CN116404994B - Super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on acoustic wave fast compression effect - Google Patents
Super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on acoustic wave fast compression effect Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on an acoustic wave rapid compression effect, and belongs to acoustic signal amplifying devices in the fields of acoustic information technology and sensing. The acoustic amplifier is a super-structure material composite structure consisting of a group of gradient plate arrays and air gaps which are inserted between the plates, wherein the period is p, the plate thickness is t, the air gap is g, and the plate size is w as gradient parameters. The method is characterized in that the structural parameter design of the amplifier meets the non-adiabatic transmission condition of sound waves in the super-structural material:this effect causes the sound waves to be rapidly compressed and amplified in the metamaterial structure, realizing an acoustic signal amplifier with a compact structure. The invention effectively reduces the size of the gradient acoustic super-structure material device, reduces the processing difficulty and cost, remarkably improves the sound field amplifying capability, and provides a new thought and technology for developing the acoustic wave or mechanical wave amplifier.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to an acoustic signal amplifying device in the fields of acoustic information technology and sensing, and particularly relates to a super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on an acoustic wave rapid compression effect.
Background
The acoustic amplifier is a key component of acoustic signal detection equipment and has wide application in the fields of acoustic information technology and sensing. For example, many fields such as speech recognition systems, human-to-machine speech interaction devices, acoustic detection, marine acoustic navigation and communication, structural health monitoring, and medical ultrasound imaging require excellent performance acoustic amplifiers. Although the development of new acoustic amplifiers has made significant progress in the past two decades, their performance and functionality have been lacking, which has limited the development of many acoustic information technologies and equipment, for example, resulting in problems of limited sonar ranging, non-ideal acoustic communication coverage, and poor performance of voice devices. Accordingly, there remains a need to further develop new acoustic amplifiers to improve the performance of acoustic devices.
In another aspect, acoustic meta-materials are an emerging area of research in physical acoustics. The artificial composite material is composed of a sub-wavelength structure, and can be used for controlling sound waves in air, fluid and solid. Recent studies have shown that the compression of acoustic waves and the amplification of the sound field can be achieved in a waveguide of gradient acoustic super-structure material, which can be used to improve the detection capability of weak acoustic signals and has a beneficial value for developing high-performance acoustic sensors. It should be noted that, in the prior art, the waveguide amplifier of the super-structure material is composed of a discrete periodic structure, and in order to meet the adiabatic compression and amplification conditions of the sound wave in the super-structure material, a larger length and width are generally required, so that the propagation loss of the sound wave caused by the discontinuity of the super-structure material structure can be overcome. However, adiabatic acoustic propagation in these metamaterial waveguides would result in devices that are long in size, large in volume, expensive, and unsuitable for practical use.
Based on the technical challenges, the development of the compact acoustic super-structure material waveguide amplifier with remarkable acoustic compression and field enhancement capabilities is expected to overcome a series of difficulties, the processing difficulty and cost of the device can be remarkably reduced, and the miniaturized acoustic amplification device is obtained and is expected to be widely applied to various fields such as sonar technology, industrial acoustic detection, medical ultrasound and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention is directed to a metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the fast compression effect of acoustic waves, so as to solve the technical problems mentioned in the background art. By developing the invention, the whole size and volume of the super-structure material acoustic amplifier structure can be effectively reduced, thereby realizing miniaturization of devices, thus obviously reducing processing difficulty and cost, obviously enhancing sound field amplifying performance and having good engineering application prospect.
To achieve the above objectThe invention adopts the following technical scheme: the super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect comprises a group of gradient gradually hardening array plates with the period of p, the plate thickness of t and the air gap of g, and the super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier consists of a plurality of gradient gradually hardening array plates with the plate thickness of t and the air gap of g, wherein the gradient gradually hardening array plates are made of plastic materials, and the plate size w is a function gradually changed along the acoustic wave propagation direction z, so that the relation is satisfied: w=dz/2L, where L and D are the total length and width of the amplifier; the solid plate array forms an artificial material, and the equivalent density is as follows: ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ,ρ x ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +F ρair ]Equivalent modulus of b=b air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air ]F= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the solid plate in one cycle; the refractive index of the acoustic material satisfies the following settings:wherein f is the acoustic frequency; the structural parameter design of the super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier meets the following acoustic non-adiabatic rapid compression conditions:where δ is the adiabatic coefficient and λ is the wavelength of the acoustic wave; the ratio of the total length L of the amplifier to the bottom width D is k=l/D, k<4。
Further, the working frequency of the amplifier is in the range of 2kHz-10kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 3.56, the thickness of the array plate of the amplifier is 4mm, the height is 80mm, the width of the last array plate is 80mm, the thickness of the air gap is 6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 10mm.
