CN210137334U - Quantum key transmitter based on time phase coding and quantum key distribution system - Google Patents
Quantum key transmitter based on time phase coding and quantum key distribution system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application provides a quantum key transmitter and quantum key distribution system based on time phase coding, wherein quantum key transmitter based on time phase coding includes: phase state coding module, time state coding module and photoswitch. When the decoy state of the phase state needs to be compiled, the optical switch is controlled to select the signal output by the phase state coding module, the intensity modulator does not need to be controlled to modulate each pulse in the pulse pair, and the optical attenuator is directly used for carrying out overall attenuation. In addition, the output signal of the phase state coding module, namely the decoy state of the phase state, does not need additional interaction, and does not need to control the intensity modulator to change different modulation driving modes according to the coding requirement in the prior art, so that the working intensity of the intensity modulator can be greatly reduced, the design difficulty of a driving circuit of the intensity modulator is also reduced, and the QKD equipment is easy to realize.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of quantum secret communication, in particular to a quantum key transmitter based on time phase coding and a quantum key distribution system.
Background
Quantum secret communication is a new communication technology developed in recent years, is a new discipline generated by combining quantum theory and information theory, and realizes unconditional security of communication by using the basic characteristics of quantum physics. Among them, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has attracted much attention as a branch of the earliest realization of commercialization in quantum communication technology for more than ten years and has been rapidly developed.
QKD is the design of encryption and decryption schemes using the quantum properties of substances (e.g., photons), and its security is based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics rather than the complexity of mathematical calculations. The QKD discovers the existence of eavesdropping by utilizing a Heisenberg uncertainty principle and an unknown quantum state unclonable principle, and theoretically ensures the unconditional security of information. In practical application, the QKD can establish a communication key for both parties without shared secret information in advance by using this principle, and then communicate by using a "one-time pad" cipher certified by shannon, thereby ensuring the communication security of both parties.
Currently, the most commonly used QKD protocol is the BB84 protocol (Bennett and Brassard, 1984), due to the fact that this protocol has been shown to be resistant to the most common set of attacks. The BB84 combined with the decoy state scheme can well solve the potential safety hazard of a non-ideal single photon source, and is the scheme which is most widely applied and has the highest practical degree at present.
However, 4 coding states are required in the BB84 protocol, and a simpler version of the BB84 protocol, the so-called "tri-state protocol", has been proposed. The protocol Fung et al tri-state protocol is resistant to general attacks and Tamaki et al demonstrates that the tri-state protocol is loss tolerant, meaning that it can communicate over long distances even if the light source is not perfect, except that the theory demonstrates that the performance of the tri-state protocol is exactly the same as that of the BB84 protocol, meaning that the fourth state in the BB84 protocol is redundant. Therefore, the QKD based on the tri-state protocol greatly reduces the difficulty of quantum secret communication implementation.
The structure of the current QKD transmitter based on the tri-state protocol is as follows: when two time states and one phase state need to be modulated, the structure of the transmitter is shown in fig. 1 and comprises a light source, a mach-zehnder (MZ) unequal arm interferometer, an Intensity Modulator (IM) and an optical Attenuator (ATT) which are sequentially connected, each light pulse emitted by the light source is divided into a pulse pair comprising a front light pulse and a rear light pulse after passing through the MZ unequal arm interferometer, the light pulse pair enters the intensity modulator to randomly eliminate the front pulse and/or the rear pulse or does not carry out extinction processing, so that the two time states, the one phase state and the vacuum state are coded, and a quantum signal in a single photon state is emitted after the light pulse pair is attenuated by the ATT.
However, in the above existing scheme, each optical pulse emitted by the light source is divided into a pulse pair including two optical pulses before and after passing through the MZ unequal-arm interferometer, and no matter when a decoy state of a phase state is modulated or signals such as a time state are modulated, the intensity modulator needs to be controlled to modulate the pulse pair to obtain signals of the decoy state of the phase state, the time state, the decoy state of the time state and a vacuum state, so that the working intensity of the intensity modulator is greatly improved, the design difficulty of a driving circuit of the intensity modulator is large, and the implementation difficulty of the QKD device is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a quantum key transmitter and a quantum key distribution system based on time phase coding to solve the problems that an intensity modulator in the existing scheme is high in working intensity and the design difficulty of an intensity modulator driving circuit is large.
