DE102018007939A1 - Process and operation of a farm with combined fish and plant breeding as well as farm and fish feed itself - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating a farm system with a combined fish farming and plant culture system, in which at least one fish farming basin and a wastewater treatment system for fish manure are provided in a first fish farming segment, and also an irrigation system for the plant culture system, the nutrients of which are obtained from the wastewater treatment system for fish manure be, as well as a farm plant itself, and a fish feed, according to the preamble of claims 1, 14, 16. In order to achieve an increased overall benefit of material and energy flows sustainably, it is proposed according to the invention that the plant culture plant is a culture plant for aquatic plants, such that fish food is produced from the aquatic plants, which is fed back to the at least one fish breeding tank for feeding the fish.

Description

The invention Process for operating a farm with combined fish and plant breeding, and farm plant for fish and plant breeding itself, according to the preamble of claims 1, 12 and 14.

State of the art

Agricultural material flows are far from being nationwide in sustainable use. E.g. The biogas plants in agricultural integration often lack truly sustainable heating concepts. The frequently used drying of wood is neither appropriate nor useful.

Fish farming essentially differentiates between coarse and predatory fish. The feed compositions should actually also differ. While the fried fish in nature feeds on plants and the predatory fish feeds on animals, their feeding needs are also completely different. Predatory fish such as e.g. Perch, much more coveted than fried fish. Due to this higher need for predatory fish as edible fish, the problem arises that the predatory fish in breeding is not species-appropriate, i.e. is vegan. From an economic and ecological point of view, however, it is also not expedient if predatory fish are now fed with large quantities of fish meal, because this raw material also favors overfishing of the world's oceans.

task

It is therefore the object of the invention to implement the material and energy flows with suitable means in such a way that not only an ecological benefit, but also an additional economic good arises in the agricultural enterprise.

The object is achieved in a method for operating a farm of the generic type according to the invention by the characterizing feature of claim 1.

Further advantageous refinements are specified in the dependent claims 2 to 11.

With regard to a farm plant itself, the object is achieved according to the invention by the characterizing features of claim 12.

A further embodiment is specified in claim 13.

With regard to a fish feed in this regard, the object is achieved according to the invention by the characterizing features of claim 14.

Further advantageous configurations in this regard are specified in the remaining dependent claims.

The essence of the process according to the invention is that the plant culture system is a culture system for aquatic plants, in such a way that fish feed is produced from the aquatic plants and is fed back to the at least one fish breeding tank for feeding the fish.

Furthermore, it is advantageously designed that the size of the aquatic plant culture plant of the farm plant is such that, in addition to the fish manure, agricultural manure and digestate residues are also introduced after separation, precipitation and hygienization, and as a nutrient solution, if necessary in a diluted form of the aquatic plant culture plant is fed.

Furthermore, it is advantageously configured that the nitrogen load of the fish manure is flushed over nitrifiers and is therefore predominantly in nitrified form, and is fed to the aquatic plant culture system in such a way that the concentration of NO ₃ ^- in the waste water is greater than the concentration of NH4 +. Said drain water can be adjusted to the desired final nutrient values in the duckweed cultures by appropriately mixing them with zero water from the condensation within the culture system. The physiological requirements for the molarities of the nutrient solution to be adjusted are decisive. The decisive factor here is not the amount of, for example, nitrate NO ₃ ^- , but the molarities in relation to nitrogen.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that the farm system is arranged in a greenhouse. This turns the facility into a weather-independent farm facility that can be operated all year round.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that an insect and / or worm farming is integrated into the farm system, the insects and / or worms being fed from the culture system of aquatic plants, and the insects and / or worms as animal protein and Fat source is mixed with the fish feed.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that the aquatic plant culture system, including the fish farming system, are arranged in a closed greenhouse, in which condensate is collected and as Mixing zero water is used for the preparation of said nutrient solution.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that the aquatic plant culture system is designed as a stacked tub system that is created in a shelving system.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that the aquatic plant culture system is designed as a tub system created under plant tables of agricultural crops.

This tub system can advantageously be constructed in one layer.

Alternatively, the tub system can be multi-layered.

