CN116224117A - Lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectrum - Google Patents

Lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectrum Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116224117A
CN116224117A CN202211681103.XA CN202211681103A CN116224117A CN 116224117 A CN116224117 A CN 116224117A CN 202211681103 A CN202211681103 A CN 202211681103A CN 116224117 A CN116224117 A CN 116224117A
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battery
impedance
health state
tested
health
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姜卓
康春建
刘强
张章
姜文
金晨
张彩萍
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National Computer Network and Information Security Management Center
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/378—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] specially adapted for the type of battery or accumulator
    • G01R31/379—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] specially adapted for the type of battery or accumulator for lead-acid batteries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of battery health state diagnosis, in particular to a lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The method is rapid and convenient, does not need to consider the influence of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and can be suitable for detection of storage batteries with various working conditions and different models.

Description

Lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectrum
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of battery health state diagnosis, in particular to a lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Background
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is an important link in a data center power supply and distribution system, and directly provides 7×24h stable and continuous power for back-end information system equipment. The data center UPS includes a valve-regulated lead-acid battery (hereinafter referred to as battery) backup part and the like. When power is interrupted or the power conversion components of the UPS fail, the battery must immediately provide short-time power, and therefore safe and reliable operation of the battery is critical.
Along with the increase of the service time, the potential safety hazard of the storage battery is also increased gradually, the situations of liquid leakage, acid climbing, pole plate salinization and the like of the battery are likely to occur, and spontaneous combustion is more likely to occur seriously. In addition, the degraded battery capacity is also reduced, and the battery is not sufficiently supported for a long enough time to be used, so that the battery needs to be periodically checked and maintained to ensure the safe operation of the system.
The most accurate and effective method for monitoring the storage battery at present is to use a storage battery charge and discharge tester to carry out full-capacity discharge test, the cost required by the test is very high, and the test is still lacking in terms of performance evaluation.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects existing in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which can be suitable for various working conditions and can rapidly estimate the health states of batteries of different types.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: the method for diagnosing the health state of the lead-acid battery based on the electrochemical impedance spectrum comprises the following steps of:
(1) The electrochemical impedance spectrums of the battery to be measured under different aging states are obtained by using EIS measuring equipment;
(2) Disassembling and analyzing the electrochemical impedance spectrum obtained in the step (1) to obtain the variation trend of each part of the alternating current impedance of the battery to be tested under different aging states;
(3) Quantifying the correlation between the impedance change and capacity fading of the battery to be tested according to the Pearson correlation coefficient, and selecting an alternating current impedance imaginary part as a characteristic quantity;
(4) Performing linear fitting on alternating current impedance imaginary parts of different frequency points and the health state of the battery, and selecting the best fitting frequency as a characteristic frequency according to the quality of the fitting goodness evaluation degree to obtain a health factor for representing the health state of the battery to be tested;
(5) And (3) taking the health factor obtained in the step (4) as an independent variable, taking the health state of the battery to be tested as the dependent variable, establishing a first-order linear estimation model, inputting the health factor, outputting the ratio of the current maximum capacity to the nominal capacity of the battery to be tested, namely, the health state SOH, and judging that the battery to be tested is in an unhealthy state if the SOH is less than 80%.
Further, the change trend of each part of the alternating current impedance of the battery to be tested under different aging states comprises the change trend of alternating current impedance amplitude, real part, imaginary part and phase angle;
in the step (1), electrochemical impedance data of the battery to be tested is obtained by using EIS test equipment, wherein the electrochemical impedance data comprises an impedance amplitude and a phase angle, a real part and an imaginary part are obtained through calculation of an alternating current impedance expression, and the formula is as follows:
Z Re ＝Z m cosθ；
Z Im ＝Z m sinθ；
in the above, Z m For impedance magnitude, θ is phase angle.
Further, in the step (3), a pearson correlation coefficient formula between each component of the ac impedance and the capacity is calculated as follows:
Figure BDA0004019413040000021
in the above formula, X i And Y i For the true value of each sample of the two variables,
Figure BDA0004019413040000022
and->
Figure BDA0004019413040000023
The closer the absolute value of the result is to 1, the higher the correlation is.
Further, in step (4), the frequency range with the highest fitting degree is selected as the best fitting frequency, namely the characteristic frequency, and the formula of the selection is as follows:
Figure BDA0004019413040000024
in the above formula, y is the true value of each sample,
Figure BDA0004019413040000025
for the corresponding value of the sample on the fitted curve, the numerator is the sum of squares of the residuals,
Figure BDA0004019413040000026
the mean value of each sample is given by the denominator which is the total sum of squares.
Further, in step (5), the first-order linear estimation model is:
SOH＝a×I m +b；
in the above formula, SOH is the health status of the battery to be tested, I m For the selected health factor, i.e. the impedance imaginary part at the characteristic frequency, a is the weight of the linear model and b is the bias of the linear model.
