DE102010002237A1 - Method and device for electrical power distribution - Google Patents

Abstract

Method for distributing electrical energy to a plurality of energy consumers (0000) in a local network (2000), at least one of which is a station for charging the energy store and / or extracting energy from the energy store of at least one vehicle, a limited one for the local network maximum power is provided by a higher-level supply network (4000) and / or can be fed into it and the local network has several internal connections, the connection values of all consumers (0000) on the internal connections of the local network adding up to those for the local network (2000) exceed available maximum power, as well as a corresponding device. In order to create a method and a device for electrical energy distribution which are able to optimally distribute the maximum available total energy to the individual connected consumers without causing any limit values to be exceeded, be it the local network or the supply network, or if a predetermined budget is exceeded, it is proposed according to the invention that an intelligent control device (3000) with a control input and at least one control output is provided at or behind the interface to the supply network in the local network, said control device providing the energy supply on the basis of at least predefinable control parameters switches on and off or limits the connections and / or the energy output via the connections of the local network in accordance with a predeterminable energy distribution plan such that the sum of the services provided on the individual connections of the local network PORTABLE does not exceed and / or einspeisbare maximum power, wherein at least a predeterminable control parameter corresponds to the energy requirement of the energy storage device to be charged the at least one vehicle

Description

The present invention relates to a method for electrical power distribution to a plurality of energy consumers in a local area network, at least one of which is a station for charging the energy storage and / or energy extraction from the energy storage of at least one vehicle, wherein for the local network limited maximum power of is provided to a higher-level disposal network and / or can be fed in and the local network has a plurality of internal connections, wherein the connection values of all consumers at the internal connections of the local network in total exceed the maximum power available for the local network.

Likewise, the present invention also relates to a corresponding device for electrical power distribution to a plurality of electrical energy consumers in a local area network, wherein at least one of the energy consumers is a charging station for the energy storage of at least one vehicle and for the local network limited maximum power from a parent power supply to Is provided and / or can be fed and the local area network has several internal connections for the energy consumers and -gegeiser, wherein the connection values of all consumers of the local network in their sum exceed the available maximum power.

Local networks, such as a household network or even a local network of a production plant or a factory, usually have numerous connections through which different consumers are supplied with electricity. In this case, individual connections or groups of connections are usually secured by a common fuse. In turn, the entire local area network is connected to a utility grid through one or more main fuses. In such a system, the maximum available power for the local grid is given by the maximum current through the main fuse or main fuses multiplied by the generally fixed voltage of the grid. Such local grids, however, have a very large number of individual ports These connections, apart from the terminals of permanently installed electrical appliances, generally provide only flexible means of extracting electrical power at any port, but not all of the ports are each simultaneously used by all the energy consumers present in the local network.

Starting with the design of the entire electrical system of a local network including the group-wise or individual protection of connections, it is assumed that the maximum possible energy transmission capacity according to the individual protection is not used simultaneously for all connections. Consequently, the buzzer of the maximum currents which could flow via the individual fuses or connections generally far exceeds the triggering limit value of the assigned main fuse, precisely because it is assumed that the maximum power is not simultaneously called in parallel over all individual fuses.

As such local grids are generally designed for extended use, they must also be flexible enough to accommodate changing conditions. As a result, in practice, individual connections or groups of connections are protected with a very generous safety margin, which corresponds to the potential peak demand at this connection, but which is far above the average current flow which usually takes place via the relevant connection or connection groups.

However, such a practice of very generous protection and provision of safety reserves is becoming increasingly inappropriate and expensive if the electrical energy demand of the local network becomes very large and, for example, significantly exceeds that of a typical household network. In the case of local grids with a high power or energy requirement, therefore, especially large energy consumers are individually secured on demand and without excessive safety reserve. However, this is not possible for local grids, where consumers often change and which have a very fluctuating energy demand.

Strong fluctuations in the demand of many local networks may also endanger a higher-level supply network. For example, the phenomenon of electrical peak consumption in the early morning, at noon and at evening time, when many consumers according to general practices more or less simultaneously electrical devices such. B. run water heater for showers, electric stoves, or televisions in operation.

Problems with strong fluctuations in demand are likely to worsen in the near future if measures to tackle the feared climate change are followed by massive conversion of individual traffic to electric vehicles. While generally aiming at a lower primary energy consumption, this will presumably nevertheless lead to a significantly higher consumption of electrical energy, since electrical machines and devices often have a much higher efficiency than corresponding devices and machines, which are operated for example with internal combustion engines and consequently will be preferred in the future. The previous conversion of other (thermal) energy into electrical energy can be done in modern power plants with relatively high efficiency, so that also for the generation of kinetic energy (eg motor vehicle traffic) from thermal energy or combustion of fuels, the detour through the generation From initial electrical energy, which is then converted into kinetic energy, is quite worthwhile from an energy efficiency point of view.

As a rule, wind energy plants, solar power plants and also biogas power plants in any case directly provide electrical energy for the general supply networks, so that the supply of electrical energy is thereby also adapted to the presumably growing demand.

Especially the energy needs of z. B. electric vehicles but is relatively high and batteries of electric vehicles usually have a storage capacity of at least 16 kWh up to a few hundred kWh.