Further, the working frequency of the amplifier is 3kHz-15kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 1.74, the thickness of the array plate is 3mm, the height is 60mm, the width of the last array plate is 70mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plates and the air gap is 8mm.
Further, the working frequency range of the amplifier is 20kHz-40kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 3, the thickness of the array plate is 0.4mm, the width of the last array plate is 10mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 1mm.
Further, the working frequency range is 40kHz-60kHz of ultrasonic wave band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 1.5, the thickness of the array plate is 0.2mm, the width of the last array plate is 6mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 1mm.
Further, the solid disk array comprises a group of solid disk arrays with the period of p, the plate thickness of t and the air gap of g, the diameter w of the disk gradually becomes larger along the propagation direction z of the sound wave, and the functional relation is satisfied: w=dz/2L, where L and D are the total length L and width of the amplifier; the solid disk array forms an acoustic artificial material with equivalent density of ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ,ρ r ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +Fρ air ]And equivalent modulus of b=b air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air ]Wherein f= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the disc in one cycle; the refractive index of the acoustic material satisfies the following settings:where f is the acoustic frequency, J 1 Is a Bessel function of order 1. The amplifier structural parameter design meets the following acoustic non-adiabatic compression conditions: />Where δ is the adiabatic coefficient and λ is the wavelength of the acoustic wave; the ratio of the total length L of the amplifier to the diameter D of the bottom disk is k, k < 3.
Further, the working frequency of the amplifier is 1kHz-10kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the bottom diameter is 2, the thickness of the array plate is 2mm, the diameter of the last disc is 100mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the disc array is 15mm.
Further, the working frequency of the amplifier is 10kHz-20kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the bottom diameter is 1.2, the thickness of the array plate is 2mm, the diameter of the last disc is 50mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the disc array is 8mm.
Further, the working frequency of the amplifier is 20kHz-40kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the diameter of the bottom is 0.8, the thickness of the array plate is 0.5mm, the diameter of the last disc is 12mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.5mm, and the period of the disc array is 2mm.
Still further, the gradient hard array and solid disk array plates are made from hard plastic 3D printing process or from metal process such as stainless steel.
Compared with the prior art, the super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave rapid compression effect has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The gradient graded acoustic metamaterial waveguide has a high refractive index, so that the transmitted sound waves generate energy concentration in space and present wave compression states, and therefore amplification and sound pressure gain of a sound field are obtained. The ratio of the total length of the gradient graded acoustic metamaterial to the width of the bottom in the adiabatic compression range is usually large, so that the device is too large to process and cannot be practically used. The compact acoustic signal amplifier disclosed by the invention optimizes the structure of the gradient acoustic waveguide by balancing the relation between the discontinuity of the waveguide structure and the thermal viscous loss effect, breaks through the adiabatic compression range by adjusting the ratio of the total length of the gradient acoustic super-structure material to the bottom width, and realizes stronger sound field amplifying capability and sound pressure gain by utilizing the non-adiabatic rapid compression effect. Under the same working frequency, the width of the last hard plastic plate is fixed, the device size can be greatly reduced by reducing the ratio of the total length to the bottom width, the processing difficulty is greatly reduced, the processing cost is saved, and the practical application is convenient.
(2) According to the invention, the width of the last hard plastic plate is adjusted, so that the working frequency range can be adjusted, and the compression and amplification of sound fields under different frequencies can be realized; through adjusting the structure size, can obtain the sound field magnification of different gains, can adjust according to actual experimental facilities, can carry out nimble design according to specific needs.
(3) According to the characteristics of the invention, the method can be applied to the fields of automobile ultrasonic radar, robot sonar systems, structural health monitoring, medical instruments, imaging and the like. The similar optimization principle can be applied to Yu Danxing wave super-structure materials, and the current situation that the existing super-structure material device is large in size, heavy in weight and difficult to practically apply is improved.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of adiabatic and non-adiabatic compression effects in a metamaterial waveguide, wherein (a) represents a schematic diagram of an acoustic metamaterial waveguide consisting of an array of graded solid plates with a plate thickness of t, an array period of p, an air gap of g, a total length of the metamaterial waveguide of L, a bottom width of D, a total height of the waveguide of H, (b) represents a schematic diagram of adiabatic wave compression in a long metamaterial waveguide with a large k-value (upper graph), and non-adiabatic wave compression in a short metamaterial waveguide with a small k-value (lower graph), (c) represents an equivalent refractive index n of the metamaterial waveguide eff The geometrical parameters of the metamaterial waveguides (MM 1-MM 3) are listed in table 1 along with the spatial distribution of length and k values, (d) represents the adiabatic parameters δ of the different metamaterial waveguides, (e) represents the normalized pressure field distribution along the metamaterial waveguides, the operating frequency of the metamaterial waveguides being 3.1kHz; in the figure, 1 is a gradient gradually hardening array plate, and 2 is an air gap.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a structural discontinuity of a metamaterial waveguide composed of discrete plates;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a thermal viscous loss mechanism in a metamaterial waveguide;
FIG. 4 is a finite element simulation model of a metamaterial waveguide, wherein (a) represents a multiple physical field finite element simulation model (FEM COMSOL 5.4) that analyzes the complex acoustic-metamaterial interactions in the metamaterial waveguide; (b) represents a grid in finite element simulation; (c) Representing a fine grid near the boundary of the panel to account for thermal viscous losses of acoustic waves in the metamaterial waveguide;
FIG. 5 is a finite element simulation result of a metamaterial waveguide without considering thermal viscous loss effects, where (a) represents the pressure field distribution in different metamaterial waveguides; (b) Representing the variation of maximum pressure gain along with the k value of the metamaterial waveguide; (c) Indicating the maximum pressure gain as a function of the overall length of the metamaterial waveguide. In the simulation, the operating frequency was set to 3.1kHz and the geometrical parameters of the metamaterial waveguides (MM 1-MM 4) are shown in table 1.
