DE102020205273A1 - Method for creating a map of emissions from motor vehicles - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for creating a map of the emissions (100) of motor vehicles for a geographical area, methods derived therefrom for creating a map of the immissions (110) for a geographical area, and also to methods derived therefrom for evaluating actual or planned traffic management measures (130) in a geographic area.

Description

State of the art

Emission values, for example from the "Handbook for Emission Factors of Road Traffic" (HBEFA; see https://www.hbefa.net/d/) for various types of roads (e.g. access road, main road, motorway) form the basis for emission simulations known today for evaluating air quality ), Traffic situation (e.g. flowing traffic, dense traffic, saturated traffic, stop & go) and vehicle classes (e.g. cars, trucks, buses) are broken down. The emissions calculated in the emission simulations are then obtained on the basis of the additional information about the number and type of motor vehicles in a certain route section, which is obtained, for example, by counting loops and from registration statistics.

The previously known mapping of the actual traffic situation is comparatively coarse and imprecise, especially with regard to its spatial and temporal resolution and its characterization of the driving situations, so that the results of previous emission simulations, for example, for the spatially and time-resolved derivation of immissions or for the qualified evaluation of actual or planned traffic control Measures can only be used to a very limited extent.

Advantages of the invention

The inventors have recognized that for a qualitatively sufficiently good prediction of emission values, it is necessary to start from a differentiated detection and evaluation of the actual driving event, which is actually able to take into account its full dynamics. It was recognized that the loss of information that results from a merely summary consideration, for example only from the traffic density, number of vehicles and / or average speed, is far more serious than previously assumed by experts.

• - Empfangen von Daten, die zumindest die Position von Kraftfahrzeugen, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, zeitlich aufgelöst repräsentieren.
• - Berechnung von Geschwindigkeiten und Beschleunigungen der Kraftfahrzeuge, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, aus den Daten, die die Position der Kraftfahrzeuge, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, zeitlich aufgelöst repräsentieren.
• - Bestimmung von Emissionen der Kraftfahrzeuge, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, basierend auf Motormodellen, unter Benutzung der zuvor empfangenen und berechneten Daten.
• - Erstellen der Karte der Emissionen der Kraftfahrzeuge umfassend folgende Teilschritte: Zuordnen der Kraftfahrzeuge zu Teilgebieten des geographischen Gebiets anhand der Daten, die die Position der Kraftfahrzeuge repräsentieren, und Summationen der bestimmten Emissionen der sich in einem Teilgebiet befindlichen Kraftfahrzeuge.

The invention therefore provides for maps of the emissions from motor vehicles (also: emission maps) for a geographical area to be created by the following steps:

• - Receiving data that represent at least the position of motor vehicles that are located in the geographic area, resolved in time.
• Calculation of speeds and accelerations of the motor vehicles that are located in the geographic area from the data which represent the position of the motor vehicles that are located in the geographic area, resolved in time.
• - Determination of emissions from motor vehicles located in the geographical area based on engine models using the previously received and calculated data.
• - Creating the map of the emissions of the motor vehicles comprising the following sub-steps: Assigning the motor vehicles to sub-areas of the geographic area on the basis of the data representing the position of the motor vehicles, and summations of the determined emissions of the motor vehicles located in a sub-area.

The geographical area is an actually existing part of the environment, for example the streets of a city or a region. Alternatively, parts of the environment of a different type can also be involved, for example a sea area or an airspace. A map of a geographic area includes the subdivision of the geographic area into sub-areas (for example route sections) and further data which are assigned to the individual sub-areas, in particular with a temporal resolution (for example special emissions or immissions). In particular, it is provided that the route sections within the scope of the invention are quite small, for example only include route lengths of no more than 100 m.

In the context of the application, the time resolution of the data representing the position of motor vehicles is preferably a time resolution that represents, for example, at least one position per second.

The reception of the data representing the position of motor vehicles or the source and the transport of this data to their receiver can take place in different ways: For example, it can be vehicles used specifically for this purpose, which for example wirelessly transmit the relevant data together with their identity to a recipient. On the other hand, they can be “normal” road users who send the relevant data to a recipient via navigation, telecommunications and / or online services, for example anonymously. On the other hand, it is also possible to obtain corresponding data by means of infrastructure elements, such as a correspondingly dense arrangement of stationary cameras, and to transmit them to the receiver online or, for example, after intermediate storage and time delay.