If, for example, a battery with a capacity of 60 kWh is to be fully charged within 4 hours, a current of almost 70 amperes must flow through a corresponding charging station, which is operated with 220 V AC. This would already exceed the trigger limit of main fuses of most household appliances. The charging process on a household network therefore takes longer, with the long charging time generally being regarded as a disadvantage of electric vehicles.

In order to be able to charge the batteries of electric vehicles efficiently, one will therefore have to resort to special "charging stations", which are designed specifically for this purpose and possibly provide greater benefits. However, such charging stations can not be dimensioned arbitrarily large, but must be designed for a certain maximum demand that can not be exceeded, but still the number of individual ports and their individual transmission capacity in the sum well above the maximum available for the charging station power can lie.

Furthermore, it is to be expected that the daily fluctuations in the electrical energy demand will be even more pronounced in the case of a more widespread use of electric vehicles than has already been the case up to now. In particular, it is expected that in the evening, when many car owners come home, the vehicles in question are connected to a charging station.

One way to influence such consumption habits is to have variable electrical power costs depending on appropriate time windows in which the electrical energy is being consumed.

The term "available maximum power", as used in the beginning, therefore includes not only a maximum in the physical sense available power, but also a z. For example, in terms of cost, maximum available power, d. H. that a performance limitation in this sense can not only be based on physical conditions, but also on the basis of other boundary conditions.

Also, the term of the (electric) "energy storage" is not limited to batteries and not to electric vehicles, but includes all kinds of energy storage, which are charged by means of electrical energy. This would also apply, for example, to a flywheel storage that is powered by electrical energy and stores kinetic energy, and would also apply to a pneumatic energy storage in which electrical energy is used to operate a compressor containing air or some other gas in a pressure tank compressed, whereby the gas thus tensioned later the stored energy in the form of mechanical or (via generator) electrical energy again. Nevertheless, for the sake of clarity, primary examples of the examples and embodiments of the present invention to be considered below are considered as the corresponding energy storage devices, without the invention being restricted thereto.

Similarly, the term energy distribution is not limited to the charging of energy storage but also concerns the case of network integration. That means that an energy storage energy in form can give off electrical energy. This fed-in energy can then be fed into the superordinate supply network by the method and the device for electrical energy distribution and / or used for charging further energy stores in the local network. Without limiting the generality, we consider below the case of loading.

Compared to the above-mentioned prior art, the present invention has the object to provide a method and an apparatus for electrical power distribution, which are able to distribute the maximum available total energy in an optimal manner to the individual connected consumers without it exceeding of any limit values, be it the local network or the supply network, or exceeding of a predetermined budget.

With regard to the method, this object is achieved in that an intelligent control device with a control input and at least one control output is provided at or behind the interface to the supply network in the local network, which on the basis of at least one predetermined control parameter, the power supply to the terminals of the local Network according to a determined from this power distribution plan so on and off or limited that the sum of the provided at the individual terminals of the local network power does not exceed the available maximum power, at least one specifiable control parameter corresponds to the energy needs of the energy storage of the at least one vehicle to be charged ,

With regard to the device, the object underlying the invention is achieved in that this device comprises an intelligent control device which cooperates with at least one switching device which is arranged at or behind the interface to the supply network in the local network, wherein the control device has a control input and has at least one control output and is connected and controllable such that on the basis of at least one predetermined control parameter via the at least one switching device, the energy supply and / or energy intake to and / or from the terminals of the local network on and off or limited, so that the sum of the electrical power of the local network provided via the individual connections does not exceed the maximum total power available for the local network.

The inventive method and the corresponding device allow a substantially improved flexibility and planning options in the design of local networks and in large scale application of the parent utility networks, and a cost and more even use of existing transmission capacities and / or existing feed-in potential.

Also with regard to the number of individual connections as well as with regard to the power transmission capacity of the individual connections, specifications of the supply network must be observed. For example, a charging station for which the maximum power consumption is limited to 500 kW could easily have 20 charging stations that individually could transfer 100 kW of power each without having to block individual stations depending on the current power consumption and without any Safety shutdowns take place, especially since it can often happen that all charging stations are occupied, but not all of them each need the full charging capacity.

According to the inventive method and the corresponding device is preferably carried out automatically limiting the power output and / or power consumption in the sum of the maximum available power and / or maximum recordable power by an automatic connection and disconnection of the individual stations or a limitation the power or currents delivered and / or received via the individual stations takes place. Users and operators of such a charging station do not have to pay attention to the type or number of already connected energy storage devices (or other electrical energy consumers), nor must any sequence or connection value be taken into account when connecting the energy storage device. If there is a corresponding need, each free charging station is simply occupied and the device according to the invention then automatically assumes the appropriate power distribution based on the respective current control parameters and a corresponding programming, wherein at least one of the control parameters the energy needs of the energy storage of the at least one vehicle to be charged or the feed potential corresponds to the connected energy storage.

It is of course possible in principle to detect the control parameters in any way, to determine an energy distribution plan and possibly present this for the operator of the local network, so that the operator then based on this energy distribution plan (from Hand or by confirming a timing diagram) can make the necessary circuits. However, an embodiment of the method is preferred in which at least the determination of the energy distribution plan is carried out automatically on the basis of the respective control parameters and this energy distribution plan is also automatically implemented by the intelligent control device.