A first aspect of the present application provides a time-phase-coding-based quantum key transmitter, including: the device comprises a phase state encoding module, a time state encoding module and an optical switch;
the phase state encoding module comprises a first light source, an unequal arm interferometer and a first attenuator, wherein the first light source is connected with one input end of the unequal arm interferometer, and the first attenuator is connected with the output end of the unequal arm interferometer;
the time state coding module comprises a second light source and a first intensity modulator which are sequentially connected;
and the optical switch is used for inputting the signal output by the first attenuator or the first intensity modulator into the main optical path according to requirements.
Preferably, the time state encoding module further includes a third light source and a second intensity modulator connected in sequence;
and the optical switch is used for inputting the signals output by the first attenuator, the first intensity modulator or the second intensity modulator into the main optical path according to requirements.
Preferably, the phase state encoding module further comprises a fourth light source;
the fourth light source is connected with the other input end of the unequal arm interferometer.
Preferably, the optical switch further comprises a null port for encoding a null state signal.
Preferably, the quantum key transmitter further comprises a second attenuator, which is disposed on the main optical path and is used for attenuating the optical signal in the main optical path to a required intensity.
A quantum key distribution system comprises a quantum key transmitter and a quantum key receiver, wherein the quantum key transmitter comprises any one of the quantum key transmitters.
Preferably, the quantum key receiver comprises a first probing module:
the first detection module comprises an unequal arm interferometer and one or two photoelectric detectors;
the unequal arm interferometer is used for decoding phase state signals;
and the transmission end of the output end of the unequal arm interferometer is connected with a photoelectric detector and/or the reflection end of the output end of the unequal arm interferometer is connected with a photoelectric detector, and the photoelectric detector is used for detecting the decoded phase state signal and the decoded time state signal.
Preferably, the quantum key receiver further comprises a beam splitting device and a second detection module;
the first detection module and the second detection module are respectively connected to two output ends of the beam splitting device:
the second detection module comprises a first light path and/or a second light path, when the second detection module comprises the first light path and the second light path, the first light path and the second light path are connected with the beam splitting device through the beam splitter, and the first light path is connected with one photoelectric detector and/or the second light path is connected with one photoelectric detector.
The application provides a quantum key transmitter and quantum key distribution system based on time phase coding, has following advantage for prior art:
when a decoy state of the phase state needs to be compiled, the optical switch is controlled to select a signal output by the phase state coding module, a light pulse emitted by a first light source in the phase state coding module forms a coherent pulse pair after passing through the unequal arm interferometer, the pulse pair is a coded phase state signal, and the decoy state signal of the phase state only needs to reduce the intensity of the pulse pair integrally, so that the intensity of the pulse output by the unequal arm interferometer is reduced integrally through the optical attenuator. Therefore, when the system carries out phase state coding, the intensity modulator does not need to be controlled to modulate each pulse in the pulse pair, and the optical attenuator is directly used for carrying out overall attenuation. In addition, the output signal of the phase state coding module, namely the decoy state of the phase state, does not need extra interaction, does not need to control an intensity modulator to change different modulation driving modes according to the coding requirement in the prior art, and when the time state or the decoy state of the time state needs to be programmed, an optical switch is controlled to select the signal output by the time state coding module, and only the first intensity modulator needs to be controlled to adjust the signal related to the time state, so the working intensity of the intensity modulator can be greatly reduced, the design difficulty of a driving circuit of the intensity modulator is also reduced, and the QKD equipment is easy to realize.
Drawings
In order to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a quantum key transmitter in the prior art;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a first time-phase encoding-based quantum key transmitter according to the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a second time-phase encoding-based quantum key transmitter according to the present application;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a third time-phase encoding-based quantum key transmitter according to the present application;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a fourth time-phase encoding-based quantum key transmitter according to the present application;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a fifth time-phase-coding-based quantum key transmitter according to the present application;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a sixth time-phase encoding-based quantum key transmitter according to the present application;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a first quantum key receiver according to the present application;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a second quantum key receiver according to the present application;
fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a third quantum key receiver of the present application;
fig. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of a fourth quantum key receiver of the present application;
fig. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of a fifth quantum key receiver according to the present application;
fig. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of a sixth quantum key receiver according to the present application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present application more comprehensible, the present application is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A first aspect of the present application provides a time-phase-coding-based quantum key transmitter, including: the phase state coding module comprises a first light source, an unequal arm interferometer and a first attenuator, wherein the first light source is connected with one input end of the unequal arm interferometer, and the first attenuator is connected with the output end of the unequal arm interferometer; the time state coding module comprises a second light source and a first intensity modulator which are sequentially connected; the optical switch is configured to input a signal output by the first attenuator or the first intensity modulator to a main optical path according to a requirement, and the specific structure refers to a schematic diagram shown in fig. 2, where the main optical path is an optical path from the optical switch to a transmitting end of the quantum key transmitter.