The emissions and immissions can be, for example, NO, NO2, CO, SO2, CO2, O3 and / or particle masses, for example PM2.5, PM10.

According to the invention, the quality of the generated maps is decisively improved by the fact that actual speeds of individual motor vehicles and, above all, their actual accelerations are determined from the data that represent the position of the vehicles located in the geographical area in a temporal resolution the actual emissions of the motor vehicles are generally highly correlated. For example, a propulsive power is calculated as the variable that is primarily correlated with the emissions, which results as the product of the mass, the speed and the acceleration of the motor vehicle.

In addition, the map is created by assigning the motor vehicles to sub-areas of the geographic area on the basis of the data representing the position of the motor vehicles and summations of the specific emissions of the motor vehicles located in a sub-area. In the last-mentioned step, it is particularly important to consider or weight whether and to what extent the number of motor vehicles actually located in the sub-area differs from the number of motor vehicles from which data was transmitted to the recipient. The summation can be, on the one hand, the addition in the mathematical sense, on the other hand, it is only essential that all certain emissions are taken into account in total, which is of course also taken into account by averaging and then taking into account the number of vehicles actually located in the sub-area can be realized.

In a further development, it is provided that the received data represent, in addition to the position of the motor vehicles located in the geographical area, further information, for example a statutory emission class of the motor vehicle in question or an official type approval of the vehicle in question or even an identification of the individual vehicle and its Status. In the case of a hybrid vehicle (e.g. plug-in hybrid), the state can include the information as to whether it is currently being driven by its internal combustion engine or by its electric motor or by both motors.

The receipt of further such data is basically possible and in particular possible and useful depending on regional conditions. In particular, it is provided that the further information is included in the determination of the emissions from the motor vehicles located in the geographical area.

In addition, further information can be used when creating the map, for example additional statistical data, for example mean travel times or speeds and / or percentiles of the travel times or speeds of the motor vehicles in the individual route sections.

Immissions maps (also: immission maps) for a geographical area are of particular interest, as they allow conclusions to be drawn about the exposure of people (environmental pollution) even more than maps of emissions.

In further developments of the invention it is therefore provided that the creation of a map of the emissions of motor vehicles for the geographical area is followed by the calculation of a map of the immissions for the geographical area, further information being used to calculate the map of the immissions in addition to the map of the emissions . The calculation and the way in which the further information is taken into account is carried out using so-called transmission models.

This additional information can be, for example, local and time-resolved weather data (e.g. wind direction and wind speeds, solar radiation, temperature, precipitation). Furthermore, it can also be information about the topography and / or topology of the geographical area and its surroundings, including their development. Other emissions that are not generated by motor vehicles but are known in principle (for example from industry, agriculture and / or from households, in particular heating) can in principle be taken into account when creating the immission map.

In a further development, it is also possible to use data to create the immission map that have been obtained through immission measurements carried out with sensors, for example to supplement, verify and / or check the plausibility of the calculated immission map. It is also possible to use other data obtained with sensors for this purpose, for example pressure, wind speed, radiation.

In addition to the creation of maps of the emission and the immission, the derivation of traffic-directing measures and the evaluation of planned and / or actual traffic-directing measures are the subject of the present invention.

In the present case, traffic control measures are understood in particular to mean all measures that have or could have a direct and / or indirect influence on how many vehicles are in the geographical area and / or where and / or when the vehicles are in the geographical area and / or what further properties these vehicles have and / or where the vehicles are located in the geographical area and / or at what speed and / or at what acceleration the vehicles are moving.

Thus, it can be provided that within the scope of such traffic management measures, especially in the case of autonomous vehicles, i.e. vehicles that are not directly driven and accelerated by a person, directly on the route and the acceleration (i.e. indirectly also on the speed and the location) of the Vehicle is influenced. A traffic control measure would then be, for example, a change in the way in which this happens. Such a traffic control measure could therefore consist, for example, in keeping vehicles or certain vehicles away from certain sub-areas automatically, for example from sub-areas with already high emissions and / or operating vehicles or certain vehicles in such sub-areas only with locally low emissions, for example by adding a maximum permissible acceleration and / or maximum permissible speed is reduced.