According to a variant of the method according to the invention, the maximum available power for the local network can be given for example by the trip limit of one or more main fuse (s) and by the voltage of the supply network, in which case the sum of the consumer demand currents is the tripping limit value of the Main fuse (s) exceeds, the power distribution plan provides a constant time total current that is less than the tripping limit of the main fuse (s). A temporally constant total current just below the tripping limit value of the main fuse (s) is the narrative optimum in such a situation with regard to the fulfillment of the concrete power requirement.

It is understood that the power distribution plan is automatically re-determined as soon as any of the control parameters changes.

As already mentioned, the maximum available power may well be less than the maximum power that would be transferable at a given supply voltage for a main fuse or main fuses. For example, at certain times of day, the operator of a local area network may only have a limited energy quota at a given price. If it exceeds this quota, an increased price would be due for the additional energy consumption. In such a situation, the operator of the local network can specify the available maximum power so that during the affected period the energy quota available at the favorable price is not exceeded. Even such an energy contingent or the resulting maximum available power during a certain period of time can therefore be one of the control parameters which is evaluated by the intelligent control device in order to determine the energy distribution plan therefrom.

However, this control parameter may also change depending on other control parameters. For example, a customer of a charging station could be willing to pay a higher price for a promptly fast charging of the battery of his electric vehicle, the higher price compensating for the additional cost of exceeding the above mentioned energy contingent. In this case, therefore, the parameter of the available maximum electrical power could be increased accordingly.

Accordingly, in one embodiment of the method according to the invention also provided that the individually switchable consumers are assigned variable priority levels.

For example, if the power distribution plan provides for all connected loads to be timed so that each of the loads, including waits and pauses, needs approximately the same total time to charge, then this total duration may be entered by entering a higher Priority level are shortened, with the consumer in question is then preferably supplied with energy. Also, for safety reasons or because of the particular importance of certain consumers, some consumers may be given preferential priorities, especially when it comes to higher-level systems such as lighting or an emergency system (eg cooling pumps) of the installation concerned.

The criteria for the energy distribution plan are in principle freely selectable. The energy distribution plan can be designed, for example, so that a previously connected consumer who has the same or even lower energy consumption than a later connected consumer receives the required total energy also earlier. A variant of the power supply of the individual consumers is for example in a timeshare method, which means, for example, that for a consumer, the electrical energy supply is switched off when it is switched on for another, so currently only a limited number of energy consumers is switched on, which receive in their sum the maximum available total power, with a different part of the consumers being switched off during this time, and switching at certain intervals in order to distribute the available power more evenly among all connected energy consumers. In particular, it is not always necessary for an early connected electrical energy storage to supply them immediately and continuously with the maximum power required and he is accordingly fully charged early, if on the other hand for this charging anyway a larger period of time is available. In this case, the charging process can be timed be stretched accordingly, so that other energy storage in turn can be charged accordingly faster.

Depending on the configuration of the individual consumers or electrical energy storage, the switching devices for individual consumers individually limited flows, z. B. supply by limiting the voltage or average voltage to the load terminals. Many batteries can absorb different charging currents without being damaged, whereby the corresponding current regulation can also be done indirectly via a suitable voltage setting.

A voltage limitation can be effected for example by time cutting of the supply voltage, including in particular the phase control is to count in an AC power supply, the term "time division of the supply voltage", however, also includes corresponding pulse / pause ratios in a DC power supply.

Time-sharing according to the pulse-pause method effectively means a packet-wise energy transfer, as it is especially in the older (not yet published) DE 10 2009 003 173.1 The same applicant has been disclosed, in particular even the supply network may be a so-called "smart grid" that the electrical energy in exactly sized energy packages based on a previous or parallel communication between an energy supplier and a consumer or the operator of a local network available thus providing limited maximum benefits and amounts of energy that can be distributed in an optimized way to the respective consumers by the present process.

In a preferred embodiment of the inventive method, at least a portion of the control parameters at the beginning of the power supply of the consumer is detected directly via the electrical connection of the consumer or they are communicated from an external source via a separate communication channel. An example of an immediate detection of a control parameter via the electrical connection would be z. As the measurement of the internal resistance of an electric battery that can provide information about the state of charge of the battery.

In addition, however, it may also be possible and permissible for control parameters to be detected and transferred independently of an electrical connection via a separate communication channel. For example, an electrical connector for a battery could have additional contacts or channels of an information channel, or communication can be via Powerline Communication (PLC). Also, the connection via a separate communication cable or via a wireless network would be conceivable, as well as inputs of a user in a terminal, via a mobile phone or any other device (eg via Bluetooth or WLAN), with the help of which an input of a control parameter into the system is possible.

Control parameters may include, for example, the minimum total desired amount of energy and / or a maximum supply or charging time. The user of a charging station, for example, pretend that he wants to use his vehicle after 2 hours in any case and he wants to receive the maximum available energy during this time, but at least for example half of the maximum amount of energy that can be supplied. The connection and disconnection of the electrical power supply can then be controlled so that in any case the minimum condition is met and, moreover, during the time available further energy is stored, if thereby the maximum available total power is not exceeded, even if as a result the energy supplied to the energy store does not correspond to the theoretically possible, maximum supplyable amount of energy during the entire supply time.