Auxiliary lights can be used in both cases. The duckweed in the cultures are weak light-tolerant, so that an illumination striking the culture surface in the photosynthetically relevant wavelength range PAR is only less than or equal to 100 µmol S ^-1 m ^-2 . This is often already in the peripheral area of the greenhouse of the said farm without additional lighting.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that the farm system with a combined fish farming and plant culture system is connected to the heat flows of an agricultural enterprise, for example a biogas system, thus a combined heat and power unit or the waste heat from a food production, in such a way that the heat used is used to heat the farm system. This means that operating temperatures in the farm system, i.e. achieved in the zone of duckweed cultures as well as fish cultures from 25 ° C to 28 ° C.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that the aquatic plant culture system is supplied with carbon dioxide from said material flows, for air fertilization with CO ₂ . This is a further use in the entire cascade of uses.
Both the CHP of a biogas plant and the fish farm itself supply CO2, which demonstrably results in a considerably higher biomass yield in duckweed crops than would be possible with a surrounding CO ₂ value of 300 ppm. A value that is considered optimal is around 2,500 ppm, but this is still significantly below the labor law limit for long-term access, which is around 5,000 ppm.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is therefore stated that the aquatic plants are duckweed (Lemnaceae). According to the invention, these are suitable in this overall concept as fish feed, that is to say locally produced fish feed.

On the one hand, duckweed has very high crude protein values. It is much more surprising, however, that this amino acid spectrum is COMPLETE and therefore also contains all essential amino acids. Since this plant itself comes from the aquatic medium, it is from the biological evolutionary history also much more suitable for feeding in the aquatic medium. In addition, the ratio of Omega3 / Omega6 fatty acids in favor of Omega3 fatty acids is much better. For this reason, the fish feed made from it provides both starch and protein without gluten. Thus, as will be shown below, the fish feed can completely replace the usual addition of wheat and the fish meal to a very considerable extent in the fish feed. The necessary metabolic energy values to be achieved, together with the total protein content to be achieved and very high in fish feeding, clearly favor the duckweed compared to soy as a fish feed component.

The core of the device according to the invention is a farm plant in such a way that the plant culture plant is a cultural plant for aquatic plants, in such a way that fish feed is produced from the aquatic plants and is fed back to the at least one fish breeding tank for feeding the fish.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is specified that the farm system is connected to the nutrient flows of an agricultural company, or food or feed production company, in such a way that nutrient-rich waste water and / or liquid manure and / or digestate residues accumulate as nutrients, and waste heat and CO2, into the farm system is or will be fed.

With regard to a fish feed in this regard with a protein-containing vegetable component, the essence of the invention consists in the fact that the vegetable protein component of the fish feed consists predominantly of duckweed, or duckweed extract or extracts.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that animal fat and / or animal oil is added to the duckweed.
It is also advantageous that at least one gluten-free starch component is added to the fish feed.

In a further advantageous embodiment, it is stated that trace elements and / or vitamins are either added directly to the fish feed or already in during the culture phase of the duckweed the desired amount, based on the fish feed, is added to the culture water.
In this embodiment, the physiological property of duckweed is used in an inventive manner that trace element concentrations that are above their own requirement for plant growth are compartmentalized within the cell structure of the duckweed. These are then not available for the metabolism of the duckweed, but these trace elements can be accumulated in the desired manner, in the desired manner in relation to the subsequent use as a biogenic carrier for these trace elements, which are to be introduced into the fish feed.
In this way, the fish feed later obtained from the duckweed can be controlled by doping the nutrient solution that is fed to the aquatic culture system.

Furthermore, it is advantageously configured that biomass from insects and / or worms is added to the fish feed, which are previously fed from the biomass of the aquatic plants.
This protein source from insects and / or worms can either be admixed or alternatively administered to the aquatic plant biomass, in particular in the case of forage fish farming.

mit

• Prot_gesamt := Gesamt Proteingehalt
• a_i := Index der prozentualen Anteile; wobei die Bedingung

gilt:

• ∑_i (a_i) = 1
• K_l = jeweilige Futterkomponente und für den metabolischen Energiegehalt E_gesamt gilt: $$E_{\text{gesamt}}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{\text{i}}\left(a_{\text{i}}*E\left(K_{\text{i}}\right)\right)}$$
  

In the last advantageous embodiment it is stated that the following mixing parameters are created as follows with regard to the raw protein content and the energy: $${\text{Prot}}_{\text{total}}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{\text{i}}\left(a_{\text{i}}*K_{\text{i}}\right)}$$

With

• _Total Prot: = total protein content
• a _i : = index of percentages; being the condition

applies:

• ∑ _i (a _i ) = 1
• K _l = the respective feed component and the following applies to the _total metabolic energy content E: $$E_{\text{total}}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{\text{i}}\left(a_{\text{i}}*E\left(K_{\text{i}}\right)\right)}$$
  

The invention is shown in an embodiment and explained in more detail below.