In the case of vehicles that are at least partially driven and / or accelerated by people, in addition to the direct influence on the route and the acceleration (i.e. indirectly also on the speed and the location) of the vehicle, there is the possibility of using corresponding commands and prohibitions within the meaning of road traffic regulations and through their technical implementation (signs and light signals to identify the requirements and prohibitions, monitoring of the requirements and prohibitions and measures for sanctioning disregard of the requirements and prohibitions) the behavior of the people who at least partially drive and accelerate the vehicles and thus in turn the emissions of the vehicles to influence. A traffic control measure would then be, for example, a change in the way in which this happens. Such a traffic control measure could therefore consist, for example, in changing local right-of-way regulations and corresponding signage or, for example, in taking stationary speed monitoring systems into or out of operation in a recognizable manner.

A traffic management measure can also be a modification of the geographical area and its sub-areas themselves, for example the creation and / or abolition of routes, or their modification, for example the construction of roundabouts instead of a road intersection, the narrowing of routes so that lower speeds of the vehicles These routes are expected to set up exclusive bus lanes.

A traffic control measure can also aim to change the composition of the vehicles in a route section or in the entire route network, for example driving bans for certain vehicle classes, such as trucks, vehicles with an emissions standard worse than, for example, EU5 or vehicles that are older than a maximum age.

A traffic control measure can also be another technical measure that aims to rejuvenate the vehicle fleet or to improve it with regard to emissions, for example retrofitting.

A traffic control measure can also consist in the adaptation of the control of traffic lights including "gatekeeping", ie the targeted local throttling of the traffic flow, and "green wave".

The evaluation of a traffic management measure actually carried out aims in particular to determine whether it has actually reduced immissions in the geographical area.

For this purpose, as described above, a map of the immissions is first generated, which is based on data that were recorded before the implementation of the traffic control measure. This immissions map is therefore a reference map. The traffic control measure is carried out at a subsequent point in time or in a subsequent period.

As described above, a further map of the immissions is then generated, which is based on data that were recorded after or during the implementation of the traffic control measure.

Finally, it is necessary to evaluate the traffic management measure carried out using the immissions map for the geographical area (reference map) and the other immissions map for the geographical area according to specified criteria.

The result of the evaluation can, for example, be a numerical value or an element of a Set of categories like {much better; a little better; equal; a little worse; much worse}.

Criteria are understood to be a clear mapping of an immission map and another immission map to a result of the assessment. For example, the quotient of the highest observed immission value of the further immission map and the highest observed immission value of the immission map can be the result of an assessment. A value of the quotient less than 1 would then be regarded as a reduction in the highest observed immission. On the other hand, area-averaged or weighted-averaged immissions could also be determined and compared, for example. Other and / or more specific criteria may result from regional circumstances and objectives. On the other hand, further criteria can be taken into account, which, in addition to the emissions, also depict the benefits of traffic, which can arise from travel times and the comfort of road users, etc. For example, the evaluations can be subjected to boundary conditions so that, despite reduced immissions, no “positive” evaluations are made if a traffic control measure no longer provides the benefit of the traffic according to predefined standards.

For the evaluation of a traffic control measure that has not been or has not actually been carried out but is only planned or considered, for example as part of an optimization process to derive optimal traffic control measures, there is of course no further immissions map based on data that was generated after or during the implementation of the traffic management measure have been recorded.

For this reason, in this case, this additional map is replaced by a predictive map of the immissions for the geographical area, which is created like the reference map previously, but with the proviso that the data relating to the actual motor vehicles are replaced by data that passes through the simulation of the traffic control measure were obtained.

In the simulation of the traffic control measure, it is determined in particular how many motor vehicles are when and where in the geographical area and which speeds and accelerations and other properties are to be assigned to them. The intermediate result is a predictive emission map from which the immission map is then obtained as above.

In principle, evaluations of actual or planned traffic control measures are not only possible on the basis of immission maps, but also on the basis of emission maps, at least with restrictions. In this respect, what has been explained for the methodology of evaluations based on immission maps also applies to evaluations carried out using emission maps.

The invention also relates to a computer program which is set up to carry out the steps of the method, as well as a non-volatile memory on which this computer program is stored and an electronic processing unit which includes this memory.

Figure list

• 1a shows a flow chart for creating a map of the emissions.
• 1b shows an example of speed measurements on real vehicles along a main thoroughfare in downtown Stuttgart in the area of the "Neckartor" traffic junction and the emissions determined from this.
• 2 shows a flow chart for creating a map of the immissions.
• 3 shows a flow chart for evaluating a traffic control measure.
• 4th shows a flow chart for evaluating traffic management measures actually carried out.
• 5 illustrates a method for obtaining information about hybrid vehicles.