In addition, in a variant of the method according to the invention, provision is made for the current profile notified according to the energy distribution plan and the advised supply duration and the amount of energy supplied during this time to be output for at least one consumer via an external communication device. Such an external communication device may be, for example, a display or the mobile phone of a consumer, after which the user gets displayed, after what time which amount of energy has been loaded into an energy store, so that he can decide based on this information, for example, if he may charge aborts prematurely or changes a priority state. Furthermore, he can be informed in this way exactly when he can take his vehicle at the earliest and with what state of charge of the electrical energy storage again.

Such a communication with a central office or an intelligent network node should, of course, take place via an input / output interface that can be operated by humans, although applications are also conceivable in which electrical energy consumers are automatically connected or disconnected on the basis of corresponding information, ie in the Energy distribution plan or removed entirely from it.

Optionally, additional conditions must be observed by the control device, such. For example, the fact that the current is limited via a terminal or via a group of terminals to a value that is below a tripping limit value of an individual fuse for this terminal or the relevant group of terminals. This means that not only the total power but also the power (or the current) via individual connections must be considered. With regard to the device, it is useful if it has current measuring devices for individually switchable terminal groups, in order to monitor in this way compliance with the energy distribution plan. As already mentioned, in one embodiment the device should also have devices for measuring the total load resistance of one or more consumers, which are switched on or off together via a corresponding switching device or whose current consumption is limited by a switching device.

Conveniently, one will provide power electronics as a switching device, so that the control device of the device according to the invention directly a power electronics or more power electronics controls, which switches the power supply to the individual consumers or groups of consumers and / or limited.

The control device may optionally be a central device or a decentralized device. A decentralized device could for example be in the form that several switching devices are provided, each having a processor, these processors form a peer-to-peer network. Such a peer-to-peer network is self-organized and would determine a corresponding power distribution plan through communication among the processors, without the need for a central instance.

In particular for application to a charging station, a device is preferred in which at least one of the connections of the local network has a battery management system. Specifically, the individual charging stations of a charging station for electric vehicles could each have their own battery management system, which determines the type and condition of the battery to be charged and provides a tuned, optimized and compatible with the power distribution plan power supply. Such a battery management system should preferably be able to communicate with an already integrated into the vehicle or in an electrical energy storage battery management system and this if necessary to bypass or turn off.

Not only in such a device is of course a device for detecting the state of charge of a storage battery of particular advantage.

In addition, it is provided that each one of the terminals or a group of terminals of the local network has an individual fuse, so that when any error occurs, even if this should be excluded by the power distribution plan according to the invention, in addition still connection or the relevant Group of terminals can be electrically disconnected from the rest of the system.

Further advantages, features and possible applications of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment and the associated figures. Show it:

1 Schematically a charging station with several similar charging stations,

2 A schedule of arrival and charging for several electric vehicles at 10 parking spaces of the charging station 1 .

3 The from the timing of the 1 resulting current curve according to the prior art,

4 A charging scheme for the batteries of the vehicles according to the present invention,

5 The from the charging scheme of 4 resulting current curve,

6 a detailed representation of the charging station after 1 .

7 An example of a switching device for controlling a consumer connection, and

8th An application scheme of the invention for a fundamentally symmetrical energy flow, for example in a "smart grid".

Exemplary embodiment: The intelligent charging station

According to the 1 and 6 the smart charging station consists of a number of vehicle parking spaces 0000 , Each of these pitches has a charging station 1000 which correspond to the energy consumers defined in the claims. The charging stations are via a common power grid 2000 (local area network) to a controller 3000 connected, which is also described below as energy management. This in turn is with a parent utility network 4000 connected; (please refer 1 and 6 ).

The charging stations 1000 and the vehicles on the pitches 0000 are connected both electrically and via communication lines. Likewise, there is the connection network 2000 inside the gas station from a power grid 2100 and a communication network 2200 with power 3100 and communication components 3200 in energy management 3000 are connected. As a superior utility network 4000 a classic conventional power grid is assumed. A smart grid (as explained above) as a utility network 4000 is possible for this invention but is not presupposed.

For communication between vehicle 0200 and charging station 1200 For example, a wireline or wirelessly transported IP protocol can be used. In addition, the vehicle can communicate via its own WLAN or mobile radio cell or a form of Near Field Communication (NFC) with the mobile phone, smartphone or other mobile communication-capable computer of the driver, so that this in turn communicates via a network with the charging station. In this case, it may be possible or necessary for the driver to be involved in this communication, for example by entering information into the computer, representing the control parameters or being determined from the control parameters. In various embodiments, this may be via buttons, touchscreens, pen inputs, voice input, gesture recognition, built-in or connected camera, or other methods.

This communication is used in particular to identify the vehicle with respect to the fuel pump (authentication) and to authorize (authorization) and as a basis for the associated billing (accounting); These three functions are summarized below in the term AAA. Accordingly, the component of energy management includes 3000 an integrated AAA server 3310 as part of their internal information systems 3300 , In the present example, in particular the vehicle and the driver are identified, and the state of charge of the battery and the need for refueling is transmitted. For this purpose, an application or application is loaded on the communication device of the vehicle or the driver's smartphone, which is used for communication with the smart charging station. These applications are called Tank App.

The charging requirement is transmitted via the communication between driver, vehicle and intelligent charging station. This information can represent a concrete rule:

Refuel until 19:00.

Due to the identification of the driver this can be stored in a driver database with a profile. This profile can have the structure

Load at least 25%

If battery is charged more than 75%, then a maximum of 20% can be fed back.

