CN115469022A - Unidirectional torsion guided wave single-channel magnetostrictive transducer and using method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A unidirectional torsion guided wave single-channel magnetostrictive transducer and a using method thereof belong to the technical field of nondestructive testing, and the specific scheme is as follows: firstly, coupling a magnetostrictive patch made of a material with a high magnetostrictive coefficient on the circumferential surface of a tested piece and magnetizing the magnetostrictive patch along the circumferential direction of the tested piece; secondly, providing a static bias magnetic field by utilizing residual magnetism in the magnetostrictive patches, and winding coils with alternating current circumferentially on the surfaces of the magnetostrictive patches to generate longitudinal dynamic magnetic field excitation torsional guided waves; and finally, changing the position of the coil, and controlling the propagation direction of the torsional guided wave by means of edge reflection of the magnetostrictive patch. The invention adopts a single-side area coupling or single-side edge coupling mode, can effectively eliminate periodic interference signals behind the main signal, improves the signal-to-noise ratio and finally improves the detection capability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nondestructive testing, and particularly relates to a unidirectional torsion guided wave single-channel magnetostrictive transducer and a using method thereof.
Background
The plate, the pipe fitting and the like often generate defects such as cracks, corrosion and the like in the service process, and form potential safety hazards. In order to ensure the safe operation and effective use of products, nondestructive testing has become a mandatory measure in the fields of petroleum and petrochemical industry, rail transit and the like. The ultrasonic guided wave technology has the characteristics of long propagation distance, small signal attenuation and the like, can realize high-efficiency, long-distance and large-range detection, and is suitable for nondestructive detection and health monitoring of large industrial structures. The magnetostrictive patch transducer is easy to excite different types of ultrasonic guided waves by changing the direction of a magnetic field due to simple structure, and is widely favored and paid attention by scholars at home and abroad in recent years.
The focusing of the guided wave at the defect position can effectively improve the sensitivity of defect detection. Transducer arrays are commonly used to accomplish this. The phased array transducer has the advantages that the limitation of exciting the guided wave by a single sensor is made up, guided wave mode selection and energy focusing are carried out by controlling the phases and the amplitudes of a plurality of excitation units, large-area rapid measurement can be realized, and the signal amplitude and the signal to noise ratio are improved. For detecting defects by the ultrasonic guided wave reflection method, the control of the ultrasonic guided wave direction is necessary. At present, the unidirectional propagation of guided waves is realized by controlling the phase and amplitude between the bifilar coils [1] However, the excitation frequency range is narrow, and transducers with different characteristic frequencies need to be replaced according to different application scenes. In order to realize the function of large-range frequency sweep, the transducer array and the phased array technology are utilized to excite the unidirectional SH guided wave of continuous frequency by controlling the time delay and the initial phase of the excitation signal of each array element [2] 。
[1] Wang Yumin, liu Yong, shenli, etc. theory and test of propagation direction of magnetostrictive guided wave in pipe, academic report of Navy engineering university, 2012,24 (06), 16-20.
[2]Wang S.J,Li C,He C,et al.Design method of unidirectional wideband SH guided wave phased array magnetostrictive patch transducer.Sensors and Actuators A:Physical2022.10.1016.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a unidirectional torsional guided wave single-channel magnetostrictive transducer and a using method thereof, wherein the existing ultrasonic guided wave direction control method needs transducers with at least two channels and excitation-receiving devices thereof, and in order to effectively reduce the guided wave detection cost.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
firstly, coupling a magnetostrictive patch made of a material with a high magnetostrictive coefficient on the outer circumferential surface of a tested piece and magnetizing the magnetostrictive patch along the circumferential direction of the tested piece; secondly, providing a static bias magnetic field by utilizing residual magnetism in the magnetostrictive patches, and winding coils with alternating current circumferentially on the surfaces of the magnetostrictive patches to generate longitudinal dynamic magnetic field excitation torsion guided waves; and finally, changing the position of the coil, and controlling the propagation direction of the torsional guided wave by means of edge reflection of the magnetostrictive patch.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention relates to a magnetostrictive torsional transduction transducer structure based on Wednman effect, which only comprises a magnetostrictive patch, a coupling agent and a linear coil. The residual magnetism in the magnetostrictive patches is utilized to generate a static bias magnetic field, the coil with the alternating current is introduced to generate a dynamic magnetic field, the torsional guided wave excitation strength is high, and the transducer is simple in structural design and easy to manufacture.