FIG. 6 is a finite element simulation result of a metamaterial waveguide while considering both structural discontinuities and thermal viscous losses effects, where (a) represents a comparison of the metamaterial waveguide internal pressure field distribution with/without thermal viscous losses; (b) Representing the pressure field distribution of different metamaterial waveguides when considering thermal viscous losses; (c) Comparing the maximum pressure gain of the metamaterial waveguide with the k value, wherein the maximum pressure gain of the metamaterial waveguide is represented by the existence of the hot tack effect; (d) Represents the maximum pressure gain relative to the total length of the metamaterial waveguide when considering thermal viscous losses. In the simulation, the operating frequency was set to 3.1kHz and the geometrical parameters of the metamaterial waveguides (MM 1-MM 4) are shown in table 1.
FIGS. 7 (a) - (d) are experimental schematic diagrams of four sets of graded metamaterial waveguide amplifiers of different size structures;
fig. 8 shows experimental results of four groups of graded metamaterial waveguide amplifiers with different size structures. (a) Measured sound pressure field distribution in four metamaterial waveguides (MM 1-MM 4); (b) Amplifying a pressure field along a wave propagation axis in the metamaterial waveguide; (c) Experimental results that the maximum pressure gain of the metamaterial waveguide changes along with the k value; (d) Experimental results of the variation of the maximum pressure gain of the metamaterial waveguide with the total length. In the experiment, the operating frequency was set to 3.1kHz.
Fig. 9 is a graph of numerical simulation results of a graded metamaterial waveguide for four different sized structures operating in the ultrasound frequency band, where (a) shows similar wave compression and amplification effects in a metamaterial waveguide functioning in the ultrasound region, and maximum pressure gain relative to k-value (b) and total length (c) of the metamaterial waveguide indicates that an optimized waveguide design can achieve significant field amplification and compact device size.
FIG. 10 (a) is a schematic diagram of a compact metamaterial waveguide acoustic signal amplifier based on a disk array structure according to the present invention; fig. 10 (b) shows adiabatic wave compression in a long metamaterial waveguide with a large k-value (upper graph) and non-adiabatic wave compression in a short metamaterial waveguide with a small k-value (lower graph).
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, embodiments of the present invention and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other, and the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments.
1. Referring to fig. 1-9, a first embodiment of the present invention is described, which includes a set of gradient stiffening arrays with period p, plate thickness t, and air gap g, and is composed of a plurality of gradient stiffening array plates with plate thickness t and air gap g, wherein the plate dimension w is a function of gradient along the acoustic wave propagation direction z, and the relationship is as follows: w=dz/2L, where L and D are the total length and width of the amplifier; the solid plate array forms an acoustic artificial material with equivalent density of ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ,ρ x ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +Fρ air ]Equivalent modulus of b=b air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air] F= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the solid plate in one cycle; the refractive index of the acoustic material satisfies the following settings:wherein f is the acoustic frequency; the structural parameter design of the super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier meets the following acoustic non-adiabatic compression conditions: />Where δ is the adiabatic coefficient and λ is the wavelength of the acoustic wave; the ratio of the total length L of the amplifier to the bottom width D is k=l/D, k<4。
The working frequency range of the amplifier is 2kHz-10kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the bottom width is 3.56, the thickness of the array plate of the amplifier is 4mm, the height is 80mm, the width of the last array plate is 80mm, the thickness of the air gap is 6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plates and the air gap is 10mm.
The working frequency range of the amplifier is 3kHz-15kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 1.74, the thickness of the array plate is 3mm, the height is 60mm, the width of the last array plate is 70mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plates and the air gap is 8mm.