This information can be exchanged interactively at the beginning of the charging process or, if the charging station can communicate directly or indirectly via the tank app with the energy or battery management of the vehicle, automatically carried out on the basis of stored rules.

In addition to the electrical equipment, the petrol pumps and the internal communication network, the intelligent charging station has an intelligent management system for the execution and billing of refueling (accounting). This system has an IP connection to a mobile network or a (W) LAN network of the provider, so that the driver can communicate with the gas station, as well as a speech recognition and processing or a corresponding web application for interaction with the user. The charging station has an AAA system for identification and authorization, as well as a database in which the drivers and their profiles are stored. In the database characteristics of the registered vehicles such as the capacity of the battery and their characteristics are stored. Central to the management system is the energy management system which we describe in more detail below.

Above, we described how to transfer the information at the beginning of refueling. The energy management system always adjusts the current energy or power requirements of the gas station based on the current charge status of the batteries that are regularly transmitted. In the event that this information is not possible due to the lack of integration with the onboard battery management, the current charge levels are estimated based on the already fueled amount of electricity and the initial state communicated by the driver.

The overall process of refueling:

The entire process is running, as shown in the following flow chart: After the arrival of the vehicle in the parking lot, the registration and authorization takes place. The information integration in the event that no charging station is free, is not included here. A method of information exchange identifies the vehicle and the driver. As transmission methods here are called speech recognition and text input, but there are also other automatic transmission methods such. B. integration with identification via biometrics, security tokens via RFID, etc. possible.

As part of the communication process described above, the tank requirement of the vehicle is determined. Based on this information and the queried charge levels of the connected vehicles, the new current total demand of the gas station is determined. The next step is determined by the energy management or the control device 3000 by means of optimization methods according to the prior art, a new energy distribution plan. From this energy distribution plan, the individual energy packages for the individual fuel pumps and thus also the control parameters for the switching device for switching and / or limiting the current or the power result.

The invention basically starts from the situation that energy is only available in a limited amount. The reasons for this can not only be physical in nature, such as a maximum possible current through a fuse, but can also be economic, for example. This is expressed on the one hand, for example, in the limited connection services of the gas station. On the other hand, economic control systems are created that limit energy consumption and make it plannable. In our example, we assume that the purchase price for electricity becomes higher if a collectively agreed performance threshold is exceeded which, incidentally, can also vary over time.

Thus, the petrol station operator on the one hand has the economic interest that a profile defined by this threshold is not exceeded (the limit of protection must continue to be met). On the other hand, the operator is faced with the task of optimally serving the needs of the users. For this purpose, a power control of the individual tank connections, also called "charging station" or "electric fuel pump" is necessary.

As in 6 illustrated, such a tank connection or charging station next to electrical connection devices for the cars has a switching device 1120 (For example, power electronics with thyristors) for switching on and off the power (see 6 and 7 ). The power valve (switching device) is via the control unit 1200 connected to the energy management system of the gas station, via which the switching on and off is controlled and corresponds to the defined in claim 15 switching device. The column has a smart meter (or other remote readable measuring device for power and energy measurement), which is also connected to the energy management system. This transmits the energy which has flowed to the car via the filling station and the power transmitted.

A simple example is intended to illustrate the method according to the invention. Without limiting the general public, we concretize the model by the following assumptions: The charging station has 10 parking spaces and 10 power outlets with 230 V AC, each with 16 amps. The vehicles are all of the same type: The traction battery has 16 kWh capacity. An empty battery can be fully recharged at a 200V connection in 8 hours. Let's assume that the 10 vehicles arrive at 8:00 pm every fifteen minutes with a 50% State of Charge (SoC) charge. The charging process lasts 4 hours under the conditions mentioned above. Each charging interval is 4 hours and charges a vehicle with 8 kWh through 200 volts and 10 amps connected load.

Assuming that the charging process starts immediately when the vehicles are connected, the connection performance of the gas station increases with each additional vehicle until the first vehicles are fully charged and the connected load drops again. As soon as all vehicles are loaded, the charging power returns to zero: represented by the solid "stair line" in 3 , The current intensity, represented by the solid stepped line, rises to a maximum value until full charge is reached for the first vehicles; After that, it gradually falls off again until all vehicles are loaded. The fare threshold of the scenario is represented by the horizontal dashed line. For the interval in which the power decrease exceeds the threshold, the reference price for the total power or the power component above the threshold is increased.

Furthermore, we assume that the operator of the charging station is a special fare customer of his utility company. This increases its subscription price per kWh when the power exceeds a tariff specified power within a rated interval, typically 15 minutes. Consider the case in which the simultaneous charging of all available electric vehicles this tariff threshold, represented by the dashed horizontal line in 3 , exceeds. Then an increased subscription price applies for the time interval of the excess; either for the entire performance of this interval or for the share of performance above the tariff threshold.

The invention described herein is intended to represent a method and a system for smart fueling of electric vehicles, so that further optimization criteria such as harmonization of the load profile or control of the performance curve is achieved in accordance with predetermined operational specifications.

In essence, the method consists in equalizing the refueling of the vehicles in time. This does not load every vehicle with immediate effect, but only when an intelligent energy management system actively initiates the charging process, ie switches power to the charging port. There is a "scheduling" / time sharing, that is the creation of an energy distribution plan in the sense of the claims instead. The resulting charge intervals shows 4 , the resulting performance curve can be seen in 5 ,

Still, all vehicles are charged until the end of the predetermined period, but the degree of simultaneity has been reduced and the vehicles numbered 6 to 10 reach the state of full charge later than in the conventional method.