2. The invention adopts the residual magnetism in the magnetostrictive patches to provide the static bias magnetic field, and does not need to separately use a permanent magnet to provide the static magnetic field, thereby simplifying the structure of the transducer and reducing the manufacturing cost of the transducer.
3. Compared with the mode of exciting a plurality of signals by using multiple channels to realize interference, the invention realizes direction control by using only a single channel. The guided wave is transmitted in the magnetostrictive patch, and forms reflection on the end surface of the magnetostrictive patch, and the phase difference between the excitation signal and the reflection signal can be changed by only moving the coil position along the guided wave transmission direction, so that destructive or constructive interference is realized. The excitation equipment also only needs one channel, so that the manufacturing cost of the magnetostrictive guided wave detection system is greatly saved.
4. The invention adopts a single-side area coupling or single-side edge coupling mode, can effectively eliminate periodic interference signals behind the main signal, improves the signal-to-noise ratio and finally improves the detection capability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a unidirectional torsional guided wave single-channel magnetostrictive transducer based on the Wedneman effect;
figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a unidirectional guided wave excitation method;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a unidirectional guided wave excitation;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a single-sided coupling scheme;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a finite element model of a unidirectional torsional guided-wave single-channel magnetostrictive transducer;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a simulation model excitation signal;
fig. 7 is a graph of a simulation result when a guided wave generation region is located near the left edge of a magnetostrictive patch;
fig. 8 is a graph of simulation results when a guided wave generation region is located near the right edge of a magnetostrictive patch;
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an experimental set-up;
FIG. 10 is a graph of guided wave signals in different directions for a single sided region coupling;
FIG. 11 is a graph of guided wave signals in different directions for single sided edge coupling;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a two-sided coupling scheme;
FIG. 13 is a graph of guided wave signals in different directions when two side regions are coupled;
FIG. 14 is a graph of guided wave signals in different directions when two edges are coupled;
FIG. 15 is a graph of guided wave signals in different directions when coupled in the middle region;
in the figure, 1, a tested piece, 2, a magnetostrictive patch, 3 and a coil.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the invention, rather than all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work based on the embodiments of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
The magnetostriction torsion guided wave excitation is a typical application of Wednman effect, and a ferromagnetic material generates torsion deformation under the combined action of a static bias magnetic field with mutually vertical directions and a dynamic magnetic field provided by an alternating current coil to generate T (0, 1) mode torsion guided waves. The guided waves are reflected by the edges of the magnetostrictive patch 2, so that destructive or constructive interference can occur on both sides, and the propagation direction of the torsional guided waves can be controlled. The invention is composed of a magnetostrictive patch 2, a coupling agent and a linear coil 3, as shown in figure 1. Coupling a magnetostrictive patch 2 on the outer circumferential surface of a tested piece 1, magnetizing the magnetostrictive patch 2 along the circumferential direction of the tested piece 1, wherein residual magnetism in the magnetostrictive patch 2 is used for providing a static bias magnetic field, and the magnetostrictive patch 2 is made of a magnetostrictive material with saturated magnetostrictive deformation of not less than 50ppm, preferably nickel, iron-cobalt alloy or iron-gallium alloy. The coil 3 which is introduced with alternating current is wound on the surface of the magnetostrictive patch 2 along the circumferential direction of the tested piece 1 to generate a longitudinal dynamic magnetic field, and the linear coil 3 is tightly wound by single-turn or multi-turn wires side by side. The coupling agent is preferably epoxy resin, bonds the magnetostrictive patch 2 with the tested piece 1, and transmits the vibration generated by the magnetostrictive patch 2 to the tested piece 1.