The working frequency range of the amplifier is 20kHz-40kHz of ultrasonic wave band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 3, the thickness of the array plate is 0.4mm, the width of the last array plate is 10mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 1mm.
The working frequency range is 40kHz-60kHz of ultrasonic wave band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 1.5, the thickness of the array plate is 0.2mm, the width of the last array plate is 6mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 1mm.
2. In a second embodiment of the present invention, please refer to fig. 10 for describing the second embodiment of the present invention, a super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on the non-adiabatic rapid compression effect of acoustic waves includes a set of solid disk arrays with a period of p, a plate thickness of t, and an air gap of g, where the disk diameter w gradually increases along the acoustic wave propagation direction z, and satisfies the functional relationship: w=dz/2L, where L and D are the total length L and width of the amplifier; the solid disk array forms an acoustic artificial material with equivalent density of ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ,ρ r ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +Fρ air ]Equivalent modulus of b=b air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air ]Wherein f= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the disc in one cycle; the refractive index of the acoustic material satisfies the following settings:where f is the acoustic frequency, J 1 Is a Bessel function of order 1. The amplifier structural parameter design meets the following acoustic non-adiabatic compression conditions: />Where δ is the adiabatic coefficient and λ is the wavelength of the acoustic wave; the ratio of the total length L of the amplifier to the diameter D of the bottom disk is k, k < 3.
The working frequency of the amplifier is 1kHz-10kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the bottom diameter is 2, the thickness of the array plate is 2mm, the diameter of the last disc is 100mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the disc array is 15mm.
The working frequency of the amplifier is 10kHz-20kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the diameter of the bottom is 1.2, the thickness of the array plate is 2mm, the diameter of the last disc is 50mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the disc array is 8mm.
The working frequency of the amplifier is 20kHz-40kHz of an ultrasonic frequency band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the diameter of the bottom is 0.8, the thickness of the array plate is 0.5mm, the diameter of the last disc is 12mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.5mm, and the period of the disc array is 2mm.
The gradient hardening array and the solid disc array plate are manufactured by 3D printing processing of hard plastics or metal processing of stainless steel and the like.
In order to enable the person skilled in the art to further understand the working mechanism and the application effect of the invention, the working principle, the design thought and the experimental result of the embodiment of the invention are described as follows:
as shown in fig. 1 (a), the proposed metamaterial waveguide acoustic signal amplifier consists of a set of solid plate arrays with period p, plate thickness t, plate width w and air gap g. The plate width w tapers along the direction of propagation of the acoustic wave as a function of propagation distance z, which is the distance from the tapered metamaterial waveguide, total device length L, and maximum device width D, which can be expressed as w=dz2l. As shown in fig. 1 (b), by keeping the width of the bottom of the waveguide constant and reducing the ratio k=l/D of the total length L to the bottom width D, a compact metamaterial waveguide is obtained. We expect that a compact metamaterial waveguide with a smaller k-value (structure 2 in fig. 1 (b)) can have similar acoustic compression and acoustic field amplification capabilities as a long-sized metamaterial waveguide with a larger k-value (structure 1 in fig. 1 (b)) by the non-adiabatic rapid compression effect of acoustic waves in the metamaterial.
To simplify the analysis, a two-dimensional model is taken to analyze the compression and amplification characteristics of the acoustic wave in the metamaterial waveguide. Based on the equivalent medium theory, the equivalent density and bulk modulus of the solid plate array structure can be obtained according to the following formula: ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ，ρ x ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +Fρ air ]，B＝B air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air ]Where f= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the solid plate in one cycle. The solid plate array forms a gradient anisotropic super-structure material with equivalent refractive index n eff Can be expressed as:
where f is the acoustic operating frequency. Further, the sound pressure field distribution along the metamaterial waveguide can be expressed as:
note that in the formula (2), the sound pressure field distribution P is normalized to the pressure amplitude of the free space incident wave. It is clear that the sound pressure field of the metamaterial waveguide is a field related to the equivalent refractive index n eff Can be regulated by the ratio k of the total length of the waveguide to the width of the bottom. Based on the formulas (1) and (2), the equivalent refractive index n eff And the pressure field profile P along the metamaterial waveguide can be derived from fig. 1 (c) - (e).