The integral power corresponds to the case without energy management, but the power curve in 5 always stays below the tariff threshold shown as a dashed line.

Example 2: Energy distribution plan

In our application example, information about the charging requirement was exchanged at the beginning of the illustrated process. In addition to user information, a database of the "filling station" can also contain service profiles of vehicles with characteristic curves and user-specific "refueling rules". In addition, there may be general global refueling rules that are stored in the energy management system. The term "gas station" is here in contrast to the conventional definition of the term for gas stations so expanded and used that is understood by the device that is used for charging energy storage and for feeding energy from the energy storage in the network. Only the energy storage need not necessarily be electric batteries, but can store energy in the form of strained gas (compressed air) or as kinetic energy (flywheel), but are still charged with the help of electrical energy or can feed energy in the form of electrical energy.

The energy management system now has the task of determining the state of the power valve / switching element for the time interval [t, t + d] for each "fuel pump" connected to a car. For each new time interval, a current need is determined based on the measurements or estimates as well as the rebookings of demand. If the total demand does not exceed the nominal profile, all power valves / switching device are open for the next interval and all cars are refueled.

In the following, let us consider by way of example how demand for the registered tank wishes of the registered vehicles and, by means of an optimization procedure, the "refueling plan" (= Energy distribution plan) is created. The optimization can be carried out with arbitrary methods, target functions, boundary conditions and is state of the art.

In this example, we assume that the following vehicles are to be refueled at a gas station on a company car park with the following quantitative requirements: 8:00 Pillar: capacity requirement SOC 1 20 kWh 20 kWh 0% 2 40 kWh 30 kWh 25% 3 60 kWh 20 kWh 67% 4 60 kWh 40 kWh 33% 5 60 kWh 60 kWh 0%

The total requirement is 170 kWh. We assume that each column is designed for a power of 10 kW. The same applies to the batteries in our assumption. In our example, we assume that the entire gas station is only designed for 40 kW. If all cars are connected then the protection is exceeded. Furthermore, we assume that employees have fixed working hours and all arrive at 8:00 am and leave the parking lot at 6:00 pm. During this time, the gas station can provide a total amount of energy of 400 kWh and is therefore sufficient for the demand.

The vehicles must therefore be fueled time-delayed or equalized in time. This is the task of the energy management system. As discussed, there are global rules. For example, such a rule could be: Low-load cars are preferably refueled until they have a measured or estimated state of charge of, for example, 50%. If all cars are 50% fueled, then those cars that have been waiting the longest (alternatively, those with the lowest absolute capacity) will fill up to 75%.

Based on this rule, the procedure is as follows: First, the quantities are determined to meet the minimum limit. We consider each 1 hour as an interval starting from 8:00 o'clock. In our example, this means that cars 1, 2, 4 and 5 will be fueled; each with 10 kW power for a period of 1 h: a total of 40 kWh were charged. At 9:00, the situation looks like this: 9:00 o'clock Pillar: capacity requirement SOC 1 20 kWh 10 kWh 50% 2 40 kWh 20 kWh 50% 3 60 kWh 20 kWh 67% 4 60 kWh 30 kWh 50% 5 60 kWh 50 kWh 17%

Now vehicle 5 continues to be charged because its state of charge is less than 50%. Since there are exactly three candidates with 50%, there is no need for a selection process over the lifetime. Again, the valves (circuit breaker) of the vehicles 1, 2, 4 and 5 are open and each 10 kWh flow into the batteries. 10:00 a.m Pillar: capacity requirement SOC 1 20 kWh 0 kWh 100% 2 40 kWh 10 kWh 75% 3 60 kWh 20 kWh 67% 4 60 kWh 20 kWh 67% 5 60 kWh 40 kWh 33%

Since the car 1 is now loaded, the rest can be filled up. Optionally, the driver of the car no. 1 receives a message on his mobile phone, for example by SMS or via the o. G. Tank app that his car is fueled and that he can park it (assuming that not every car park of an electric vehicle is equipped with a charging port and no feedback is advised).

Generalizing this, a demand plan for the vehicles to be refueled is prepared for at fixed intervals as described above. Under specifiable rules, a plan is then drawn up for the states of the service valves of the gas pumps in accordance with predefinable optimization functions for the respective time or interval.

Taking into account the characteristics of the batteries in the preparation of the demand plan, one obtains the dependence of the power consumption of the already existing state of charge and can thus use the available power over time more efficient.

Premature termination

For a complete description, let us also consider the case that during the refueling process "the plug is pulled", the charging process is otherwise interrupted manually or that the battery is full before the calculated time and switches off the onboard battery management. As described above, each fuel pump has a power measurement. This transmits continuously or periodically the power which is transmitted to the battery. If the measured power is zero for a defined time interval, the power management assumes that charging is stopped and triggers an update of the demand and calculation of a new power distribution plan. If the vehicle has the option of automatically charging its battery to the energy management system 3000 to transmit, so this is transmitted in defined time intervals. The energy management balances the state of charge of the battery with the theoretical state according to the energy distribution plan. In the event of a deviation (for example, the battery should be full according to the energy distribution plan, but this does not correspond to the measured state of charge), a new energy distribution plan is calculated. As a result, the missing amount is refueled.