When a decoy state of the phase state needs to be compiled, the optical switch is controlled to select a signal output by the phase state coding module, a light pulse emitted by a first light source in the phase state coding module forms a coherent pulse pair after passing through the unequal arm interferometer, the pulse pair is a coded phase state signal, and the decoy state signal of the phase state only needs to reduce the intensity of the pulse pair integrally, so that the intensity of the pulse output by the unequal arm interferometer is reduced integrally through the optical attenuator. Therefore, when the system carries out phase state coding, the intensity modulator does not need to be controlled to modulate each pulse in the pulse pair, and the optical attenuator is directly used for carrying out overall attenuation. In addition, the output signal of the phase state coding module, namely the decoy state of the phase state, does not need additional interaction, and does not need to control an intensity modulator to change different modulation driving modes according to the coding requirement in the prior art.
When the time state or the decoy state of the time state needs to be programmed, the optical switch is controlled to select the signal output by the time state coding module, if the second light source emits continuous pulses, the front pulse and the rear pulse form a pulse pair, only the first intensity modulator needs to be controlled to punch off the front pulse in the pulse pair to construct a first time state |1 >, or the first intensity modulator needs to punch off the front pulse in the pulse pair and lower the intensity of the rear pulse to construct the decoy state of |1 >, or the first intensity modulator needs to be controlled to punch off the rear pulse in the pulse pair to construct a second time state |0 >, or the first intensity modulator needs to punch off the rear pulse in the pulse pair and lower the intensity of the front pulse to construct the decoy state of |0 >, or the first intensity modulator needs to punch off the front pulse in the pulse pair and punch off the rear pulse to construct the vacuum state, it should be noted that the first time state |1 > and the second time state |0 > can be customized according to a protocol or a user, i.e., the pulse waveform of the first time state |1 > can also be defined as the second time state |0 >. Of course, it is also possible to control the second light source to emit a pulse pair without pulse in the unit time before and with pulse in the unit time after to construct the first time state |1 >, or to control the second light source to emit a pulse pair without pulse in the unit time before and with pulse in the unit time after to construct the first time state |0 >, and to modulate the decoy state of |1 > or the decoy state of |0 > by the first intensity modulator, or to control the second light source to emit a null pulse to construct the vacuum state. Therefore, the first intensity modulator of the present application is responsible for the modulation of the relevant time states, which greatly reduces the working strength of the intensity enforcer and also reduces the design difficulty of the driving circuit of the intensity modulator, thereby making the QKD device easy to implement.
The time state coding module further comprises a third light source and a second intensity modulator which are sequentially connected; the optical switch is configured to input signals output by the first attenuator, the first intensity modulator, or the second intensity modulator to the main optical path according to requirements, and the specific structure refers to the schematic diagram shown in fig. 3. The first intensity modulator is responsible for the decoy modulation of only the first time states |1 > and |1 > in the manner described above, and the second intensity modulator is responsible for the decoy modulation of only the first time states |0 > and |0 > in the manner described above, or vice versa. Therefore, the optical switch selects the signal output by the first attenuator, the first intensity modulator or the second intensity modulator according to the requirement every time, so that when the coding phase state is required, only the optical switch is required to be communicated with the first attenuator, and both the first intensity modulator and the second intensity modulator can not work at the moment, so that the intensity modulator does not need to work when modulating the phase state signal or the time state signal like the prior art.
Preferably, the phase state encoding module further comprises a fourth light source; the fourth light source is connected to another input end of the unequal-arm interferometer, and the specific structure refers to the schematic diagram shown in fig. 4. The first light source is connected with the transmission end of the input end of the unequal arm interferometer, the fourth light source is connected with the reflection end of the input end of the unequal arm interferometer, the light pulse emitted by the first light source is used for constructing a phase state | + >, and the light pulse emitted by the fourth light source is used for constructing a phase state | - >, so that two phase states can be obtained. Therefore, the second light source and the first intensity modulator are responsible for modulating a time state and a decoy state thereof.