As shown in fig. 1 (c), a large k-value metamaterial waveguide has a longer dimension (e.g. MM 1),then there is a very slowly varying equivalent refractive index n along the propagation axis z eff . As shown in fig. 1 (d) (see MM1 curve), a metamaterial waveguide with a longer total device length will meet the adiabatic compression condition for acoustic propagation:
under the conditions of adiabatic compression and amplification, the sound propagation changes slowly, and the problems of back reflection, scattering and the like can be ignored (see the MM1 curve in fig. 1 (e)). Here, δ represents an adiabatic parameter, and λ is the wavelength of an acoustic wave. In contrast, a small k-value metamaterial waveguide has very short dimensions (such as MM2 and MM 3). This will result in an equivalent refractive index n in the propagation direction eff Rapid changes in (c) in figure 1 (c) (see MM2 and MM3 curves). Their corresponding delta coefficients no longer satisfy the adiabatic compression condition delta < 1 (see MM2 and MM3 curves in fig. 1 (d)). As shown in fig. 1 (e), a short-scale metamaterial waveguide will meet non-adiabatic compression conditions (see MM2 and MM3 curves in fig. 1 (e)), and cause rapid compression and amplification effects of acoustic waves to occur in the metamaterial waveguide, which is critical to achieving a compact metamaterial device.
However, a metamaterial waveguide supporting non-adiabatic compression may encounter some challenges of the amplification capability of acoustic signals inside the structure. First, as shown in fig. 2, the actual metamaterial device is composed of a discontinuous array structure, and the problem of discontinuity of the large k-value metamaterial waveguide structure is not serious, and can be considered as an equivalent continuous medium, as shown on the left side of the figure. In contrast, while a small k-value metamaterial waveguide can significantly reduce device dimensions, its structural discontinuity is more pronounced, which can lead to severe acoustic reflection and scattering losses, which can be an important factor in reducing the metamaterial waveguide's acoustic signal amplification capability. On the other hand, the propagation of sound waves in a metamaterial waveguide is also affected by thermal viscous losses. As shown in fig. 3, the sound propagation may excite the vibration of air molecules in the array structure (air gap region). The acoustic air molecules will contact the surface of the array of plates and create a viscous drag effect that slows the movement of the air molecules, similar to a friction effect, which dissipates acoustic energy into heat. The thermal viscous loss effects in the metamaterial will cause serious acoustic propagation loss, and the performance of the waveguide of the metamaterial is directly affected.
The transmission of sound waves in a metamaterial waveguide involves complex physical processes such as scattering and thermal viscous losses between sound wave-structures, which cannot be analyzed by the equivalent medium theoretical analysis model. In order to fully analyze the physical phenomena in the metamaterial waveguide, complex interactions between sound waves and the metamaterial (FEM COMSOL 5.4) were studied using a multi-physical field finite element model. As shown in fig. 4, the ambient medium region (the air medium surrounding the metamaterial waveguide) simulates free-space acoustic transmission using a pressure acoustic model. In the region of the metamaterial, the solid plate can be treated as a rigid body because the solid plate has a very high impedance with respect to air. In addition, a thermo-viscous acoustic model is used within the slits of the metamaterial structure to account for thermo-viscous losses along the acoustic wave transport in the metamaterial waveguide.
In finite element simulation, the incident sound wave is simulated with plane wave radiation boundary conditions, and a perfect matching layer is provided at the domain boundary to prevent reflection of the sound wave (see fig. 4 (a) left). The simulation area is dissected by using a free triangle and a free quadric deformation grid, and the grid size is smaller than 1/5 of the minimum working wavelength. As shown in fig. 4 (b), in order to improve the accuracy of the simulation, the maximum unit size of the metamaterial slit region is 1/4 of the air gap. Further, to account for the thermal viscosity loss of the acoustic wave near the slit surface (see fig. 4 (c)), a finer boundary layer mesh is applied to the area adjacent to the solid plate boundary. The geometry and material parameters in FEM are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 geometric parameters of metamaterial waveguides
First, finite element simulation was performed to investigate the effect of the structural discontinuity of the metamaterial on the wave compression and pressure amplification effects to verify the idea in fig. 2. It is noted that in these finite element simulations, the thermal viscous losses in the metamaterial waveguide are not considered, and the thermal viscous acoustic model of the slit region is replaced with a pressure acoustic model. As shown in fig. 5, simulation results of four kinds of the metamaterial waveguides mentioned in table 1 show that the taper angle and the total length of the metamaterial waveguides have a significant influence on the sound field compression and amplification effects. When the metamaterial waveguide has a large k-value, propagation, compression and amplification of acoustic waves in discrete sub-wavelength structures (actual metamaterial structures) and in continuous medium are very similar (see fig. 1 (e)). As is evident from the finite element simulation: reducing the ratio k of the total length of the metamaterial to the width of the bottom will significantly reduce the path of sound wave transmission and compression, thus reducing the size of the metamaterial (fig. 5 (a)), which however will lead to degradation of the sound pressure amplifying capability (fig. 5 (b)). As shown in fig. 5 (b), when the ratio k of the total length to the bottom width is reduced from 7.15 to 0.94, the total length of the metamaterial is reduced from 56.4cm to 7.4cm (see fig. 5 (c)). However, this will result in an increased discontinuity in the structure of the metamaterial, thereby increasing the reflection and scattering losses encountered by the propagation of sound waves along the metamaterial, resulting in a gradual decrease in sound pressure gain from the first 27.4 times to 4.6 times (see fig. 5 (b)).