Compared with the prior art, the scheme has the remarkable advantages that:
according to the method, the electrochemical impedance spectrums of the battery to be tested in different aging states are obtained, the differences of alternating current impedance components of the battery to be tested in different aging states are compared, and the imaginary part of the alternating current impedance is used as a health factor for representing the health state of the battery, so that a first-order linear estimation model for diagnosing the health state of the battery to be tested is established, and the quick estimation of the health state of the storage battery is realized. The method is rapid and convenient, does not need to consider the influence of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and can be suitable for detection of storage batteries with various working conditions and different models.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate the invention and together with the embodiments of the invention, serve to explain the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the steps of a diagnostic method in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of electrochemical impedance spectra of a lead acid battery under various aging conditions in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the trend of each component of the AC impedance under different aging conditions according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a plot of goodness-of-fit for the imaginary part of the AC impedance at different frequencies in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the imaginary part of the AC impedance under different SOC conditions according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a health estimation model fitting curve in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of preferred embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings, and it is to be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are for the purpose of illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the invention thereto.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for diagnosing the health state of the lead-acid battery based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy comprises the following steps:
(1) The electrochemical impedance spectrums of the battery to be measured in different aging states are obtained by using EIS measuring equipment, the aging states comprise time length, health state and the like, the obtained electrochemical impedance data comprise impedance amplitude and phase angle, the real part and the imaginary part are obtained through calculation of an alternating current impedance expression, and the formula is as follows:
Z Re ＝Z m cosθ；
Z Im ＝Z m sinθ；
in the above, Z m As shown in fig. 2, electrochemical impedance spectrum diagrams of the lead-acid battery in different aging states in the embodiment are obtained by taking impedance amplitude and θ as phase angles;
(2) Disassembling and analyzing the electrochemical impedance spectrum obtained in the step (1) to obtain the variation trend of each part of the alternating current impedance of the battery to be tested under different aging states, wherein the variation trend comprises the variation trend of alternating current impedance amplitude, real part, imaginary part and phase angle, as shown in figure 3;
(3) On the basis of the step (2), the analysis finds that the impedance change and capacity fading of the battery to be detected are approximately in a linear relation, so that the pearson correlation coefficient formula for calculating the pearson correlation coefficient between each component of the alternating current impedance and the capacity is as follows:
Figure BDA0004019413040000041
in the above formula, X i And Y i For the true value of each sample of the two variables,
Figure BDA0004019413040000042
and->
Figure BDA0004019413040000043
The closer the absolute value of the result is to 1, the higher the correlation is.
The following table shows:
SOC amplitude value Real part Imaginary part Phase of
100 0.3534 0.3741 0.8287 0.7371
90 0.3455 0.3517 0.9692 0.7814
80 0.3484 0.3520 0.9435 0.7299
70 0.3722 0.3744 0.9173 0.6729
60 0.4055 0.4068 0.8845 0.6100
According to analysis, a high linear correlation exists between the alternating current impedance imaginary part and the battery health state in any SOC state, so that the alternating current impedance imaginary part is selected as a characteristic quantity;
(4) Utilizing curve fitting tool in matlab to linearly fit alternating current impedance imaginary parts of different frequency points with the health state of the battery, evaluating the fitting degree by using the fitting goodness, as shown in fig. 4, and further selecting the best fitting frequency as a characteristic frequency to obtain a health factor capable of representing the health state of the battery;
the frequency range with the highest fitting degree is selected as the best fitting frequency, namely the characteristic frequency, and the formula of the screening is as follows:
Figure BDA0004019413040000044
in the above formula, y is the true value of each sample,
Figure BDA0004019413040000045
for the corresponding value of the sample on the fitted curve, the numerator is the sum of squares of the residuals,
Figure BDA0004019413040000046
the average value of each sample is represented by the denominator which is the total sum of squares; />
(5) Taking the health factor obtained in the step (4) as an independent variable, taking the health state of the battery to be tested as a dependent variable, establishing a first-order linear estimation model, inputting the health factor, and outputting the ratio of the current maximum capacity to the nominal capacity of the battery to be tested, namely, the health state SOH, if SOH is less than 80%, judging that the battery to be tested is in an unhealthy state, as shown in fig. 6, wherein the first-order linear estimation model is as follows:
SOH＝a×I m +b；
in the above formula, SOH is the health status of the battery to be tested, I m For the selected health factor, i.e. the impedance imaginary part at the characteristic frequency, a is the weight of the linear model and b is the bias of the linear model.
