CN116223624A - Composite material weak defect detection method based on numerical acoustic metamaterial - Google Patents
Composite material weak defect detection method based on numerical acoustic metamaterial Download PDFInfo
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- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for detecting weak defects of a composite material based on a numerical acoustic metamaterial, wherein the acoustic metamaterial is arranged in a space between a probe and an ultrasonic array element in a plane where the probe contacts with a composite material structural member; performing defect detection on the composite structural member, generating a plurality of groups of ultrasonic emission signals which have the same frequency range and are adjacent to each other by the array element, forming emission ultrasonic waves after transduction, enabling the ultrasonic waves to penetrate through the acoustic metamaterial, entering the interior of the composite structural member from the contact surface; the method comprises the steps of reflecting an incident ultrasonic wave to form an echo, processing the echo to obtain echo signals corresponding to a transmitting signal, and obtaining echo signal amplitude-frequency diagrams of different frequency bands, wherein characteristic frequencies with obviously increased amplitudes exist in a certain frequency band in the diagrams, and the characteristic frequencies are weak defect signals. According to the technical scheme, the weak defect signal can be amplified in multiple while misjudgment caused by the fact that abnormal characteristic frequency is not introduced, so that the detection precision is improved, and the problems in the background technology are effectively solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of nondestructive testing of composite materials, in particular to a method for reinforcing and detecting weak defect signals of a composite material based on a numerical acoustic metamaterial.
Background
The composite material has the advantages of high strength, good toughness, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, light weight and the like, greatly meets the application requirements of the current industrial field on new materials, and is widely used in the aviation field. In order to ensure the service performance and safety, it is necessary to detect the internal defects, wherein ultrasonic detection is a common nondestructive detection means, and the method has the following defects: the signal of weak defects is generally weak and is easily submerged by strong background noise. In order to recover weak signals submerged by noise, the conventional time-frequency analysis method includes wavelet analysis, singular value decomposition, empirical mode decomposition, and the like, the detection of the weak signals is realized by reducing the noise of the original signals, the weak signals are also eliminated to a certain extent by noise reduction, and once the signals with smaller amplitudes are lower than the minimum detectable pressure of the common acoustic sensor, the signals cannot be recovered. Another approach, stochastic resonance theory, can overcome the disadvantage of weak signals being eliminated, but can only be used to detect signals with strictly smaller parameters, such as small amplitude, small frequency, small noise intensity. The acoustic metamaterial is composed of a periodic microstructure, so that the propagation of acoustic waves can be controlled, the spatial distribution of acoustic wave capacity can be controlled, more complex control on acoustic waves and acoustic energy can be realized, the wavelength of incident acoustic waves is shortened along with the increase of a medium with a high refractive index, and the acoustic waves are concentrated and amplified in space, so that the acoustic waves with different frequencies generate compression effects at different positions, and the frequency selection enhancement of acoustic signals is realized. The inventor utilizes the property of the acoustic metamaterial and proposes a composite material weak defect detection method based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for detecting a weak defect of a composite material based on a numerical acoustic metamaterial, which can amplify the weak defect signal by times while avoiding misjudgment caused by introducing abnormal characteristic frequency, improves the detection precision and effectively solves the problems in the background technology.
In order to improve the detection precision of the ultrasonic phased array detection on the internal weak defects of the composite material, facilitate the detection on the weak defects, the imaging of the internal defects of the composite material and the like, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an acoustic metamaterial with gradient refractive index is arranged in a space between the probe and the ultrasonic array elements on the plane where the probe contacts the composite structural member, the acoustic metamaterial is formed by arranging a plurality of copper flat plates in parallel along the vertical line from the array elements to the contact surface, the width of the copper flat plates is gradually reduced from the array elements to the contact surface, and the plate spacing of the copper flat plates is smaller than the ultrasonic wave wavelength emitted by the array elements; the contact surface of the composite structural member is coated with a coupling agent;
and (5) maintaining the position of the probe unchanged, and detecting defects of the composite structural member. Array elements generate groups of frequency ranges which are equal and adjacent (f 1 ～f 2 ,f 2 ～f 3 ,...,f m-2 ～f m-1 ,f m-1 ～f m ,f m ～f m+1 ) The ultrasonic wave is converted by an ultrasonic transducer (for ultrasonic phased array detection, sound field focusing is also included) to form an emitted ultrasonic wave, the emitted ultrasonic wave passes through an acoustic metamaterial in the ultrasonic detection probe to reach a contact surface, then enters the inside of a composite structural member from the contact surface;
the incident ultrasonic wave is reflected to form an echo, and the echo is processed to obtain an echo signal (the frequency is f as well) corresponding to the transmitted signal 1 ～f 2 ,f 2 ～f 3 ,...,f m-2 ～f m-1 ,f m-1 ～f m ,f m ～f m+1 ). Through the echo signal diagram, the defect signal can be assessed;
compared with an ultrasonic detection probe (control group) without acoustic metamaterial arranged inside, in the echo signal amplitude-frequency diagram of different frequency bands obtained by the ultrasonic detection probe with acoustic metamaterial arranged inside, in a certain frequency band (namely the resonance frequency band of the defect signal and the acoustic metamaterial) F 1 ～F 2 The characteristic frequency with obviously increased amplitude exists, namely a weak defect signal;
for theoretical verification and improvement, the amplification factor of the weak defect signal can be estimated through comparison, so that the defect signal can be distinguished to a certain extent; however, in practical use, the boundary can be detected and the weak defect signal is amplified several times, which is very noticeable and easy to distinguish, so that such contrast is not necessary.