Geo-localization and proactive energy management

Via the onboard communication device of the vehicle or the smartphone of the driver, the vehicle can be located by GPS or Gallileo or the radio or WLAN cell or another location-based service. The above-mentioned tank app can detect by localization as the vehicle approaches the gas station. By communicating between charge status and charging requirements of the vehicle with the information whether the gas station has free parking spaces and / or charging capacities, it can carry out a prognostic energy management. In particular, it can tell the driver of a not yet connected vehicle whether a charging station is free or when one is free. The state of charge and the energy demand of the notified vehicle can be stored in the energy management of the gas station and included there in the current energy and power demand planning for all connected to the gas station vehicles.

feed

8th shows a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention for a so-called "smart grid" (smart grid). In this embodiment, the supply network can also assume the role of a consumer, and the energy consumer or energy storage at a local consumer can assume the role of a utility. Although, in general, even in the case of a smart grid, the energy flow will be predominantly from an electrical energy generator (for example a power plant) to the consumers connected to the grid, however, in special situations one of the "consumers", for example a backup battery in a private house or an industrial enterprise , Or a battery of one or more electric vehicles, take over the role of an energy supplier, for example, if a power plant fails or threatens an overload or the power plant can not meet current needs. Some power plants, such as pumped storage plants, are even explicit designed to act both as an energy producer and supplier and as an energy consumer for intermediate storage of surplus electrical energy. If, for example, in a local area (for example, an "electric filling station"), several charged vehicle batteries are sufficiently or fully charged without the vehicles being needed at present or in the foreseeable future, but at the same time, at another location, a greater current or energy requirement in such a system it is possible to supply additional electricity from a local network ("electric filling station") back into the supply network to meet the corresponding demand. Therefore, the roles of local (consumption) network and superordinate (supply) network are exchanged. Therefore, such a system is also called a "symmetric network".

8th shows the four typical forms of connected devices that represent both producers and consumers: electric vehicles can charge their local traction batteries and, in the case of so-called advanced grid integration, also regenerate the stored energy. Optional electrical self-production of the electric filling station, for example in the form of a roofing of the stands with photovoltaic provides energy, but can also represent an energy consumer in the case of "back-heating" for defrosting in winter. The local energy storage of the gas station can deliver and reduce energy regardless of its embodiment. And the connected superordinate supply network can deliver and reduce power in the same way. - It is understood that each of these forms of consumers / producers may occur multiple times, including the parent network.

The scheme of 8th Therefore has a respect to "consumers" and "utilities" completely symmetrical basic form: All connections 1000 to the (external) connected electrical devices or connections 0000 are of the same shape: each connection 0000 Both producers and consumers can be electrical energy. The energy management 3000 controls and regulates compliance with the individual connection-specific requirements as well as the stability requirements of the entire system by means of the local communication network 2200 the power valves 1100 controls the connections and transports the energy between the valves via the local power network.

The specific characteristics and requirements of these consumers / producers can be expressed by means of control parameters; for example in the form of rules. These rules can express both technical and economic control parameters, which is equally covered by method and device.

The energy management / control unit 3000 controls via the control units 1200 the power valves / switching elements 1100 in all connections 1000 such that the requirements of all connected devices 0000 and satisfies the requirements of the overall system (for example, operational stability) while at the same time meeting an optimization function also expressed in control parameters. The power valves / switching elements 1100 For example, they can be designed as controllable power converters or as controllable relay switches; the appropriate embodiment follows the requirements of the connected consumer / generator 0000 ,

The recovery of electrical energy into the utility grid will be explained below by way of example.

In addition to the case of refueling, we now consider the use case that from the batteries of the connected vehicles electrical energy is fed back into the supply network (so-called "advanced grid integration" with "backfeed") or used to refuel other connected vehicles. In this case, the current from the energy storage is fed, the network connected to the local network is considered a consumer.

As part of the communication between the vehicle and the gas station can be determined by the driver or automatically based on stored rules ("policies"), under which conditions energy may be removed from the battery. Such criteria may be the state of charge of the battery and the feed-in tariff. On the basis of this information and the requirements of the superordinate supplier such as feed-in quantity and feed-in remuneration, which can vary over time, the energy management system or the control device determines which vehicle should feed energy when and to what extent. Thus, the permissible total power the network flow is set firmly. Analogous to the load profile, the supplier is provided with a larger feed-in than the contractually agreed with economic conditions as these can lead to instability of the network. It must also be ensured that the physical performance limits of the network are not exceeded during the feed-in. In the case of the feed the higher-level supply network is an energy consumer to the energy is released. Analogous to the application of refueling, an energy distribution plan is created again for the feed-in case. This determines when and which energy storage how long which energy can feed into the local network. This is done in the same way and with the same method and the same device as in the case of loading / refueling under the same criteria. Similar to the refueling case, different boundary and optimization conditions are taken into account when creating the energy distribution plan. These can be that a connected vehicle provides energy depending on its state of charge and the feed-in price.

Consider the case where energy can be fed into a charging station and energy storage is to be charged at other stations. If the conditions for an infeed are present, this is taken into account in the energy distribution plan and the control unit will switch the switching element of the relevant charging station in such a way that the energy is fed into the local grid and a correspondingly lower energy is required by the superordinate supply network for refueling the vehicles. In the event that the energy supplied in the local network is sufficient to cover the charging requirement in the local network, the switching element to the supply network will switch this off.