Description of the exemplary embodiments

Based on the in the 1a A first exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the flow chart shown.

• - Empfangen von Daten 101, die die Position von Kraftfahrzeugen, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, zeitlich aufgelöst repräsentieren.
• - Berechnung von Geschwindigkeiten und Beschleunigungen der Kraftfahrzeuge 102, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, aus den Daten, die die Position der Kraftfahrzeuge, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, zeitlich aufgelöst repräsentieren.
• - Bestimmung von Emissionen der Kraftfahrzeuge 103, die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, basierend von Motormodellen unter Benutzung der zuvor empfangenen und berechneten Daten.
• - Erstellen der Karte der Emissionen der Kraftfahrzeuge 104, umfassend folgende Teilschritte: Zuordnen der Kraftfahrzeuge zu Teilgebieten des geographischen Gebiets 104.1 anhand der Daten, die die Position der Kraftfahrzeuge repräsentieren, und Summationen der bestimmten Emissionen 104.2 der sich in einem Teilgebiet befindlichen Kraftfahrzeuge.

It is a process for creating a map of emissions 100 of motor vehicles for a geographic area, comprising the following steps.

• - Receiving data 101 which represent the position of motor vehicles that are located in the geographic area, resolved in time.
• - Calculation of speeds and accelerations of motor vehicles 102 which are located in the geographic area from the data representing the position of the motor vehicles which are located in the geographic area, resolved in time.
• - Determination of emissions from motor vehicles 103 located in the geographic area based on engine models below Use of the previously received and calculated data.
• - Creation of the map of emissions from motor vehicles 104 , comprising the following sub-steps: Assigning the motor vehicles to sub-areas of the geographic area 104.1 based on the data representing the position of the motor vehicles and summations of the determined emissions 104.2 of the motor vehicles in a sub-area.

In addition, it is provided that further data are received which represent further information in addition to the position of the motor vehicles located in the geographic area, and the further information is used to determine the emissions of the motor vehicles which are located in the geographic area . In particular: information about the motor vehicle in question, such as a statutory emission class of the motor vehicle in question, or an official type approval of the vehicle in question or even an identification of the individual vehicle. In addition, data is received that represents information about a state of the motor vehicle in question, for example whether a hybrid vehicle (e.g. plug-in hybrid) is currently being driven by its internal combustion engine or its electric motor or both motors - and if the latter is the case , at what proportions.

In addition, it is provided that further information relating to the geographic area and / or the sub-area, such as topographic information, is included in the determination of the emissions of the motor vehicles located in the geographic area.

In the present example, the geographical area is a route network, for example consisting of the streets of a large city, and the sub-areas are partial routes that each extend over 100 meters. The map created has a temporal resolution of better than an hour.

The 1b shows in its upper part A an example of speed profiles determined from received position data 10 a large number of real test vehicles along a main thoroughfare in downtown Stuttgart in the area of the "Neckartor" traffic junction. The 5th and 95th percentiles of these curves (bold, dashed), as well as the 25th and 75th percentiles (bold, dotted) and the mean (bold, solid) of these curves are also shown. It is more precisely Canstatter Straße, i.e. the B14 federal road, in the area of the traffic lights 1 at the intersection with Heilmannstrasse, the traffic light 2 at the intersection with Neckarstrasse and the two stationary speed monitoring systems out of town 3 , 4th ("Speed camera").

It can be seen that it is off the traffic lights 1 , 2 the majority of vehicles move at the highest speed of 50 km / h permitted on this route, a small number of vehicles exceed this speed by up to 20 km / h and, in turn, a small number of vehicles fall below this speed on short stretches of the route Usually to stop temporarily. It is noticeable that the vehicles, which tend to increase their speed, keep their speed in front of or at the speed monitoring systems 3 , 4th Reduce to the permitted speed and immediately behind the speed monitoring systems 3 , 4th increase again.

In the area of the traffic lights 1 , 2 , especially the traffic light 1 At the intersection with Heilmannstrasse, many vehicles stop depending on the volume of traffic and the traffic lights. At the same time it can be seen that individual vehicles are passing the traffic lights 1 , 2 do not stop, even increase their speed there, presumably out of the intention of the vehicle driver to actually pass the traffic light during a green or yellow phase of the traffic light, before a feared or actual change of the traffic light to a red phase without stopping.