The transducer of the invention is operated to excite and receive T (0, 1) guided waves propagating along the axial direction of the pipeline. The remanence in the magnetostrictive patch provides a static bias magnetic field, a coil with alternating current is introduced to generate a longitudinal dynamic magnetic field, and according to the Wedgeman effect, the magnetostrictive patch generates torsional deformation under the combined action of the static bias magnetic field perpendicular to the sound wave propagation direction and the dynamic magnetic field parallel to the sound wave propagation direction to excite torsional guided waves propagated along the length direction of the pipeline. The transduction region of the magnetostrictive patch transducer is mainly concentrated below the coil edge, and the particle displacement directions near the two edges are opposite. As the coil moves, the transduction zone changes as the position of the coil changes. The coil position diagram is shown in fig. 2, when the coil is located near the left edge of the magnetostrictive patch in position 1, the unidirectional torsional guided wave propagating to the right is excited; when the coil is located near the right edge of the magnetostrictive patch in position 2, a unidirectional torsional guided wave propagating to the left is excited.
Taking the example of exciting a guided wave propagating to the right, the principle of unidirectional guided wave excitation is shown in fig. 3. When the distance between the guided wave generating area and the left edge of the magnetostrictive patch is lambda/4, the guided wave propagates inside the magnetostrictive patch and forms reflection on the end face of the magnetostrictive patch. At the moment, the phase difference between the guided wave signal on the left side of the guided wave generating region and the signal reflected by the edge on the left side of the magnetostrictive patch is 180 degrees, and the two signals generate destructive interference; the phase difference between the guided wave signal on the right side of the guided wave generating area and the signal reflected by the edge on the left side of the magnetostrictive patch is 0 DEG, constructive interference occurs, and a unidirectional torsional guided wave propagating to the right side is formed.
A mathematical model of the above process is established, assuming that the equation for particle vibration caused by transducer excitation is expressed as follows:
wherein A is 0 Is the amplitude of the vibration; omega is angular frequency;
is the initial phase of the excitation signal; t is time; y is 0 Is the vibration of the mass point.
The right propagation is defined as the positive direction, the right propagation is transmitted to the left end face from the excitation source, the left end face of the magnetostrictive patch is bonded with a tested piece through the coupling agent and is a fixed end, half-wave loss exists after reflection, and phase mutation exists. And considering that the amplitude after reflection is weakened compared with the incidence, the wave equation expression after reflection is as follows:
wherein A is 1 Is the vibration amplitude of the reflected signal; x is the location of the particle; d is excitationDistance of source from left edge of magnetostrictive patch; λ is the wavelength of the elastic wave;
is the phase of the reflected signal.
According to the formula (1), the wave equation expression of the excitation source propagating to the right direction is written as follows:
the expression of the combined displacement of the guided wave propagating to the right, the excitation signal and the reflection signal is as follows:
wherein the amplitude is satisfied
Phase difference satisfies
The maximum and minimum of the amplitude A can be seen
Has a relationship with the value of (A), i.e. when
Amplitude a = a at this time 0 +A 1 And (4) maximizing the total displacement according to the definition of the cosine function, wherein the formula (5) is satisfied:
the position of the excitation source needs to satisfy:
it can be seen that inside the magnetostrictive patch, the excitation signal is superimposed with the end reflection signal due to the end reflection. When the coil is located near the left edge of the magnetostrictive patch and the distance d between the right edge of the coil and the left end face of the magnetostrictive patch satisfies the formula (6), the guided wave propagating only to the right side can be excited. Similarly, when the coil is located near the right edge of the magnetostrictive patch, the distance between the left edge of the coil and the right end face of the magnetostrictive patch satisfies the formula (6), and the guided wave which only propagates to the left side can be excited. Preferably, when k =0, the excitation unidirectional guided wave effect is the best.
