CN114944827B - Folding coil and distributed amplifier - Google Patents
Folding coil and distributed amplifier Download PDFInfo
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- CN114944827B CN114944827B CN202210647537.1A CN202210647537A CN114944827B CN 114944827 B CN114944827 B CN 114944827B CN 202210647537 A CN202210647537 A CN 202210647537A CN 114944827 B CN114944827 B CN 114944827B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/60—Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators
- H03F3/605—Distributed amplifiers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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Abstract
The invention provides a folding coil and a distributed amplifier, wherein the folding coil comprises a folding coil formed by a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, the first mutual coupling coil is composed of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil is composed of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are both bilaterally symmetrical along the central line of the folding coil; the distributed amplifier at least comprises two folding coils which are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in each folding coil, the grid electrode of the transistor is connected with the port P2, the drain electrode of the transistor is connected with the port P5, and the source electrode of the transistor is grounded. The invention can effectively reduce the number of passive devices in the distributed amplifier, thereby reducing the occupied layout area and the chip cost; in addition, the operating bandwidth of the amplifier can be further widened while achieving a smaller chip size.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a microwave radio frequency integrated circuit, in particular to a folding coil and a distributed amplifier.
Background
Broadband amplifiers have wide application in the fields of high-speed communications, high-resolution imaging systems, optoelectronic systems, and instrumentation, where the bandwidth of the amplifier is an important indicator to directly determine the data rate of the system, the shortest pulse width that can be processed, and the ability to process broadband signals. The design of wideband amplifiers has been a considerable challenge, and as the next generation communications further demand for data rates and low power consumption, the design requirements for wideband amplifiers have become more stringent.
The distributed amplifier (also called a travelling wave amplifier) is used as a circuit topology which is most widely applied in the design of a broadband amplifier, well solves the problem of amplifying signals in an ultra-wide frequency band, and is characterized by very flat gain in the whole working frequency band and good input-output standing wave characteristic. However, the defects are also obvious, such as low-frequency noise coefficient, low efficiency, large layout area, large chip area consumption, high chip cost and the like. The larger layout size is mainly caused by the fact that the traditional distributed amplifier adopts a plurality of sections of independent transmission lines between the grid electrode and the drain electrode of each stage of transistor, for example, an n-stage distributed amplifier needs 2n independent transmission lines. In order to make the layout more compact, there is also a scheme of adopting an inductor to replace a transmission line, but 2n inductors also consume a larger layout area. In addition, in the practical layout, the signal is gradually reduced due to the loss of a transmission line or an inductor in the process of transmitting the signal from the first stage transistor gate to the nth stage transistor gate, and the parasitic capacitance C of the transistor gd Eventually, the operating bandwidth of the distributed amplifier will be reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, a more compact implementation mode of the distributed amplifier is provided, and the working bandwidth of the distributed amplifier is further widened.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the folding coil comprises a folding coil formed by a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, wherein the first mutual coupling coil is formed by mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil is formed by mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are both bilaterally symmetrical along the central line of the folding coil; the first cross-coupling coil center tap forms port P2 and the second cross-coupling coil center tap forms port P5; one end of the inductor L1 far away from the inductor L2 is tapped to form a port P1, one end of the inductor L2 far away from the inductor L1 is tapped to form a port P3, and the homonymous end formed by connecting the inductor L1 and the inductor L2 is connected with the port P2; one end tap of the inductor L3 far away from the inductor L4 forms a port P4, one end tap of the inductor L4 far away from the inductor L3 forms a port P6, and the homonymous end formed by connecting the inductor L3 with the inductor L4 is connected with a port P5.
Further, the inductance L1 and the inductance L2, and the inductance L3 and the inductance L4 are respectively coupled with each other, and the coupling coefficients are negative.
Further, the first mutual coupling coil is folded and then placed into the second mutual coupling coil, the outer diameter of the first mutual coupling coil after being folded is smaller than that of the second mutual coupling coil, the port P1 and the port P4 are positioned on the left side of the center line of the folding coil, the port P3 and the port P6 are positioned on the right side of the center line of the folding coil, and the port P5 and the port P2 are respectively positioned on the upper side and the lower side of the center of the folding coil.