• 1: Darstellung einer Stapelkulturanlage und Fischzuchtanlage
• 2: Kaskadennutzen bei landwirtschaftlicher Einbindung

It shows.

• 1 : Representation of a batch culture facility and fish farm
• 2nd : Cascade benefits in agricultural integration

1 shows a rack arrangement of culture tubs 1 for a duckweed culture that is filled with nutrient solution on which the duckweed culture floats. The duckweed are cultivated in the shallow culture pans. The cultures may be equipped with LED lighting 5 if necessary partially illuminated. More sensors 6 for the visual assessment of the cover, for example until the crop is ready for harvest, are also placed accordingly. There are also piping systems 4th inserted into the culture trays via which nutrient solution and / or water can be supplied.
The rack system, ie the duckweed cultivation system and a fish farm 10th are integrated into the greenhouse, which is not shown here. So this is an indoor system. The condensation water that returns due to the high evaporation in the closed greenhouse through condensation is used as mixed water to produce a corresponding molarity in the nutrient solution of the culture water for the duckweed.

At the fish farm 10th the sinking fish manure is discharged at the bottom and laterally through the inflow openings. This drained water is then filtered in a filtration stage. After disinfection, for example by ozonation, a partial flow of this water can be cleaned, but can also be flushed out of the nutrient system. Another part is passed through a nitrification stage in which the ammonium-rich nitrogen load is converted into nitrate that is more favorable for plants. The molarity of the mixed water is adjusted with the said mixed water, including the recycled trace elements and phosphorus and potassium of the duckweed culture, and, if available, also fed to other plant crops.

2nd shows an entire process in connection with an agricultural cascade benefit.

The inclusion of both manure and digestate from agricultural production is intended to preserve the existing material flows with regard to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the cycle of a meaningful cascade use, for the local production of concentrate, and in this case for the purpose of expanding the normal Animal husbandry also on fish farming. The animal manure (including fish manure) and digestate residues are hygienized using standard methods such as precipitation with subsequent disinfection of the clear-phase nutrient solution by ozonation etc. The above illustration shows not only the functional coherence of the whole interconnected system, but also its simplicity as a retrofit solution in existing farms.
The heart of the farm is livestock for meat and milk production. In dairy cattle, for example, maize is also fed in addition to roughage and concentrated feed. Soybean meal is often used as a component of concentrated feed as a protein carrier. Soy is imported, and it poses the problem that not every soybean meal originates from ecologically sensible cultivation, but above all that it is mostly non-GMO-free in the trade.
In addition, the purchase of concentrated feed represents a great risk for the farmer due to strong fluctuations in the market price. Above all, however, in the event of a general shortage of feed, as occurred in the summer of 2018 in local regions. In the event that self-cultivated maize is used as shown here, there is still a risk of dry summer.