Preferably, the ultrasonic wave transmits the signal frequency f 1 ，f 2 ，...，f m-1 ，f m Typically of the order of 10 6 And f 2 -f 1 ＝f 3 -f 2 ＝...＝f m -f m-1 ＝f m+1 -f m Within these frequency bands, there is a resonance frequency band; the invention is 1X 10 6 Hz～1×10 7 9 groups of frequency bands are arranged between Hz and are respectively 1 multiplied by 10 6 Hz～2×10 6 Hz、2×10 6 Hz～3×10 6 Hz、3×10 6 Hz～4×10 6 Hz、4×10 6 Hz～5×10 6 Hz、5×10 6 Hz～6×10 6 Hz、6×10 6 Hz～7×10 6 Hz、7×10 6 Hz～8×10 6 Hz、8×10 6 Hz～9×10 6 Hz、9×10 6 Hz～1×10 7 Hz, equal sign meaning, that is, the width of each frequency band is equal, the frequency range of the large section is divided into continuous small sections, and the acquisition and the processing of signals are convenient. In actual use, whether to collect in segments can be selected according to actual conditions.
The acoustic metamaterial with the gradient refractive index is formed by arranging a plurality of copper plates in parallel, wherein the lengths of the copper plates gradually decrease from array elements to contact surfaces, and parameters such as spacing, thickness and the like are unchanged, so that the gradient refractive index is formed. In addition, the invention sets the intervals to the same value to simplify the parameterized modeling process, and can actually lead the intervals to gradually decrease from the plane where the probe contacts the composite structural member to the ultrasonic array element (if the reduction of the plate interval of the copper flat plate can be suitable for the compression of the sound wave wavelength, namely, the reduced interval can continuously meet the condition of the sound wave compression, the sound wave compression effect can be better; the different thicknesses have little influence on the detection result within a certain range, and are preferably close to the pitch, for example, about 4 times the pitch.
According to the method for detecting the weak defects of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial, provided by the technical scheme, the acoustic metamaterial with the gradient refractive index is arranged in the ultrasonic detection probe, and the frequency selection enhancement characteristic of the acoustic metamaterial is utilized to multiply and amplify the weak signals of the weak defects, so that the detection precision of the weak defects is improved, and the detection of the weak defects, the imaging of the defects in the composite material and the like are facilitated. Compared with the traditional detection method, the detection method provided by the invention recovers the weak signal through frequency selection enhancement without relying on noise reduction and introducing abnormal frequency, and all information of the signal can be well stored.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for enhancing and detecting weak defect signals of a composite material based on a numerical acoustic metamaterial;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the installation positions of an acoustic metamaterial, an ultrasonic probe and a composite material in the method for enhancing and detecting the weak defect signal of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial;
FIG. 3 is a partial view of an acoustic metamaterial;
FIG. 4 is a plot of the resulting "no amplification" signal from the example;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the "amplified" signal obtained in the example;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the resulting "defective" signal in the examples;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the "defect free" signal obtained in the examples.
In the figure: 1. an ultrasonic detection probe; 2. array elements; 3. an acoustic metamaterial; 4. defects; 5. carbon fiber composite material plate.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples below in order to make the objects and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the following text is intended to describe only one or more specific embodiments of the invention and does not limit the scope of the invention strictly as claimed.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as shown in figures 1-7, and the method for detecting the weak defect signal enhancement of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial comprises the following steps.
