption unit EU. When measuring the voltage by the second voltage sensor unit SUB, the voltage across the series connection of the electronic interruption unit EU and current sensor SI can alternatively also be determined, as in 1 shown. The current sensor unit SI has a very low internal resistance, so that the determination of the level of the voltage is not or negligibly affected.

The protective switching device is designed in such a way that (optionally) a first voltage sensor unit SUA is provided, which determines the level of the voltage of the low-voltage circuit, in particular between the network-side neutral conductor connection NG and the network-side phase conductor connection LG, as in 1 shown.

According to the example 1 The electronic interruption unit EU is single-pole, in the example in the phase conductor. Here, the network-side connection point APNG for the neutral conductor of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK is connected to the network-side neutral conductor connection NG of the GEH housing.

The protective switching device SG is advantageously designed in such a way that the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK can be opened by the control unit SE, but cannot be closed, which is indicated by an arrow from the control unit SE to the mechanical isolating contact unit MK.

The mechanical isolating contact unit MK can be operated by a mechanical handle HH on the protective switching device SG in order to switch the contacts KKL, KKN to manual (manual) opening or closing. The mechanical handle HH indicates the switching state (open or closed) of the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK, in particular through a (purely) mechanical connection, on the protective switching device.

Furthermore, the contact position (or the position of the handle, closed or opened) can be transmitted to the control unit SE. The contact position (or the position of the handle) can be determined, for example, using a sensor, such as a position sensor. The contact position or the switching state can be sent to the control unit SE. The position sensor can be part of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK. Alternatively, the position sensor can be a component in the electronic first part (EPART, 2 ) be. For example, a Hall sensor can be provided in the electronic first part (EPART), which detects and transmits the position of the contacts and/or the handle without contact.

The mechanical isolating contact unit is in particular a standard-compliant isolating contact unit for protective switching devices in installation technology in accordance with the standard, whereby it corresponds to the regulations for classic circuit breakers (MCB) or residual current circuit breakers (RCD).

The mechanical isolating contact unit MK is advantageously designed in such a way that (manual) closing of the contacts by the mechanical handle is only possible after an enable, in particular a release signal. This is also indicated by the arrow from the control unit SE to the mechanical isolating contacts unit MK. This means that the contacts KKL, KKN of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK can only be closed by the handle HH when the release or the release signal (from the control unit) is present. Without the release or the release signal, the HH handle can be operated, but the contacts cannot be closed (“permanent slippage”).

The protective switching device SG has a power supply or power supply NT, for example a switching power supply. In particular, the energy supply/power supply NT is provided for the control unit SE, which is achieved by a connection between the energy supply/power supply NT and the control unit SE 1 is indicated. The power supply/power pack NT is (on the other hand) connected to the network-side neutral conductor connection NG and the network-side phase conductor connection LG. A fuse SS, in particular a fuse, or a switch Sch ( 2 ) be provided.

According to the invention, the power supply unit NT is normally constantly supplied with energy, especially from the network-side connections. If necessary, it is protected by the SS fuse or can be switched off using the SCH switch. Advantageously, the switch Sch can be designed in such a way that the switch can only be opened when the contacts are in the open state. This increases the safety of the device because the electronics (especially the control unit) cannot be switched off when the contacts are closed.

The fuse SS not only has the purpose of securing the energy supply via the power supply unit NT, but is also intended to be used, especially in the case of a two-part structure (see 2 ) protect the “electronic” first part EPART or its entire units (such as specifically the control unit, electronic interruption unit, if necessary voltage sensor unit(s), differential current sensor unit, if necessary current sensor unit, if necessary measurement impedance, etc.).

A measuring impedance ZM can be connected to the network-side neutral conductor connection NG via the fuse SS.

This means that a three-pole electronic unit or an electronic first part EPART ( 2 ) can be realized, for example as a module that has three connections with regard to the low-voltage circuit, a neutral conductor connection and two phase conductor connections. The electronic first part EPART can have further connections, in particular for control or measurement information, such as a release signal Enable/enable, opening signal OEF, position information (from the position unit POS) and/or differential current signal (level of the differential current) from the differential current sensor unit ZCT.

The electronic unit or electronic first part EPART ( 2 ) has, for example, the electronic interruption unit EU, the control unit SE, the energy supply NT (in particular including fuse SS), the current sensor unit SI, optionally the first voltage sensor unit SUA and optionally the second voltage sensor unit SUB.

With regard to the three connections with regard to the low-voltage circuit of the electronic first part EPART, there is the advantage that only two phase conductor connections have to have a high current-carrying capacity (several amperes in order to carry the load current) and the neutral conductor connection only has to have a (in comparison) low current-carrying capacity (for example smaller than 1 A, a few mA - depending on the energy requirement of the control unit). This simplifies the design and increases the safety of the device, since in the event of a fault in the electronic first part EPART, no large short-circuit current can flow through this connection.