In the present presentation, an ecologically sound handling of feed is shown, in that the corn is not fed into the BGA biogas plant, but into the dairy cattle. The plant pruning, on the other hand, finds its way into the biogas plant 20th . So is the manure produced by the livestock.
Meat and / or milk is the first commodity 1 for the farmer.
The yield of electrical energy fed into the CHP unit 21 the biogas plant 20th thus creates the second asset.
The digestate from the biogas plant 20th , which normally does not only consist of the main fermenter, but also of the secondary fermenter and fermentation residue storage, ultimately ends up for disposal, with the problems described above. These must not be deployed within the legal blocking period and must therefore be kept in appropriately large and expensive warehouses. Even then, maximum application limits apply, especially for nitrogen and phosphorus. Most farms, however, do not have enough arable land to compensate. Conversely, the number of livestock will have to be reduced or a demonstrable and costly disposal of excess nutrient loads will become mandatory. By adding a separation and precipitation 24th of the digestate, they can still be converted into a thick phase fraction, which can be used sensibly as a third commodity in cultivated earth. For the most part, this disposal is not an economic asset for the farmer if he does not undertake the final added value of fertilizer extraction himself.
However, the clear phase obtained during the separation and precipitation is not yet free of nutrients, but is only reduced in nutrient content by approximately 50 to 60% using known processes.
Raining such clear phases on arable land, however, must also not exceed the limit values for nutrients per hectare.
At this point, the indoor cultivation method according to the invention, or as shown here, acts as a farm, for the extremely fast-growing and therefore highly draining duckweed culture, which not only has a 5-fold area yield compared to maize, as described above, but now is also stacked on top of each other in 10 floors. This means that peak values of up to 30 to 50 times the yield based on the base area of high-quality protein-containing biomass can be obtained, from 28 to 40% crude protein in the dry matter. The greenhouse with the appropriate aquaponic stacking system 1 , as in 1 already shown, is generated all year round with the waste heat from the biogas plant 20th respectively the CHP 21 fed and thus kept continuously at approx. 25 to 30 ° C. The large entire water body of the aquatic cultural facility 22 , which can also operate other aquatic cultures in addition to duckweed, including all aquatic culture tanks with duckweed, has an enormously large specific heat capacity which, with continuous heating, has an advantageously inert and thus stable temperature response. Additional heating by global radiation is added. Due to their strong vigor, the duckweed is optimally kept in the maximum gradient of the sigmoidal growth curve of the duckweed population by the patented partial harvest either daily or every 2 to 5 days.

As proposed here, fish farming facilities are now within this aquaculture system 10th in the form of fish farming basins integrated into the entire greenhouse, which is already heated in the waste heat concept and which houses the aquatic culture system and the fish farming system. The resulting fish manure can either be transported through the biogas plant, or it is also fed to the nutrient flows from the fermentation residues to be treated at the BGA for separation and precipitation. This nutrient stream is then fed to the culture water of the duckweed of the Lemna culture system after sanitation. The duckweed converts the nutrient flows there into protein-rich biomass. This biomass, which is then harvested as above, is either brought back into the local mixed feed production as a protein substrate in a partial flow, for livestock and for fish feeding to the same extent. The farmer not only spares himself the purchase of the protein component for his concentrate in the livestock, he also produces his own, otherwise extremely expensive, high-quality fish feed locally.
As a result, the farmer not only saves on the purchase of the protein components of his feed, he also receives a year-round new commodity 4th , namely noble edible fish, such as perch.
Both the acceptance and the value in relation to the metabolic energy value and the protein content have been tested with outstanding results. The combination of duckweed indoor culture with fish farming in a combined system of using agricultural nutrient flows is perfectly adaptable to one another. This has great general, ecological, but nevertheless high economic value for the farmers.

Furthermore, insect or worm farming can also be integrated into the farm system, as is already the case 1 shows as culture tubs 16 for worms and / or insects, which are provided with an air-permeable net as a retention, and above all at the very bottom in the completely unlit part of the aquatic cultural facility is integrated into the farm facility. The special thing is that these worms and / or insects are fed from the biomass of aquatic or hydroponic plants. Animal proteins are thus produced from this insect or worm biomass, and there is a favorable fatty acid spectrum available, so that this biomass is available as a further component for the fish feed of predatory fish.

3rd shows a sub-design, in which the integrated aquatic culture system from tubs 2nd is formed, which saves space under the planting tables 100 of pot cultures can be placed. This leads to a high degree of compactness of the integrated farm system. These zones are with LED auxiliary lighting 5 equipped, for example, the duckweed cultures, which are considered to be weak light tolerant, still provide enough light for photosynthesis.
The tub system placed there can be single-layer or multi-layer as shown here.
The planting tables 100 are often designed as so-called roller tables that can be moved laterally, in this way illuminations of the low-light-tolerant duckweed from the global radiation present can also be generated, at least temporarily.