Designing 4 groups of tests and simultaneously carrying out simulation analysis, wherein four groups of models are respectively as follows:
a first group: the composite structural member is defective, and an acoustic metamaterial is arranged in the ultrasonic detection probe;
second group: the composite structural member is defective, and the interior of the ultrasonic detection probe is free of acoustic metamaterial;
third group: the composite structural member is defect-free, and an acoustic metamaterial is arranged in the ultrasonic detection probe;
fourth group: the composite structural member has no defect and the ultrasonic detection probe has no acoustic metamaterial inside.
The main geometrical parameters that determine the gradient index of refraction of an acoustic metamaterial include: the interval i, the thickness t and the width w of the copper plates constituting the acoustic metamaterial are different, so that the width w of the copper plates and the maximum width l of the copper plates are required to be distinguished. The width of the copper flat plate forming the acoustic metamaterial in the embodiment gradually decreases from the array element to the contact surface because the refractive index gradually increases along the width increasing direction of the copper flat plate to generate the acoustic compression effect.
In the process of simplifying the simulation model, reducing the simulation time consumption, and simultaneously ensuring that the two-dimensional simulation result and the three-dimensional simulation result are well matched, taking a first group of test examples as an example, the two-dimensional simplified model is shown in fig. 2, an array element is arranged at the center of a rectangular ultrasonic detection probe (the side length a=25 mm in the embodiment, the material is nitrile rubber), five parameters of the maximum width l, the thickness t, the interval i, the length difference deltal and the number n of copper plates forming the acoustic metamaterial are formed, in the embodiment, l=15 mm, t=50 um, i=200 um, deltal=50 um and n=30), and the interval i is smaller than the ultrasonic wave wavelength emitted by the array element, so that the acoustic compression effect is facilitated.
In this embodiment, a carbon fiber composite material plate (the length of the plate is 25mm and the width of the plate is 60mm in this embodiment) is used to replace a part of the composite material structural member, and the internal defect (the length of the defect is 3mm and the width of the defect is 2mm in this embodiment) is located right below the array element of the ultrasonic detection probe, and the distance between the defect and the contact surface is d (d=27.5 mm in this embodiment).
The geometrical model of the rest 3 groups of test cases is different from the geometrical model of the first group of test cases only in that whether an acoustic metamaterial is arranged in the ultrasonic detection probe or not, whether defects exist in the carbon fiber composite material plate or not, other geometrical parameters are consistent, and the size of the maximum grid unit is set to be 1/5 of the shortest wavelength;
the "pressure acoustics, frequency domain" module of COMSOL Multiphysics is used to make simulation so as to make array elements in each test example generate several groups of frequency ranges equal and adjacent (f 1 ～f 2 ,f 2 ～f 3 ,...,f m-2 ～f m-1 ,f m-1 ～f m ,f m ～f m+1 ) (the ultrasonic wavelength should not be smaller than the interval i). m is the subscript corresponding to the highest frequency of the emission, and is determined according to the number of actually set frequency bands, 9 groups of frequency bands, namely 1×10, are set in the embodiment 6 Hz～2×10 6 Hz、2×10 6 Hz～3×10 6 Hz、3×10 6 Hz～4×10 6 Hz、……、8×10 6 Hz～9×10 6 Hz、9×10 6 Hz～1×10 7 Hz, and is determined according to the actual situation when actually used.
Therefore, in this embodiment, the frequency ranges are sequentially:
10 6 ～2×10 6 Hz,2×10 6 ～3×10 6 Hz,3×10 6 ～4×10 6 Hz,……,8×10 6 ～9×10 6 Hz,9×10 6 ～1×10 7 hz, the ultrasonic amplitude is 1Pa;
in each test example, ultrasonic waves were generated by the above method, and the carbon fiber composite board was subjected to sweep detection, so as to obtain 9 sets of echo signal diagrams (amplitude-frequency signal diagrams) respectively.