The emissions (here NOx emissions) of the test vehicles were determined based on engine models of the test vehicles. For each 100-meter-long sub-sections, the emissions from the vehicles in these sub-sections were added up for one hour, for example.

These sums are given as relative values in the lower part B of the 1b shown. It can be seen that the accumulated emissions behind the speed monitoring systems 3 , 4th are slightly elevated and in the area of the traffic lights 1 , 2 are greatly increased (up to 81%). In contrast, the total emissions in the areas in front of the speed monitoring systems are rather low 3 , 4th and in areas away from speed monitoring systems 3 , 4th and traffic lights 1, 2 in which the majority of vehicles move at a rather steady speed.

In terms of its spatial resolution and the characterization of the traffic situation, the emission map shown goes far beyond known maps. For example, from the HBEFA for the entire in the 1b The illustrated section of the route has a constant emission factor of 100%, based on the Road type "urban thoroughfare, 50 km / h top speed" and the traffic situation "saturated". The specific findings, especially with regard to the traffic lights 1 , 2 and the speed control systems 3 , 4th how they could be obtained with the procedure according to the invention, however, could not yet be obtained with the procedure according to the prior art alone.

• - Erstellung einer Karte der Emissionen von Kraftfahrzeugen 100 für das geografische Gebiet, beispielsweise so wie im ersten Ausführbeispiel berechnet.
• - Berechnen der Karte der Immissionen 111 für ein geografisches Gebiet unter Benutzung der Karte der Emissionen von Kraftfahrzeugen für das geografische Gebiet wobei zur Berechnen der Karte der Immissionen für das geografische Gebiet weitere Informationen benutzt werden, beispielsweise Wetterdaten und Informationen, die die Topografie und/oder Topologie des geografischen Gebiets betreffen und Informationen über andere Emissionen.

Based on the in the 2 A second exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the flow chart shown. It is a process for creating a map of the immissions 110 of motor vehicles for a geographic area, comprising the following steps.

• - Creation of a map of motor vehicle emissions 100 for the geographic area, for example as calculated in the first exemplary embodiment.
• - Calculate the immissions map 111 for a geographical area using the map of emissions from motor vehicles for the geographical area, further information being used to calculate the map of immissions for the geographical area, for example weather data and information relating to the topography and / or topology of the geographical area and information about other emissions.

Optionally, to create the immission map, it would also have been possible to use data that were obtained through immission measurements carried out with sensors and / or other data obtained with sensors, for example pressure, wind speed, radiation.

• - Erstellung einer Karte der Immissionen 110 für das geografische Gebiet, beispielsweise so wie im zweiten Ausführbeispiel beschrieben;
• - Erstellen einer prädiktiven Karte der Immissionen 110' für das geografische Gebiet, wobei grundsätzlich gemäß dem zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel vorgegangen wird, jedoch an die Stelle der tatsächliche Kraftfahrzeuge betreffende Daten Daten treten, die durch die Simulation der verkehrsleitenden Maßnahme gewonnen wurden;
• - Bewertung der verkehrsleitenden Maßnahme (121) unter Benutzung der Karte der Immissionen für das geografische Gebiet und der prädiktiven Karte der Immissionen für das geografische Gebiet nach vorgegebenen Kriterien.

Based on the in the 3 A third exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the flow chart shown. It is a process for the predictive evaluation of traffic management measures 120 in a geographic area comprising the following steps.

• - Creation of a map of the immissions 110 for the geographic area, for example as described in the second exemplary embodiment;
• - Creation of a predictive map of the immissions 110 ' for the geographical area, the procedure basically according to the second exemplary embodiment, but data relating to the actual motor vehicles being replaced by data obtained by simulating the traffic control measure;
• - Assessment of the traffic management measure ( 121 ) using the immissions map for the geographical area and the predictive immissions map for the geographical area according to specified criteria.

• - Erstellung einer Karte der Immissionen 110 für das geografische Gebiet wie im zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel;
• - Nachfolgend tatsächliche Durchführung der verkehrsleitenden Maßnahme 131;
• - Nachfolgend Erstellen einer weiteren Karte der Immissionen 110" für das geografische Gebiet wie im zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel;
• - Bewertung der verkehrsleitenden Maßnahme 132 unter Benutzung der Karte der Immissionen für das geografische Gebiet und der weiteren Karte der Immissionen für das geografische Gebiet nach vorgegebenen Kriterien.