It is noted that in practice, the propagation of acoustic waves in a metamaterial involves very complex physical effects, including discontinuities in the structure of the metamaterial and thermal viscous loss effects. Here, a multi-physical field finite element simulation based on a pressure acoustic model and a thermal viscous acoustic model (fig. 4) is used, which can effectively analyze the combined effects of structural discontinuities and thermal viscous losses in a super-structured material waveguide in practical situations. As shown in fig. 6 (a), for a large k value (7.15), the acoustic wave propagation and compression effects are similar to the case where only the metamaterial structure discontinuities are considered. However, the difference is that the acoustic wave amplitude significantly reduces the thermal viscous losses due to the actual metamaterial waveguide. As can be seen from the analysis results of fig. 6 (b) and 6 (c), decreasing the ratio k of the total length of the metamaterial to the bottom width (the bottom width is unchanged, and the total length of the metamaterial is shortened) has a significantly different effect on wavefield amplification than the ideal case (compared with the case shown in fig. 4). For example, as shown in fig. 6 (c), the sound pressure amplification in the metamaterial waveguide increases and then decreases as the k value decreases. This includes the physical phenomena that can be explained as follows: reducing the k value shortens the acoustic wave transmission distance in the metamaterial (see fig. 6 (b)), thus reducing wave propagation loss due to thermal viscous dissipation. This will increase the sound pressure gain available in the metamaterial waveguide. On the other hand, however, decreasing the k-value results in more severe structural discontinuities in the metamaterial structure, which will cause more acoustic reflection and scattering losses, thereby reducing the pressure amplifying capability in the metamaterial waveguide. The combined effects of the two physical mechanisms (discontinuity of the metamaterial structure and thermal viscous loss effects) will commonly affect the optimal k-value range of the metamaterial waveguide (see fig. 6 (c) and 6 (d)), which is the key to reducing the size of the metamaterial device (fig. 6 (d)).
In the present invention, as shown in fig. 7, four groups of gradient graded acoustic super-structure materials having different ratios of total length to bottom width were selected for study in order to compare the adiabatic compression effect and the non-adiabatic compression effect existing in the gradient graded acoustic super-structure materials. The four groups of gradient acoustic super-structure materials are numbered MM1-MM4, and the ratio k of the total length to the bottom width is 7.15,3.56,1.74,0.94 respectively. The experiment was performed in a anechoic chamber with the speaker placed at the front end of the metamaterial waveguide, letting plane waves enter the metamaterial waveguide. A very small MEMS microphone is fixed to a movable platform and acts as an acoustic probe placed in a slot in the metamaterial waveguide to obtain amplitude and phase information of the sound waves. It is particularly noted that in order to obtain phase information of sound waves in the metamaterial, an additional MEMS microphone (of the same type as the MEMS microphone placed inside the metamaterial) is placed at the entrance of the metamaterial waveguide, which will act as a reference microphone to determine the original phase of the sound field. The micro MEMS microphone used has a size (3.76 mm x2.95mm x1.30 mm) much smaller than the operating wavelength of the acoustic wave, so that the acoustic properties in the metamaterial waveguide are not disturbed.
As shown in fig. 8 (a), based on the above-described sound field measurement method, the sound wave propagation test was performed in four metamaterial waveguides (MM 1 to MM 4), and the experimental results clearly demonstrate the physical phenomena related to the sound wave compression and amplification effects in the metamaterial waveguides. It has been found through experimentation that while a slow-changing metamaterial waveguide MM1 having a large structural length alleviates the problems associated with structural discontinuities, its acoustic amplification performance is not as good as a short-sized metamaterial waveguide (e.g., MM2 and MM 3) capable of supporting the fast wave compression effect. It should be noted here that although the test points of the acoustic field in fig. 8 (a) may better exhibit the acoustic wave propagation phenomenon in the metamaterial, these points may not accurately evaluate the pressure amplification performance of the metamaterial waveguide. For example, the maximum pressure gain of each metamaterial waveguide may be estimated from the peak amplitudes of the metamaterial wavefield distribution shown in FIG. 8 (a). However, due to measurement errors of the phase, the peak amplitude P (z, f) =a (z, f) cos { Φ (z, f) } of the wave field may not be accurately measured, and thus the maximum sound pressure gain of the metamaterial waveguide may not be accurately obtained. As shown in fig. 8 (b), in order to avoid the above measurement error, the maximum sound pressure gain in the metamaterial waveguide is directly estimated using the amplitude field a (z, f) of the metamaterial, ignoring the phase information. Further, at an operating frequency of 3.1kHz, the experimental results of the maximum pressure gain in the different metamaterial waveguides are shown in fig. 8 (c), which are consistent with the simulation results shown in fig. 6 (b). It is apparent that as the ratio of the total length to the bottom width decreases, the maximum pressure gain value of the metamaterial