For purposes of the original disclosure, it is to be understood that all such features as will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the present description, drawings and dependent claims, even though they have been specifically described only in connection with certain further features, both individually and can be combined in any combination with other features or feature groups disclosed herein, unless this has been expressly excluded or technical conditions make such combinations impossible or pointless. On the comprehensive, explicit representation of all conceivable combinations of features and the emphasis on the independence of the individual characteristics of each other is omitted here only for the sake of brevity and readability of the description.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 102009003173 [0034]

Claims (27)

Method for distributing electrical energy among a plurality of energy consumers ( 0000 ) in a local network ( 2000 ), of which at least one is a station for charging the energy storage and / or the removal of energy from the energy storage of at least one vehicle, wherein for the local network limited maximum power from a parent supply network ( 4000 ) and / or can be fed into it, and the local network has several internal connections, the connection values of all consumers ( 0000 ) at the internal connections of the local network in the sum of those for the local network ( 2000 ) exceed maximum available power, characterized in that at or behind the interface to the supply network in the local area network, an intelligent control device ( 3000 ) is provided with a control input and at least one control output, which on the basis of at least predetermined control parameter, the energy supply to the terminals and / or the energy output via the terminals of the local network according to a predetermined power distribution plan so on and off or limited that the sum of the individual connections of the local network provided services do not exceed the available and / or feed maximum power, at least one predetermined control parameter corresponds to the energy consumption of the energy storage of the at least one vehicle to be charged. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the determination of the power distribution plan based on the respective current control parameters is carried out automatically. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the maximum available power for the local network is given by the tripping limit of one or more main fuses and the voltage of the supply network, wherein in the event that the sum of the demand currents of the consumer the tripping limit of the main fuse (s), the energy distribution plan provides a constant total current that is less than the trip limit of the main fuse (s). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the total energy supply and / or total energy input of the energy distribution plan varies over time as a function of time-variable energy costs and / or time-variable feed-in costs. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the individually switchable consumers are assigned variable priority levels. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that switching devices supply the individual consumers with a time-sharing method with power. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the switching devices for the individual consumers supply individually limited currents by limiting the average voltage to the load terminals. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the voltage limitation is effected by time-division of the supply voltage Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the energy distribution plan at least partially based on one or more for one or more consumers to or before the power supply of the consumer of the latter directly via the electrical connection detected or from an external source via a separate communication channel communicated control parameters is created. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the control parameters comprise a minimum desired total energy amount and / or maximum supply time. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the course of energy advised in accordance with the energy distribution plan and the advised supply duration and the amount of energy supplied in this time for at least one consumer via an external communication device ( 2200 ) is output. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the communication with a central office or an intelligent network node via a human-operable and detectable input / output interface. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the data required for generating an energy distribution plan is at least partially carried out by automatic detection of the corresponding consumer parameters. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the current is limited via a terminal or a group of terminals to a value below a tripping limit value of an individual fuse for this terminal or the relevant group of terminals. Device for power distribution to a plurality of electrical energy consumers in a local area network, wherein at least one of the energy consumers is a charging station and / or feed station for the energy storage of at least one vehicle and wherein for the local network a limited maximum power is provided by a superordinate supply network and / / or can be fed into this and the local network has a plurality of internal connections for the energy consumers, wherein the connected loads of all consumers of the local network in their sum exceed the available maximum power, characterized in that the device comprises an intelligent control device having at least one Switching device cooperates, which is arranged at or behind the interface to the supply network in the local network, wherein the control device has a control input and at least one control output and connected and is controllable that on the basis of at least one predetermined control parameter via the at least one switching device, the energy supply or the power supply to or from the terminals of the local network on and off or limited, so that the sum of the electrical connections made available via the individual connections of the local network does not exceed the maximum available or injectable total power for the local network. Apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that it comprises current measuring devices for individually switchable terminal groups. Device according to one of Claims 15 or 16, characterized in that the local network is connected to the supply network via one or more main fuses, which define or define the available maximum total power by means of their tripping limit value. Device according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that it comprises means for measuring the total load resistance of the group of consumers protected by an individual fuse or fuse group. Device according to one of claims 15 to 18, characterized in that the control device controls power electronics, which switches the power supply to individual consumers or groups of consumers and / or limited. Device according to one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the control device is a central device. Device according to one of claims 15 to 20, characterized in that a plurality of switching devices are provided, each having a processor, these processors form a peer-to-peer network. Device according to one of claims 15 to 21, characterized in that at least one terminals of the local area network comprises a battery management system. Device according to one of claims 15 to 22, characterized in that it comprises means for detecting the state of charge of a storage battery. Device according to one of claims 15 to 23, characterized in that each one of the terminals or one of the groups of terminals of the local area network has an individual fuse. Device according to one of claims 15 to 24, characterized in that the supply network is a smart grid, which provides electrical energy in the form of defined energy packets for the local network. Device according to one of claims 15 to 25, characterized in that it comprises a tank robot, which automatically connects the electrical connection of the vehicle with a compatible electrical connection element of the local network after positioning a vehicle at a loading / unloading station. Device according to one of claims 15 to 25, characterized in that it is constructed symmetrically with respect to the energy flow between the supply network and the local network.

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