The low voltage circuit may be a three-phase AC circuit, with a neutral conductor and three phase conductors. For this purpose, the protective switching device can be designed as a three-phase variant and, for example, have additional line-side and load-side phase conductor connections. Between the other grid-side and load-side phases Conductor connections are provided in an analogous manner in each case with electronic interruption units according to the invention and contacts of the mechanical isolating contact unit. The respective conductors (three phase conductors L1, L2, L3, neutral conductor N) are routed through the differential current unit ZCT.

Likewise, further current sensor units/voltage sensor units can be provided.

High-resistance means a condition in which only a negligible current flows. In particular, high-resistance means resistance values of greater than 1 kiloohm, better greater than 10 kiloohm, 100 kiloohm, 1 megaohm, 10 megaohm, 100 megaohm, 1 gigaohm or greater.

Low-resistance means a condition in which the current value specified on the protective switching device could flow. In particular, low-resistance means resistance values that are smaller than 10 ohms, preferably smaller than 1 ohm, 100 milliohms, 10 milliohms, 1 milliohms or smaller.

2 shows a representation according to 1 , with the difference that the protective switching device is constructed in two parts. It contains an electronic first part EPART, for example on a printed circuit board.

The first part EPART can have the control unit SE, the first voltage sensor unit SUA, the second voltage sensor unit SUB, the current sensor unit SI, the electronic interruption unit EU, the power supply NT. Furthermore, the first part can have the fuse SS, a switch SCH, the measuring impedance ZM, a temperature sensor TEM (in particular for the electronic interruption unit EU), a communication unit COM, a display unit AE, and, as a variant, a position sensor unit POS.

• - den netzseitigen Phasenleiter Anschluss LG als ersten Anschluss,
• - einen (zweiten) Anschluss für den bzw. zum netzseitigen Phasenleiteranschlusspunkt APLG der mechanischen Trennkontakteinheit MK,
• - einen dritten Anschluss EN für eine Verbindung zum netzseitigen Neutralleiteranschluss NG.

The electronic first part EPART has only three connections to the low-voltage circuit:

• - the mains-side phase conductor connection LG as the first connection,
• - a (second) connection for or to the mains-side phase conductor connection point APLG of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK,
• - a third connection EN for a connection to the network-side neutral conductor connection NG.

The two connections: to the mains-side phase conductor connection LG and for or to the mains-side phase conductor connection point APLG have a high current-carrying capacity, e.g. several amps, greater than 10A / 16 A - depending on the nominal current or rated current of the low-voltage circuit, in particular around the load current Short circuit or overload.

The third connection EN for the connection to the network-side neutral conductor connection NG has a (in comparison) low current carrying capacity, e.g. less than 1A, a few mA - depending on the energy requirements of the units supplied, especially in the electronic first part EPART. The third connection EN is designed with a low current carrying capacity to supply power to the power supply and to measure voltage between the phase conductor and neutral conductor of the low-voltage circuit. In particular, this third connection EN is protected by a fuse SS. This can be achieved using a fuse or a cost-effective conductor track fuse (thin conductor track of the appropriate length and thickness on the circuit board). This has the particular advantage that the lower current-carrying capacity in this line or at this third connection EN ensures security against a short circuit occurring within the electronic first part (EPART) (or (electronic) units), e.g. on the power supply side or . the control unit is improved.

This means that in the event of failure or failure of an electronic component of a unit within the electronic first part EPART, no dangerous short-circuit current can arise (supplied by the mains-side connections LG, NG), which could lead to a fire in the device.

This short-circuit current is fed from the network via the network-side connections. An upstream circuit breaker often has a much higher tripping current and feeds low-voltage circuits provided in parallel. If there is a fault in the protective switching device (the protective switching device of the protected low-voltage circuit) and the upstream circuit breaker is triggered, error-free parallel circuits would also be switched off, which is therefore avoided.

The communication unit COM can in particular be a wireless communication unit. The communication unit COM can have a (manual) input unit on the protective switching device for (manual) acknowledgment of states on the protective switching device SG. The acknowledgment can also take place (wired and/or wirelessly) via the communication unit COM.

Furthermore, the communication unit COM can have a display function. A separate display unit can also be provided.

The protective switching device contains a second part MPART, in particular a mechanical one. The second part MPART can have the mechanical isolating contact unit MK, the handle HH, and a release unit FG. Furthermore, the second part can have a position unit POS, for reporting the position of the contacts of the mechanical isolating contacts unit MK to the control unit, as well as the (neutral conductor) connection(s). The second part MPART has the differential current sensor unit ZCT, like a summation current transformer, as is known, for example, from classic residual current circuit breakers.