The alternating current impedance of the battery to be tested is closely related to the aging state, and has stronger correlation with the state of SOC of the battery, when the battery is at different SOC points, the corresponding electrochemical impedance spectrums are different, as shown in fig. 5, the experimental data analysis shows that the alternating current impedance imaginary part of the battery only slightly fluctuates between 100% SOC and 95% SOC, the fluctuation of the rest SOC states is extremely small and can be ignored, however, in practical application, the battery hardly reaches 95% SOC or above, so that the influence of the SOC on the impedance spectrum of the battery can be ignored.
In this embodiment, the verification result of the battery state of health fast estimation model is shown in the following table:
true value (Ah) Measurement value (Ah) Error e (Ah) Precision (%)
382.6 372.7 9.95 97.4
337.1 329.3 7.84 97.7
323.6 329.8 6.16 98.1
Compared with the prior art, the scheme has the remarkable advantages that:
according to the method, the electrochemical impedance spectrums of the battery to be tested in different aging states are obtained, the differences of alternating current impedance components of the battery to be tested in different aging states are compared, and the imaginary part of the alternating current impedance is used as a health factor for representing the health state of the battery, so that a first-order linear estimation model for diagnosing the health state of the battery to be tested is established, and the quick estimation of the health state of the storage battery is realized. The method is rapid and convenient, does not need to consider the influence of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and can be suitable for detection of storage batteries with various working conditions and different models.
Finally, it should be noted that: the foregoing is merely a preferred example of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto, but it is to be understood that modifications and equivalents of some of the technical features described in the foregoing embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art, although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A method for diagnosing the health state of a lead-acid battery based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, comprising the steps of:
(1) The electrochemical impedance spectrums of the battery to be measured under different aging states are obtained by using EIS measuring equipment;
(2) Disassembling and analyzing the electrochemical impedance spectrum obtained in the step (1) to obtain the variation trend of each part of the alternating current impedance of the battery to be tested in different aging states;
(3) Quantifying the correlation between the impedance change and capacity fading of the battery to be tested according to the Pearson correlation coefficient, and selecting an alternating current impedance imaginary part as a characteristic quantity;
(4) Performing linear fitting on alternating current impedance imaginary parts of different frequency points and the health state of the battery, and evaluating the fitting degree according to the fitting goodness, and selecting the best fitting frequency as a characteristic frequency to obtain a health factor for representing the health state of the battery to be tested;
(5) And (3) taking the health factor obtained in the step (4) as an independent variable, taking the health state of the battery to be tested as a dependent variable, establishing a first-order linear estimation model, inputting the health factor, outputting the ratio of the current maximum capacity to the nominal capacity of the battery to be tested, namely, the health state SOH, and judging that the battery to be tested is in an unhealthy state if the SOH is less than 80%.
2. The method for diagnosing a health state of a lead-acid battery based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the alternating current impedance of the battery to be measured has a trend of variation in different aging states, including a trend of variation in alternating current impedance amplitude, real part, imaginary part and phase angle;
in the step (1), electrochemical impedance data of the battery to be tested is obtained by using an EIS test device, wherein the electrochemical impedance data comprises an impedance amplitude and a phase angle, the real part and the imaginary part are obtained by calculating an ac impedance expression, and the formula is as follows:
Z Re ＝Z m cosθ；
Z Im ＝Z m sinθ；
in the above, Z m For impedance magnitude, θ is phase angle.
3. The method for diagnosing a health state of a lead-acid battery based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as recited in claim 1, wherein in step (3), the pearson correlation coefficient formula between each component of the calculated ac impedance and the capacity is:
Figure FDA0004019413030000011
in the above formula, X i And Y i For the true value of each sample of the two variables,
Figure FDA0004019413030000012
and->
Figure FDA0004019413030000013
The closer the absolute value of the result is to 1, the higher the correlation is.
4. The method for diagnosing a health state of a lead-acid battery based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy according to claim 3, wherein in the step (4), a frequency range with the highest fitting degree is selected as a best fitting frequency, namely a characteristic frequency, and a formula of the screening is as follows:
Figure FDA0004019413030000021
in the above formula, y is the true value of each sample,
Figure FDA0004019413030000022
for the corresponding value of the sample on the fitted curve, the numerator is the sum of squares of the residuals, +.>
Figure FDA0004019413030000023
The mean value of each sample is given by the denominator which is the total sum of squares.
5. The method for diagnosing a health state of a lead-acid battery based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as recited in claim 4, wherein in step (5), the first-order linear estimation model is:
SOH＝a×I m +b；
in the above formula, SOH is the health status of the battery to be tested, I m For the selected health factor, i.e. the impedance imaginary part at the characteristic frequency, a is the weight of the linear model and b is the bias of the linear model.
CN202211681103.XA 2022-12-27 2022-12-27 Lead-acid battery health state diagnosis method based on electrochemical impedance spectrum Pending CN116224117A (en)

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