Echo signal patterns obtained in the same frequency range of the incident sound wave by each test example can be correspondingly named as "defective-amplified", "defective-unamplified", "non-defective-amplified", "non-defective-unamplified" signal patterns. To facilitate comparative analysis, the "defective-no-amp" and "non-defective-no-amp" signal maps are combined into a "no-amp" signal map p 1 "defective-amplified" and "non-defectiveThe "amplified" signal patterns are combined into "amplified" signal pattern p 2 Combining the "defective-amplified" and "defective-non-amplified" signal patterns into a "defective" signal pattern p 3 Combining the "defect-amplified" and "defect-amplified" signal maps into a "defect-free" signal map p 4 9 sheets each;
fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7 show a signal diagram p 1 、p 2 、p 3 P 4 In the resonance frequency band F 1 ～F 2 Signal diagram of frequency range (in this embodiment, the frequency range is 5×10) 6 ～6×10 6 Hz). In the signal diagram, the frequency band with larger amplitude and more concentrated frequency represents the boundary of the carbon fiber composite material plate, and the analysis of the spectrum signal diagram in the diagram 7 shows that whether the ultrasonic detection probe is internally provided with the acoustic metamaterial or not can detect the boundary, the reflected boundary positions are basically consistent, and when the acoustic metamaterial is arranged, other characteristic frequencies are not existed, so that the existence of the acoustic metamaterial can not introduce abnormal frequencies to cause erroneous judgment;
in the signal diagram of fig. 4, no significant defect signal can be observed except for the characteristic frequency of the boundary, whereas in the signal diagram of fig. 5, very significant defect signals, namely 5.31×10 marked in the diagram, can be observed 6 Signals in the vicinity of Hz have a resonance frequency band of approximately 5.2X10 6 ～5.4×10 6 Hz; the signal diagram of fig. 6 is analyzed, and the signal amplitude of the 'defective-non-amplified' signal diagram and the 'defective-amplified' signal diagram in the resonance frequency band are compared, so that the signal amplitude can be obtained, and the originally weak defect signal is amplified by 3-5 times through the frequency selection enhancement of the acoustic metamaterial, so that the defect signal can be detected very easily, and the detection precision is improved.
According to the method for detecting the weak defects of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial, provided by the invention, the acoustic metamaterial with the gradient refractive index is arranged in the ultrasonic detection probe, and the frequency selection enhancement characteristic of the acoustic metamaterial is utilized to multiply and amplify the weak signals of the weak defects, so that the detection precision of the weak defects is improved, and the detection of the weak defects, the imaging of the defects in the composite material and the like are facilitated. Compared with the traditional detection method, the detection method provided by the invention recovers the weak signal through frequency selection enhancement without relying on noise reduction and introducing abnormal frequency, and all information of the signal can be well stored, so that the technical problem in the background technology is effectively solved.
While the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various equivalent changes and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the principles of the present invention, and such equivalent changes and substitutions should also be considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The method for detecting the weak defect of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, arranging an acoustic metamaterial with gradient refractive index in a space between a probe and an ultrasonic array element in a plane where the probe contacts with a composite structural member;
the acoustic metamaterial is formed by arranging a plurality of copper flat plates in parallel along a vertical line from an array element to a contact surface, the width of the copper flat plates is gradually reduced from the array element to the contact surface, and the plate spacing of the copper flat plates is smaller than the wavelength of ultrasonic waves emitted by the array element; the contact surface of the composite structural member is coated with a coupling agent;
s2, performing defect detection on the composite structural member, generating a plurality of groups of ultrasonic emission signals which have the same frequency range and are adjacent to each other by the array element, forming emission ultrasonic waves after transduction, enabling the ultrasonic waves to pass through the acoustic metamaterial, reach a contact surface, then enter the composite structural member from the contact surface, and enter the composite structural member;
s3, reflecting the incident ultrasonic wave to form an echo, processing the echo to obtain echo signals corresponding to the transmitted signals, and obtaining echo signal amplitude-frequency diagrams of different frequency bands;
s4, in the echo signal amplitude-frequency diagram, characteristic frequency with obviously increased amplitude exists in a certain frequency segment, and the characteristic frequency is a weak defect signal.
2. The method for detecting the weak defects of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: the ultrasonic emission signal is transduced by an ultrasonic transducer and for ultrasonic phased array detection, further includes sound field focusing.
3. The method for detecting the weak defects of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: the frequency of the ultrasonic wave transmitting signal is of the order of 10 6 。
4. The method for detecting a weak defect of a composite material based on a numerical acoustic metamaterial according to claim 1, further comprising setting a control group: the control group is not internally provided with acoustic metamaterial;
compared with a control group, in the echo signal amplitude-frequency diagram of different frequency bands obtained by the ultrasonic detection probe internally provided with the acoustic metamaterial, characteristic frequencies with obviously increased amplitudes exist in a certain frequency band, namely weak defect signals.
5. The method for detecting the weak defects of the composite material based on the numerical acoustic metamaterial according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: and the certain frequency band is the resonance frequency band of the defect signal and the acoustic metamaterial.
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