The vacuum state signal of the present application may be constructed by punching out the passing light pulse through the first intensity modulator and/or the second intensity modulator, or may be connected to an empty port for encoding the vacuum state signal, where the empty port may be an optical fiber not connected to any device, or may be a port of the optical switch itself that is not connected to any device, and refer to the schematic diagrams shown in fig. 5 to 7 specifically. When the vacuum state needs to be coded, the vacuum state coding can be realized only by controlling the optical switch to be connected with the optical fiber or the port, so that the working strength of the strength enforcer is further reduced, the design difficulty of a driving circuit of the strength modulator is further reduced, and the QKD equipment is further easy to realize.
The quantum key transmitter further comprises a second attenuator, wherein the second attenuator is arranged on the main optical path and is used for attenuating the optical signal in the main optical path to the required intensity. The second attenuator can be omitted if a desired qubit signal can be modulated by the first attenuator, the first intensity modulator and/or the second intensity modulator. It should be noted that the first attenuator and the second attenuator of the present application may be replaced by two optical switches and a plurality of fixed attenuators of different specifications located between the two optical switches.
In summary, the unequal arm interferometer in the phase state encoding module of the present application is responsible for modulating the passing light pulses into phase states, and the first attenuator is used for modulating decoy states of the phase states. When the optical switch is not provided with an empty port, the time state coding module is responsible for modulating a time state, a decoy state of the time state and a vacuum state; when the optical switch has an empty port, the optical switch is responsible for configuring and modulating the vacuum state, and the time state coding module is responsible for modulating the time state and the decoy state of the time state.
The time state coding module is responsible for constructing a time state, a time state decoy state and a vacuum state, a light source in the time state coding module can be controlled to emit periodic pulsed light, and the time state, the time state decoy state and the vacuum state are obtained by controlling the intensity of a pulse pair formed by two pulses before and after modulation of a first intensity modulator and/or a second intensity modulator in the time state coding module; and the light source in the time state coding module can be controlled to emit time state signals, and the strength of the time state signals is modulated by controlling the first intensity modulator and/or the second intensity modulator in the time state coding module to obtain the decoy state and the vacuum state of the time state.
A quantum key distribution system comprises a quantum key transmitter and a quantum key receiver, wherein the quantum key transmitter comprises any one of the quantum key transmitters. Wherein the quantum key receiver comprises a first probing module: the first detection module comprises an unequal arm interferometer and one or two photoelectric detectors; the unequal arm interferometer is used for decoding phase state signals; the transmission end of the output end of the unequal arm interferometer is connected to a photodetector and/or the reflection end of the output end of the unequal arm interferometer is connected to a photodetector, for detecting the decoded phase state signal and time state signal, and the specific structure refers to the schematic diagrams shown in fig. 8 and fig. 9.
If the first detection module includes only the first photodetector D0 or the second photodetector D1, the first photodetector D0 or the second photodetector D1 is connected to one output terminal of the interferometer, and if the first detection module includes the first photodetector D0 and the second photodetector D1, the first photodetector D0 or the second photodetector D1 is connected to two output terminals of the interferometer. The first photodetector D0 and/or the second photodetector D1 are configured to detect qubits encoded with a temporal basis vector and qubits encoded with a phase basis vector.
The quantum key receiver also comprises a beam splitting device and a second detection module; the first detection module and the second detection module are respectively connected to two output ends of the beam splitting device: the second detection module includes a first light path and/or a second light path, and when the second detection module includes the first light path and the second light path, the first light path and the second light path are connected to the beam splitting device through the beam splitter, and the first light path is connected to one photodetector and/or the second light path is connected to one photodetector, with reference to fig. 10 to 13 for specific structure. The beam splitting device is generally a beam splitter, and may also be an optical switch.
The first detection module comprises an unequal arm interferometer, so that quantum signals of phase codes interfere, the unequal arm interferometer can only output one path of signals to detect the quantum signals coded by phase basis vectors through the first photodetector D0 or the second photodetector D1, and the unequal arm interferometer also can have two output ends to mainly detect the quantum signals coded by the phase basis vectors through the first photodetector D0 and the second photodetector D1. The optical signal of the second detection module may only have one optical signal channel, i.e., a first optical path or a second optical path, or two optical signal channels, i.e., a first optical path and a second optical path, may be obtained by using a beam splitter, where the photodetector connected to the first optical path is a third photodetector D2, the photodetector connected to the second optical path is a fourth photodetector D3, and the second detection module mainly detects a quantum signal encoded by using a time basis vector.