waveguide increases and then decreases, due to the combined effects of the structural discontinuities and thermal viscous losses of the metamaterial. From experiments, the ratio of the total length of the super-structure material structure MM1 to the bottom width is 7.15, the total length is 47.4cm, and the maximum gain value is 7.2. In contrast, the ratio of the total length of the structure MM2 to the bottom width is 3.56, the total length is only 28.4cm (see fig. 8 (d)), but its maximum pressure gain is increased to 15.8. As shown in fig. 8 (c) and 8 (d), further reduction of the ratio of the total length of the metamaterial waveguide to the bottom width (reduction of the overall length) results in a reduction of the maximum gain of the sound field. However, the sound pressure amplifying capability of these compact metamaterial waveguides is still very good. For example, MM4 is a compact device that is only one seventh as long as MM1, but it performs comparable to MM1 in pressure amplification. From the above experiments, it was demonstrated that the non-adiabatic compression effect present in a metamaterial waveguide is necessary to develop a compact metamaterial amplifier for practical applications. It should be noted that the maximum pressure gain obtained from the metamaterial waveguide in the experiment (fig. 8 (c)) is slightly different from the finite element simulation result shown in fig. 6 (d). This is because finite element simulations are based on two-dimensional models, and may have some errors in evaluating acoustic responses in three-dimensional metamaterial devices. In later stricter structural designs, simulation using a three-dimensional model is required, and additional discussion is not made here.
The working frequency of the compact acoustic signal amplifier based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide is 2kHz-10kHz.
The ratio of the total length to the bottom width of the compact acoustic signal amplifier MM2 based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide is 3.56, the thickness of an array plate is 4MM, the height is 80MM, the width of the last array plate is 80MM, the thickness of an air gap is 6MM, and the period formed by the gradient hard plastic plate and the air gap is 10MM.
The ratio of the total length to the bottom width of the compact acoustic signal amplifier MM3 based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide is 1.74 respectively, the thickness of an array plate is 4MM, the height is 80MM, the width of the last array plate is 80MM, the thickness of an air gap is 6MM, and the period formed by the gradient hard plastic plate and the air gap is 10MM.
The principle demonstration, simulation and experimental results mentioned in the present invention all demonstrate that a compact acoustic amplifier operating in the audible frequency band can be achieved by using the fast wave compression (non-adiabatic compression) effect. It should be noted that this idea can be extended to other frequency regions, providing a versatile technique for implementing small acoustic metamaterial devices that can be applied to many practical applications. For example, a metamaterial acoustic amplifier operating in the ultrasonic frequency range (> 20 kHz) would be very useful in automotive ultrasonic radar and robotic SLAM systems. This phenomenon was further verified in an ultrasonic metamaterial waveguide using finite element simulation, as shown in fig. 9 (a). See table 2 for geometrical parameters. As shown in fig. 9 (b) and 9 (c), a very small metamaterial waveguide with a length of only 1.64cm can achieve a very significant wave-compressing effect. The essence of achieving a compact ultrasonic metamaterial amplifier is achieved by the combined effect of structural discontinuities and thermal viscous dissipation in the metamaterial waveguide, which has a similar mechanism in the audible frequency region of the metamaterial waveguide.
Table 2 geometric parameters of ultrasonic band metamaterial waveguide
The compact acoustic signal amplifier based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide has an ultrasonic frequency band with the working frequency of 20kHz-40 kHz.
The ratio of the total length to the bottom width of the compact acoustic signal amplifier MM2 based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide is 3.558, the thickness of an array plate is 0.4MM, the width of the last array plate is 10MM, the thickness of an air gap is 0.6MM, and the period formed by the gradient hard plastic plate and the air gap is 1MM.
The ratio of the total length to the bottom width of the compact acoustic signal amplifier MM3 based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide is 1.744, the thickness of an array plate is 0.4MM, the width of the last array plate is 10MM, the thickness of an air gap is 0.6MM, and the period formed by the gradient hard plastic plate and the air gap is 1MM.
The ratio k <4 of the total length to the bottom width of the compact acoustic signal amplifier based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in an acoustic metamaterial waveguide.
The gradient array plate is made of hard plastic or stainless steel.
As shown in fig. 10, a compact acoustic signal amplifier based on non-adiabatic rapid compression in an acoustic metamaterial waveguide according to the present invention may also be designed as a gradient disk array. Compared with the gradient plate array acoustic super-structure material, the axial size of the device can be further reduced, processing consumables are saved, and the acoustic field amplification effect similar to that of the gradient plate array is achieved. Sound field gain effects similar to those in long-sized disc array structures can still be obtained in disc array types having smaller overall dimensions.