The magnetostrictive patch is bonded with a tested piece by using epoxy resin, and the following two bonding modes can be adopted: (1) And in a single-side area coupling mode, a left or right wide w area on the inner surface of the magnetostrictive patch is bonded with the tested piece through epoxy resin, and the adhesive tape is attached to the edge of the residual area and the right edge, so that the magnetostrictive patch is prevented from being coupled with the tested piece. Fig. 4 (a) shows that the wide w area on the left side of the magnetostrictive patch is coated with epoxy. (2) And in the unilateral edge coupling mode, the left side edge or the right side edge of the magnetostrictive patch is bonded with the tested piece through epoxy resin, and the inner surface and the other side edge of the magnetostrictive patch are pasted with adhesive tapes, so that the magnetostrictive patch is prevented from being coupled with the tested piece. Fig. 4 (b) shows the left edge of the magnetostrictive patch coated with epoxy.
Example 1:
the feasibility of the unidirectional guided wave excitation method was verified by building a three-dimensional finite element model using COMSOL Multiphysics, as shown in fig. 5. The model consists of a magnetostrictive patch and an aluminum tube, wherein the material of the magnetostrictive patch is defined as nickel. A linear load is applied to the upper surface of the magnetostrictive patch in the circumferential direction, the vibration of a force source is simulated to form a guided wave, and a finite element model is established as shown in FIG. 5. Wherein the aluminum tube has the size of 100mm in length, 50mm in radius and 2mm in thickness. The magnetostrictive patch surrounds the aluminum tube for a circle, and is 12mm wide and 0.2mm thick. The line load was as long as the magnetostrictive patch, and a sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 300kHz and a frequency of 10 was applied as shown in fig. 6. The linear load vibrates along the circumferential direction of the pipeline, and the magnetostrictive patches generate vibration and then propagate along the direction of the x axis. According to the theory, the propagation speed of T (0, 1) mode torsional transduction wave in aluminum is about 3000m/s, when the excitation frequency is 300kHz, the wavelength of the acoustic wave is 10mm, the linear load is 2.5mm away from the edge of the magnetostrictive patch, and the signal of the surface of the pipeline is observed.
The simulation results are shown in fig. 7 and 8. When the distance from the guided wave generation region to the left edge of the magnetostrictive patch is a quarter wavelength, as shown in fig. 7, a unidirectional T (0, 1) guided wave propagating to the right side is successfully excited in the pipeline. When the guided wave generation region is located near the right edge of the magnetostrictive patch, the simulation result is as shown in fig. 8, and a unidirectional T (0, 1) guided wave propagating to the left side is successfully excited in the pipe. The simulation result is consistent with theoretical analysis, and the feasibility of exciting the unidirectional T (0, 1) guided wave by the single-channel MPT is proved.
The transducer structure proposed by the invention excites and receives 300kHz T (0, 1) guided waves in an aluminum tube with a nominal diameter of 100mm and a wall thickness of 3.5 mm. First, the magnetostrictive patch size is calculated. The magnetostrictive patch needs to be wound on the outer wall of the pipeline, so that the length of the magnetostrictive patch is equal to the perimeter of the outer surface of the pipeline, namely 108mm multiplied by 3.14 is approximately equal to 340mm; the width of the magnetostrictive patch has no specific design requirement, and the width of the selected patch is 50mm; the thickness of the magnetostrictive patch is 0.1mm which is standard thickness of the belt material provided by manufacturers. Next, coil parameters are designed. Solving the characteristic equation shows that the sound velocity of T (0, 1) guided waves in the aluminum tube is about 3000m/s, the wavelength is about 10mm, and therefore the width of the coil is not less than one-half wavelength, namely the width of the coil is not less than 5mm. The coil adopts a linear coil structure, and the conducting wires are tightly wound side by side along the same direction by 25 turns of enamelled wires with the diameter of 0.2mm.