Additional, unspecified units may be provided.

The division into two parts makes it possible to advantageously realize a compact protective switching device according to the invention with a simplified construction.

The release unit/release function FG enables the actuation of the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact unit to be released by the handle HH when a release signal enable is present. This means that the contacts KKL, KKN can only be closed by the handle when the release signal enable (from the control unit SE) is present. Otherwise closing is not possible (continuous slide of the HH handle). The contacts remain in the open position/switching state. Furthermore, the release unit FG can cause the contacts to open (second function of the release unit FG) if an opening signal OEF (from the control unit SE) is present. The release unit/release function FG then acts as a trigger unit for opening the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact unit MK.

The protective switching device SG, in particular the control unit SE, can also be designed in such a way that when current limit values or current time limit values are exceeded (i.e. when a current limit value is exceeded for a certain period of time), avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated, in particular in order to avoid a short-circuit current avoid. This is achieved in particular by the electronic interruption unit EU changing from the low-resistance state to the high-resistance state. The avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated, for example, by a first interruption signal that is sent from the control unit SE to the electronic interruption unit EU.

The mechanical isolating contact unit MK can alternatively or additionally be controlled by the control unit SE in order to initiate an avoidance of current flow in the low-voltage circuit when current limit values or current time limit values are exceeded. In particular, a galvanic isolation may be achieved here. The initiation of the avoidance of a current flow or a possible galvanic interruption of the low-voltage circuit is carried out, for example, by a second interruption signal that is sent from the control unit SE to the mechanical isolating contact system MK.

The electronic interruption unit EU can have semiconductor components such as bipolar transistors, field effect transistors (FET), isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), metal oxide layer field effect transistors (MOSFET) or other (self-conducted) power semiconductors. In particular, IGBTs and MOSFETs are particularly suitable for the protective switching device according to the invention due to low flow resistances, high junction resistances and good switching behavior.

• -Mindestluftstrecke nach Norm (spannungsabhängig) (Mindestabstand der Kontakte),
• -Kontaktstellungsanzeige der Kontakte des mechanischen Trennkontaktsystem,
• -Öffnen des mechanischen Trennkontaktsystem ist immer möglich (keine Blockierung des Trennkontaktsystems - insbesondere durch die Handhabe, Freiauslösung), gemeint.

By mechanical isolating contact unit MK is meant in particular a (standard) isolating function, implemented by the isolating contact unit MK. With separator function the points are:

• -Minimum clearance according to standard (voltage-dependent) (minimum contact distance),
• -Contact position display of the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact system,
• -Opening the mechanical isolating contact system is always possible (no blocking of the isolating contact system - especially by the handle, free release).

For the purposes of the invention, the DIN EN 60947 and IEC 60947 series of standards are relevant for the isolator function and its properties, to which reference is made here.

The protective switching device can be designed as a DIN rail-mountable protective switching device SG with a width of, for example, 1 TE, 1.5 TE or 2 TE with two-pole connections (L, N). In electrical installation and control cabinet construction, the width of built-in devices such as protective switching devices, circuit breakers, residual current circuit breakers, etc. is specified in division units, or TE for short. The width of a division unit is ~18 mm. The installation width of the devices should comply with the standard DIN 43880: 1988-12 between 17.5 and 18.0 mm, or can be calculated by multiplying this dimension by 0.5 or an integer multiple thereof, i.e.: k × 0.5 × 18 mm or k × 0.5 × 17.5 mm (with k = 1, 2, 3, ...). For example, a single-pole circuit breaker according to the prior art has a width of 1 HP. The installations of electrical installation distributors are according to DIN 43871 “Small installation distribution board for built-in devices up to 63 A” tailored to the division units, e.g. B. the width of mounting rails/top-hat rails.

According to the invention, the protective switching device SG, in particular the control unit SE, can be designed in such a way that when effective differential current time limit values are exceeded, avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated, for example by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit when the isolating contacts are closed. The effective differential current time limits can be limits according to relevant standards, such as DIN EN 61008-1 , be. For example, 30 mA and a time of 300 ms, 150 ms, 40 ms or 20 ms for personal protection in Europe in a 230 volt low voltage circuit, 6 mA and a similar time for personal protection in North America, 300 mA and a similar time for fire protection (230 volts effective value).

A current differential current limit value can be higher in magnitude than the effective differential current time limit value. In particular, the instantaneous differential current limit is a value in the range of 2 to 100 times the effective differential current time limit.

The current differential current limit can be, for example, a value of 200 mA.

Furthermore, the protective switching device can be designed in such a way that, for example, when a differential current value of 200 mA is reached, the current flow is prevented immediately. This means that if there is a high differential current, it cannot be switched off with a delay, but rather immediately (in order to increase personal safety in particular (accepting possible ventricular fibrillation, but possibly without fatal consequences, since the energy input is reduced)).