It should be noted that the input end of the unequal-arm interferometer in the key transmitter of the present application is generally a beam splitter, the output end thereof is generally a beam combiner, the input end of the unequal-arm interferometer in the first detection module of the quantum key receiver is generally a beam splitter, the general beam splitter is a beam splitter, the beam combiner is generally a beam combiner, the beam splitter and the beam combiner are both the same optical prism, that is, BS marked in fig. 1 to 13, and there is a difference in the way of connecting the optical paths between the beam splitter and the beam combiner. The optical beam combiner can be used in reverse, namely the reflection end and the transmission end are used as the incident ends of input light, and the incident end of the optical beam splitter is used as the output end of the optical beam splitter, so that the beam combining effect can be realized. Of course, the input end of the unequal arm interferometer in the key transmitter is replaced with the polarization beam combiner, or the output end of the unequal arm interferometer in the key transmitter is replaced with the polarization beam splitter, at this time, the input end of the unequal arm interferometer in the first detection module of the quantum key receiver needs to be replaced with the polarization beam splitter, so that the 3dB loss of the system can be reduced, the system code rate and the farthest code distance are increased, wherein the polarization beam splitter and the polarization beam combiner are also the same optical prism, the polarization beam splitter and the polarization beam combiner are also only different in the mode of connecting the optical path, the difference of the connecting the optical path is similar to that of the optical beam splitter and the optical beam combiner, and the description is omitted here. Besides, the device of the application is suitable for tri-state protocol (three-state protocol), Simplified version BB84 protocol (Simplified BB84 protocol); variant tristate protocol (The variant of The three-state protocol).
The present application has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments and illustrative examples, but the description is not intended to limit the application. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various equivalent substitutions, modifications or improvements may be made to the presently disclosed embodiments and implementations thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and these fall within the scope of the present disclosure. The protection scope of this application is subject to the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A quantum key transmitter based on time-phase encoding, comprising: the device comprises a phase state encoding module, a time state encoding module and an optical switch;
the phase state encoding module comprises a first light source, an unequal arm interferometer and a first attenuator, wherein the first light source is connected with one input end of the unequal arm interferometer, and the first attenuator is connected with the output end of the unequal arm interferometer;
the time state coding module comprises a second light source and a first intensity modulator which are sequentially connected;
and the optical switch is used for inputting the signal output by the first attenuator or the first intensity modulator into the main optical path according to requirements.
2. The quantum key transmitter of claim 1, wherein the temporal coding module further comprises a third light source and a second intensity modulator connected in sequence;
and the optical switch is used for inputting the signals output by the first attenuator, the first intensity modulator or the second intensity modulator into the main optical path according to requirements.
3. The quantum key transmitter of claim 1, wherein the phase state encoding module further comprises a fourth light source;
the fourth light source is connected with the other input end of the unequal arm interferometer.
4. A quantum key transmitter as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the optical switch further comprises a null port for encoding a null state signal.
5. The quantum key transmitter of claim 4, further comprising a second attenuator disposed on the primary optical path for attenuating the optical signal in the primary optical path to a desired intensity.
6. A quantum key distribution system comprising a quantum key transmitter and a quantum key receiver, wherein the quantum key transmitter comprises the quantum key transmitter of any of claims 1-5.
7. The quantum key distribution system of claim 6, wherein the quantum key receiver comprises a first probing module:
the first detection module comprises an unequal arm interferometer and one or two photoelectric detectors;
the unequal arm interferometer is used for decoding phase state signals;
and the transmission end of the output end of the unequal arm interferometer is connected with a photoelectric detector and/or the reflection end of the output end of the unequal arm interferometer is connected with a photoelectric detector, and the photoelectric detector is used for detecting the decoded phase state signal and the decoded time state signal.
8. The quantum key distribution system of claim 7, wherein the quantum key receiver further comprises a beam splitting device and a second detection module;
the first detection module and the second detection module are respectively connected to two output ends of the beam splitting device:
the second detection module comprises a first light path and/or a second light path, when the second detection module comprises the first light path and the second light path, the first light path and the second light path are connected with the beam splitting device through the beam splitter, and the first light path is connected with one photoelectric detector and/or the second light path is connected with one photoelectric detector.
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| CN112511301B (en) * | 2021-02-01 | 2021-07-02 | 北京中创为南京量子通信技术有限公司 | Quantum state preparation method, distribution method and device of HD-QKD |
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