The transducer is installed and guided wave excitation/reception, and the transducer is in a self-generating and self-receiving structure and can be used for exciting and receiving torsional guided waves. In the experimental device, as shown in fig. 9, epoxy resin is uniformly coated on one surface of a magnetostrictive patch, and the magnetostrictive patch is adhered to the outer surface of a pipeline to form a complete annular structure. A linear coil is then placed around the magnetostrictive patch surface. The transducer is excited by using a RITEC RAM-5000 SNAP ultrasonic transmitting and receiving device, so that SH0 guided waves are excited in the pipeline. The coil is moved from the vicinity of the edge of one side of the magnetostrictive patch to the vicinity of the edge of the other side, and the experiment compares the one-way propagation effect of the guided wave when the coil is at different positions. The excitation signal is a 3-cycle sinusoidal pulse with a frequency of 300kHz.
Two coupling methods shown in fig. 4 were used, in which the width w =5mm of the epoxy resin coated region in the one-sided region coupling method. As shown in fig. 10 and 11, when single-side area coupling and single-side edge coupling are adopted, the guided wave direction control effect is good, and no periodic interference signal appears behind the main signal, which fully proves that the single-channel magnetostrictive patch transducer provided by the invention can effectively excite the unidirectional torsional guided wave, and obviously reduces the development cost of the magnetostrictive guided wave detection system.
Three coupling schemes are used as shown in fig. 12. As shown in fig. 13, 14, and 15, when the double-side-region coupling, the double-side-edge coupling, and the middle-region coupling are adopted, although the direction of guided waves can be controlled, a significant periodic interference signal is visible after the main signal.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a one-way torsion guided wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer which characterized in that: the magnetostrictive patch is coupled to the outer circumferential surface of a tested piece, the coil is wound on the surface of the magnetostrictive patch along the circumferential direction of the tested piece, the magnetostrictive patch is magnetized along the circumferential direction of the tested piece, and alternating current is introduced into the coil.
2. The unidirectional torsional guided-wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the magnetostrictive patch is coupled on the outer circumferential surface of the tested piece through a coupling agent, and the coupling agent is epoxy resin.
3. The unidirectional torsional guided-wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the magnetostrictive patch is made of a magnetostrictive material with the saturated magnetostrictive deformation of not less than 50 ppm.
4. The unidirectional torsional guided-wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 3, characterized in that: the magnetostrictive material is nickel, iron cobalt alloy or iron gallium alloy.
5. The unidirectional torsional guided-wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the coil is formed by winding a single-turn or multi-turn lead wire tightly side by side.
6. The unidirectional torsional guided-wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 1, characterized in that: coupling a region, which is on the left side or the right side of the lower surface of the magnetostrictive patch and is w wide from the edge of the magnetostrictive patch, with a tested piece through a coupling agent, wherein the rest region of the lower surface of the magnetostrictive patch and the edge of the uncoupled side are not coupled with the tested piece; or the left side edge or the right side edge of the lower surface of the magnetostrictive patch is coupled with the tested piece through a coupling agent, and the lower surface of the magnetostrictive patch and the edge of the uncoupled side are not coupled with the tested piece.
7. The unidirectional torsional guided wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 6, characterized in that: the width of the coil is not less than half of the wavelength, and the width of the overlapped area of the coil and the magnetostrictive patch is equal to a quarter of the wavelength.
8. The unidirectional torsional guided-wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the tested piece is a metal pipeline test piece.
9. A method of using the unidirectional torsional guided wave single channel magnetostrictive transducer of any of claims 1-8, characterized in that: the coil position is moved along the propagation direction of the guided wave, and the propagation direction of the twisted guided wave is controlled by means of the edge reflection of the magnetostrictive patch.
10. Use according to claim 9, characterized in that: when the coil is positioned at the left edge of the magnetostrictive patch, the distance d between the right edge of the coil and the left end face of the magnetostrictive patch satisfies the formula (6), the guided wave which only propagates to the right side can be excited, when the coil is positioned at the right edge of the magnetostrictive patch, the distance between the left edge of the coil and the right end face of the magnetostrictive patch satisfies the formula (6), the guided wave which only propagates to the left side can be excited,
where λ is the wavelength.
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