Reference list

1

aquatic culture system

2nd

Culture tanks for aquatic cultures

3rd

Buttresses

4th

Supply line for nutrient solution

5

Illumination, for example with LED

6

Sensor system

10th

Fish farming pool

11

Suction for fish manure

12th

Filtration

13

Nitrification

14

Mixer / culture water

15

Condensate collector

16

Culture trays for mealworms / insects

20th

BGA, biogas plant

21

CHP, combined heat and power plant

22

Aquatic cultural facility

23

Feed pelletizers, extruders

24th

Digestate separator and separator

Claims (21)

A method is provided for operating a farm plant for the combined fish farming and plant culture system, wherein in a first fish farming segment at least one fish tanks, as well as a sewage treatment plant for fish manure, and further comprising a watering system for the plant culture system, the nutrients are derived from the sewage treatment plant for fish manure, characterized in that that the plant culture system is a culture system for aquatic plants, in such a way that fish feed is produced from the aquatic plants, which feed is fed back to the at least one fish breeding tank for feeding the fish. Procedure according to Claim 1 , characterized in that the size of the aquatic plant culture plant of the farm plant is such that, in addition to the fish manure, agricultural manure and digestate after separation, precipitation and hygienization are also introduced, and, if necessary, fed to the aquatic plant culture plant in a diluted form becomes. Procedure according to Claim 1 or 2nd , characterized in that the nitrogen load of the fish manure is flushed over nitrifiers and is therefore predominantly in nitrified form, and is fed to the aquatic plant culture system, so that the concentration of NO ₃ ^- in the waste water is greater than the concentration of NH ₄ ⁺ . Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the farm plant is arranged in a greenhouse. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an insect and / or worm farming is integrated within the farm system, the insects and / or worms being fed from the culture system of aquatic plants, and the insects and / or worms as animal protein and fat source is added to the fish feed. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the aquatic plant culture system together with the fish farming system are arranged in a closed greenhouse in which condensed water is collected and used as a mixture zero water for the preparation of said nutrient solution. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the aquatic plant culture system is designed as a stacked tub system created in a shelving system. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the aquatic plant culture system is designed as a tub system created under plant tables of pot cultures. Procedure according to Claim 8 , characterized in that the bathtub system is single-layer under the table. Procedure according to Claim 8 , characterized in that the tub system is multi-layer under the table. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the farm system with a combined fish farming and plant culture system is connected to the heat flows of an agricultural enterprise, for example a biogas system, thus a combined heat and power unit or the waste heat from a food production, in such a way that the heat used to heat the Farm plant serves. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the aquatic plant culture system is exposed to carbon dioxide from said streams of fish culture, for air fertilization with CO ₂ . Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the aquatic plants are duckweed (Lemnaceae). Farm plant with a combined fish farming and plant culture plant, in which at least one fish breeding basin and a wastewater treatment plant for fish manure are provided in a first fish breeding segment, and further an irrigation plant for the plant culture plant, the nutrients of which are obtained from the wastewater treatment plant for fish manure, or from other nutrient sources of an agricultural one Company, characterized in that the plant culture system is a culture system for aquatic plants, in such a way that fish food is produced from the aquatic plants, which is fed back to the at least one fish breeding tank for feeding the fish. Farm plant after Claim 14 , characterized in that the farm installation is connected to the nutrient flows of an agricultural operation, or food or feed production operation, in such a way that any nutrient-rich waste water and / or slurry and / or digestate residues are fed into the farm installation as nutrients, and waste heat and CO2. Fish feed with a protein-based vegetable component, characterized in that the vegetable protein component of the fish feed consists at least partially or predominantly of duckweed, or duckweed extract or extracts. Fish food after Claim 16 , characterized in that animal fat and / or animal oil, for example fish oil, is added to the duckweed. Fish food after Claim 16 or 17th , characterized in that at least one gluten-free starch component is added to the fish feed. Fish food according to one of the previous ones Claims 16 to 18th , characterized in that trace elements and / or vitamins are either added directly to the fish feed, or during the culture phase of the duckweed is already introduced into the culture water in the desired amount, based on the fish feed. Fish food according to one of the previous ones Claims 16 to 19th , characterized in that the fish feed is mixed with biomass from insects and / or worms, which are previously fed from the biomass of the aquatic plants. Fish food according to one of the Claims 16 to 20th , characterized in that the following mixing parameters with regard to the raw protein content and the energy are created as follows: $${\text{Prot}}_{\text{total}}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{\text{i}}\left(a_{\text{i}}*K_{\text{i}}\right)}$$

with Prot _total : = total protein content a _i : = index of percentages; where the condition condition applies: $${\displaystyle {\sum }_{\text{i}}\left({\text{a}}_{\text{i}}\right)=1}$$

K _i = the respective feed component and for the _total metabolic energy content E: $$E_{\text{total}}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{\text{i}}\left(a_{\text{i}}*E\left(K_{\text{i}}\right)\right)}$$

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