Based on the in the 4th A fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the flow chart shown. This is a procedure for evaluating traffic management measures actually carried out 130 in a geographic area It consists of the following steps:

• - Creation of a map of the immissions 110 for the geographical area as in the second embodiment;
• - The following actual implementation of the traffic management measure 131 ;
• - Subsequently, a further map of the immissions 110 ″ for the geographical area is created as in the second exemplary embodiment;
• - Assessment of the traffic management measure 132 using the immissions map for the geographical area and the additional immissions map for the geographical area according to specified criteria.

The first four exemplary embodiments can be carried out, for example, by means of an electronic computing unit which comprises a non-volatile memory on which a computer program which is set up to carry out the steps of the method is stored.

• - Empfangen von Daten (101), die die Position von Hybridfahrzeugen (z.B. Plug-In-Hybride), die sich in dem geografischen Gebiet befinden, zeitlich aufgelöst repräsentieren und die ferner die Information repräsentieren, ob das Hybridfahrzeug (z.B. Plug-In-Hybrid) gegenwärtig von seinem Verbrennungsmotor oder von seinem Elektromotor oder von beiden Motoren angetrieben wird - und wenn letzteres der Fall ist, zu welchen Leistungsanteilen.

A closely related item is in 5 shown schematically simplified and relates to a method for obtaining information about hybrid vehicles (e.g. plug-in hybrids) in a geographical area that comprises the following steps:

• - Receiving data ( 101 ), which represent the position of hybrid vehicles (e.g. plug-in hybrids) that are located in the geographical area, resolved in time and which also represent the information whether the hybrid vehicle (e.g. plug-in hybrid) is currently powered by its internal combustion engine or is driven by its electric motor or by both motors - and if the latter is the case, to what proportion of the power.

Further developments of the closely related subject can be made by the features of claim 1 and / or by features of one or more of claims 2 to 16.

Further developments of the closely related subject can additionally or alternatively take place in that it is evaluated whether, for example, in emission-limited areas such as inner cities, local emission-free driving was actually carried out. The evaluated data can be made available to third parties (e.g. municipalities) in order to prove compliance with air pollution control plans and to give vehicle owners an incentive through bonus or malus regulations to operate hybrid vehicles (e.g. plug-in hybrids) electrically.

Further developments and explanations of the closely related subject can also or alternatively emerge from the following: In a hybrid vehicle (e.g. plug-in hybrid) there is data on the power split between the combustion engine and the electric motor in corresponding control units. Purely electrical operation can thus be recognized. Position data are available in the navigation system in the form of GPS coordinates. Both data can be transmitted anonymously or with a vehicle identification to a cloud via a connectivity module. In addition to purely electric operation, mixed operations (e.g. 80% combustion, 20% electric motor) can be recorded and local emissions calculated using an emissions model. This data can be analyzed in the cloud and made available to a provider. Data can also be pre-evaluated in a suitable form in the vehicle. This data is of relevance for third parties, e.g. municipalities, which receive information about the actual emissions from hybrid vehicles and can derive measures from this. In particular, vehicle owners can be encouraged by means of appropriate incentive systems to operate their hybrid vehicles purely electrically in relevant areas (e.g. city centers).

5 : Hybrid vehicles (e.g. plug-in hybrids) 91 are located, for example, in a city center and, in addition to position data, send, for example, a distance that they have covered purely electrically and / or data that can be used to identify the vehicle to a cloud 92 .

In the cloud 92 For example, the purely electrically driven route length is evaluated, for example per hybrid vehicle 91 in this downtown area. The resulting data are sent to the relevant authority and / or municipality, for example 93 transmitted.

The latter can, for example, send a bill to a hybrid vehicle 91 assigned person.

Various other business models are conceivable.

Claims (17)