The protective switching device SG, in particular the control unit SE, can have a microcontroller (= microprocessor) on which a computer program product runs, comprising commands which, when the program is executed by the microcontroller, cause it to trigger a triggering behavior (as described above and below) for a protective switching device to carry out.

The computer program product can advantageously be stored on a computer-readable storage medium; such as a USB stick, CD-ROM, etc.; be saved, for example to enable an upgrade to an extended version.

Alternatively, the computer program product can also advantageously be transmitted using a data carrier signal.

• * mit einer digitalen Schaltung, z.B. mit einem (weiteren) Mikroprozessor, realisiert sein; der (weitere) Mikroprozessor kann auch einen Analog-Teil enthalten;
• * mit einer digitalen Schaltung mit analogen Schaltungsteilen realisiert sein.

The SE control unit can:

• * be implemented with a digital circuit, for example with a (further) microprocessor; the (further) microprocessor can also contain an analogue part;
• * be implemented with a digital circuit with analog circuit parts.

Although the invention has been illustrated and described in detail by the exemplary embodiment, the invention is not limited by the examples disclosed and other variations may be derived therefrom by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 4432643 A1 [0010]

Non-patent literature cited

• DIN 43880: 1988-12 [0099]
• DIN 43871 [0099]
• DIN EN 61008-1 [0100]

Claims (13)

Protective switching device (SG) for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit for alternating voltage, comprising: - a housing with network-side and load-side connections (LG, NG, LL, NL) for conductors of the low-voltage circuit, - a differential current sensor unit (ZCT) for determining the level of a differential current of the conductors of the low-voltage circuit, - a current sensor unit (SI), for determining the level of a current in a conductor, in particular a phase conductor, of the low-voltage circuit, - a mechanical isolating contact unit (MK), which indicates a closed state of the contacts for a current flow in the low-voltage circuit or an open state of the Contacts for a galvanic isolation in the low-voltage circuit to avoid current flow, - an electronic interruption unit (EU), which is connected in series on the circuit side to the mechanical isolating contact unit (MK) and which uses semiconductor-based switching elements to ensure a high-resistance state of the switching elements to avoid a current flow or a low-resistance state of the switching elements for current flow in the low-voltage circuit, - a control unit (SE), which is connected to the differential current sensor unit (ZCT), the current sensor unit (SI), the mechanical isolating contact unit (MK) and the electronic interruption unit (EU), characterized in that the protective switching device ( SG), in particular the control unit (SE), is designed in such a way that when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1) are exceeded, a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is avoided by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit when the isolating contacts are closed and subsequently fall below the The amount of the instantaneous value of the current is initiated below a current threshold. Protective switching device (SG). Patent claim 1 , characterized in that when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1) are exceeded, an avoidance of current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated by a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit when the isolating contacts are closed in the next zero crossing of the current. Protective switching device (SG). Patent claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the effective value of the differential current is used with regard to exceeding the differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1). Protective switching device (SG). Patent claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the instantaneous value of the differential current is used with regard to exceeding the differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1). Protective switching device (SG) according to one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that the protective switching device (SG), in particular the control unit (SE), is designed such that when current limit values or current time limit values are exceeded, a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is avoided by means of a high-resistance state of the switching elements of the electronic interruption unit is initiated when the isolating contacts are closed, whereby after the current limit values or current time limit values are exceeded, the current flow is avoided within a first period of time, which is in particular less than 1 ms, more specifically less than 100 µs or 10 µs. Protective switching device (SG) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mechanical isolating contact unit (MK) is assigned to the load-side connections (LL, NL). Method for a protective switching device (SG) for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit for alternating voltage, in which the level of a differential current of conductors of the low-voltage circuit is determined and, if differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1) are exceeded, a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is avoided by a high-resistance state of Switching elements of an electronic interruption unit is initiated when the isolating contacts are closed when the amount of the instantaneous value of the current falls below a current threshold value. Procedure according to Patent claim 7 , characterized in that when differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1) are exceeded, an avoidance of current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated by a high-resistance state of switching elements of an electronic interruption unit with the isolating contacts closed in the next zero crossing of the current, Procedure according to Patent claim 7 or 8th , characterized in that the effective value of the differential current is used with regard to exceeding the differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1). Procedure according to Patent claim 7 or 8th , characterized in that the instantaneous value of the differential current is used with regard to exceeding the differential current limit values or differential current time limit values (DSG1). Computer program product comprising commands which, when the program is executed by a microcontroller, cause the microcontroller to carry out the method according to one of the Patent claims 7 until 10 to support or carry out. Computer-readable storage medium on which the computer program product is stored Patent claim 11 is stored. Disk signal that the computer program product after Patent claim 11 transmits.

Images