The manufacturing method of the compact acoustic signal amplifier based on non-adiabatic compression in the acoustic metamaterial waveguide comprises the following steps:
printing is performed by using a 3D printing technology, and the acoustic signal amplifier with the supporting plane at the upper and lower parts can be obtained.
The compact acoustic signal amplifier provided by the invention adopts a hard plastic plate for air testing, and can also be used for detecting and receiving weak signals in an underwater environment by metal processing.
The embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended only to help illustrate the invention. The examples are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best understand and utilize the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on an acoustic wave fast compression effect is characterized in that: the gradient hardening solid plate array with the period of p, the plate thickness of t and the air gap of g is included, the plate size w is a function of gradient along the sound wave propagation direction z, and the relation is satisfied: w=dz/2L, where L and D are the total length and width of the amplifier; the equivalent density of the gradient hardening solid plate array is ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ，ρ x ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +Fρ air ]，ρ plate Is the density of solid plate, ρ air For air density, equivalent modulus of b=b air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air ]，B air For air bulk modulus, B plate For solid plate bulk modulus, f= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the solid plate in one cycle; the refractive index of the acoustic material formed by the gradient hardening solid plate array satisfies the following arrangement:wherein f is the acoustic frequency; the structural parameter design of the super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier meets the following acoustic non-adiabatic rapid compression conditions: />Where δ is the adiabatic coefficient and λ is the wavelength of the acoustic wave; the ratio of the total length L of the amplifier to the bottom width D is k=l/D, k <4.
2. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the working frequency range of the amplifier is 2kHz-10kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the bottom width is 3.56, the thickness of the array plate of the amplifier is 4mm, the height is 80mm, the width of the last array plate is 80mm, the thickness of the air gap is 6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plates and the air gap is 10mm.
3. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the working frequency range of the amplifier is 3kHz-15kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 1.74, the thickness of the array plate is 3mm, the height is 60mm, the width of the last array plate is 70mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plates and the air gap is 8mm.
4. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the working frequency range of the amplifier is 20kHz-40kHz of ultrasonic wave band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 3, the thickness of the array plate is 0.4mm, the width of the last array plate is 10mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 1mm.
5. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the working frequency range is 40kHz-60kHz of ultrasonic wave band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the width of the bottom is 1.5, the thickness of the array plate is 0.2mm, the width of the last array plate is 6mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.6mm, and the period of the array structure formed by the solid plate and the air gap is 1mm.
6. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the working frequency of the amplifier is 10kHz-20kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the diameter of the bottom is 1.2, the thickness of the array plate is 2mm, the diameter of the last disc is 50mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the disc array is 8mm.
7. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the working frequency of the amplifier is 20kHz-40kHz of an ultrasonic frequency band, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the diameter of the bottom is 0.8, the thickness of the array plate is 0.5mm, the diameter of the last disc is 12mm, the thickness of the air gap is 0.5mm, and the period of the disc array is 2mm.
8. The super-structure material acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave rapid compression effect is characterized by comprising a group of solid disc arrays with the period p, the plate thickness t and the air gap g, wherein the disc diameter w gradually becomes larger along the acoustic wave propagation direction z, and the functional relation is satisfied: w=dz/2L, where L and D are the total length and width of the amplifier; the equivalent density of the solid disk array is ρ z ＝Fρ plate +(1-F)ρ air ，ρ r ＝ρ air ρ plate /[(1-F)ρ plate +Fρ air ]，ρ plate Is the density of a solid disc ρ air For air density, equivalent modulus of b=b air B plate /[(1-F)B plate +FB air ]，B air For air bulk modulus, B plate Is the bulk modulus of the solid disk, where f= (p-g)/p is the duty cycle of the solid disk in one cycle; the refractive index of the acoustic material formed by the array of solid disks satisfies the following settings:where f is the acoustic frequency, J 1 Is a Bessel function of order 1; the amplifier structural parameter design meets the following acoustic non-adiabatic compression conditions:where δ is the adiabatic coefficient and λ is the wavelength of the acoustic wave; the ratio of the total length L of the amplifier to the diameter D of the bottom disk is k, k < 3.
9. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the acoustic wave fast compression effect as claimed in claim 8, wherein: the working frequency of the amplifier is 1kHz-10kHz, the ratio of the total length of the amplifier to the bottom diameter is 2, the thickness of the array plate is 2mm, the diameter of the last disc is 100mm, the thickness of the air gap is 5mm, and the period of the disc array is 15mm.
10. The metamaterial acoustic signal amplifier based on the rapid compression effect of acoustic waves as claimed in claim 1 or 8, wherein: the gradient hardening solid plate array and the solid disc array are manufactured by 3D printing processing of hard plastics or metal processing of stainless steel and the like.
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