Method for creating a map of the emissions (100) from motor vehicles for a geographic area, comprising the following steps: - Receiving data (101) which represent at least the position of motor vehicles located in the geographic area, resolved in time. - Calculation of speeds and accelerations of the motor vehicles (102) which are located in the geographic area from the data which represent the position of the motor vehicles which are located in the geographic area, resolved in time. - Determination of emissions from the motor vehicles (103) located in the geographic area based on engine models using the previously received and calculated data. - Creating the map of the emissions of the motor vehicles (104), comprising the following sub-steps: Assigning the motor vehicles to sub-areas of the geographic area (104.1) on the basis of the data that represent the position of the motor vehicles, and summations of the emissions (104.2) determined in a Sub-area located motor vehicles. Procedure according to Claim 1 , characterized in that the received data represent further information in addition to the position of the motor vehicles that are located in the geographic area, and the further information is used in determining the emissions of the motor vehicles that are located in the geographic area. Procedure according to Claim 2 , characterized in that the further information is information about the motor vehicle in question, such as a statutory emission class of the motor vehicle in question, or an official type approval of the vehicle in question or even an identification of the individual motor vehicle and / or information about a condition of the motor vehicle in question, For example, whether a hybrid vehicle is currently powered by its internal combustion engine, by its electric motor, or by both engines, and if the latter is the case, what proportion of the power is available Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that further information relating to the geographical area and / or the sub-area, such as topographical information, is included in the determination of the emissions of the motor vehicles located in the geographical area. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the geographical area is a route network and that the sub-areas are sections and the sections do not extend over more than 100 meters. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the map of the emissions has a temporal resolution of less than one hour. Method for creating a map of the immissions (110) for a geographic area, comprising the following steps: - Creation of a map of the emissions from motor vehicles (100) for the geographical area according to one of the preceding claims. - Calculating the map of the immissions (111) for a geographical area using the map of the emissions from motor vehicles for the geographical area, further information being used to calculate the map of the immissions for the geographical area. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the further information is weather data and / or is information relating to the topography of the geographical area and / or is information relating to the topology of the geographical area and / or is information about other emissions . Method according to one of the two preceding claims, characterized in that the further information also includes data that were obtained by immission measurements carried out with sensors and / or include other data obtained with sensors, for example pressure, wind speed, radiation. A method for the predictive evaluation of traffic management measures (120) in a geographical area, comprising the following steps: - Creation of a map of the emissions (100) for the geographical area, with a method according to one of Claims 1 - 5 proceeding; - Creating a predictive map of the emissions (100 ') for the geographical area, according to a method according to one of the Claims 1 - 5 the procedure is followed, with the proviso that data relating to the actual motor vehicles are replaced by data obtained by simulating the traffic control measure; - Evaluation of the traffic management measure (121) using the map of emissions for the geographical area and the predictive map of emissions for the geographical area according to predetermined criteria. Method for evaluating traffic control measures (130) actually carried out in a geographical area, comprising the following steps: - Creation of a map of the emissions (100) for the geographical area according to one of the Claims 1 - 5 ; - Subsequently, actual implementation of the traffic control measure (131); - Subsequently, create another map of the emissions (100 ") for the geographical area according to the method according to one of the Claims 1 - 5 ; - Evaluation of the traffic management measure (132) using the map of emissions for the geographical area and the further map of emissions for the geographical area according to specified criteria. A method for the predictive evaluation of traffic management measures (120) in a geographical area, comprising the following steps: - Creation of a map of the immissions (110) for the geographical area, wherein according to a method according to a Claims 6 - 9 proceeding; - Creating a predictive map of the immissions (110 ') for the geographic area, with a method according to a Claims 6 - 9 the procedure is followed, with the proviso that data relating to the actual motor vehicles are replaced by data obtained by simulating the traffic control measure; - Evaluation of the traffic management measure (121) using the map of the immissions for the geographical area and the predictive map of the immissions for the geographical area according to predetermined criteria. A method for evaluating traffic management measures (130) actually carried out in a geographical area, comprising the following steps: Creation of a map of the immissions (110) for the geographical area according to one of the Claims 6 - 9 ; - Subsequently, actual implementation of the traffic control measure (131); - Subsequently, a further map of the immissions (110 ") for the geographic area is created using the method according to one of the Claims 6 - 9 ; - Evaluation of the traffic management measure (132) using the map of the immissions for the geographical area and the further map of the immissions for the geographical area according to predetermined criteria. A method for obtaining information about hybrid vehicles (e.g. plug-in hybrids) in a geographic area, comprising the following steps: -receiving data (101) indicating the existence and / or position of hybrid vehicles (e.g. plug-in hybrids ), which are located in the geographical area, in particular with a temporal resolution, and which also represent the information for each of the hybrid vehicles as to whether the Hybrid vehicle is currently driven by its internal combustion engine or by its electric motor or by both motors - and optionally, if the latter is the case, to what proportion of the power. Computer program which is set up to carry out the steps of the method according to one of the preceding claims. Non-volatile memory on which a computer program according to the preceding claim is stored. Electronic computing unit which comprises a non-volatile memory according to the preceding claim.

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