Further, one end of the inductor L1 near the port P2 and one end of the inductor L3 near the port P5 form the same-name ends of the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, and one end of the inductor L2 near the port P2 and one end of the inductor L4 near the port P5 form the same-name ends of the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, so that a mutual coupling effect exists between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3 and between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, and the mutual coupling coefficient is positive.
Further, the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is larger than the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil, and the sum of the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil and the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number, wherein the number of turns is a positive integer.
The invention also provides a distributed amplifier based on the folding coils, which at least comprises two folding coils, wherein the folding coils are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in each folding coil, the grid electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P2, the drain electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P5, and the source electrode of the transistor is grounded; the port P1 of the first-stage folding coil is used as an input end of the distributed amplifier, the port P4 of the first-stage folding coil is connected with one end of the drain matching load, the other end of the first-stage folding coil is connected with the power supply voltage, the port P3 of the last-stage folding coil is connected with one end of the grid matching load, the other end of the last-stage folding coil is connected with the grid bias voltage, and the P5 of the last-stage folding coil is used as an output end of the distributed amplifier; the port P3 of the previous-stage folding coil is connected with the port P1 of the next-stage folding coil through a transmission line, and the port P6 of the previous-stage folding coil is connected with the port P4 of the next-stage folding coil through a transmission line.
Further, the coupling coefficients between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3 and between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4 in the folded coil satisfy the following formula:
wherein C is g And C d C is the capacitance of the gate and the drain of the transistor gd A capacitance is developed for the transistor gate-drain.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the technical scheme are as follows: the invention can effectively reduce the number of passive devices in the distributed amplifier, thereby reducing the occupied layout area and the chip cost; in addition, the operating bandwidth of the amplifier can be further widened while achieving a smaller chip size.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art distributed amplifier circuit based on transmission lines;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art artificial transmission line distributed amplifier based on lumped elements;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a folded coil according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the folded coil according to the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a distributed amplifier based on folded coils in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present application are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar modules or modules having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are exemplary only for the purpose of explaining the present application and are not to be construed as limiting the present application. On the contrary, the embodiments of the present application include all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
As shown in fig. 1, which is a schematic diagram of a conventional transmission line-based distributed amplifier, each transistor sequentially connects a gate and a drain to an equal-length transmission line, wherein the characteristic impedance of the transmission line connected to the gate is Z 0g The length of the transmission line between two adjacent transistors is l g The characteristic impedance of the drain electrode connected transmission line is Z 0d The length of the transmission line between two adjacent transistors is l d . When the equation is satisfied
β g l g ＝β d l d (1)
Wherein beta is g And beta d And the propagation constants of the grid transmission line and the drain transmission line are respectively, so that the drain current waves are overlapped in an output impedance, and signal amplification is realized.
Because the transmission line occupies a larger layout area, another conventional distributed amplifier is implemented by using lumped parameter elements, as shown in fig. 2, in which equation (1) is changed to
L g C g ＝L d C d (2)
Wherein C is g And C d For transistor gate anddrain capacitance, L g And L d Which is the inductance connected to the gate and drain of the transistor.
For the two distributed amplifiers, it is not difficult to find that if an n-level circuit topology (generally, n is equal to or greater than 2) is adopted, 2n independent transmission lines or inductors are required, and more layout area is consumed.
Furthermore, the cut-off frequency of the distributed amplifier is limited by the gate and drain element values, which can be expressed as
Finally, the gate-drain parasitic capacitance C of the transistors from the first stage to the last stage is generated due to the loss of the input signal on the transmission path gd Causing a non-uniform miller effect, also reduces the characteristic impedance on the gate and drain transmission lines and reduces the bandwidth.
In order to solve the problems of the existing amplifier, a folded coil and a distributed amplifier based on the folded coil are provided, so that the layout size can be reduced, the two bandwidth limitation problems are relieved at the same time, and the bandwidth of the amplifier is further enlarged.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, the present embodiment proposes a folding coil, which includes a folding coil formed by a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, where the first mutual coupling coil is composed of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil is composed of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are both bilaterally symmetrical along the central line of the folding coil; the first cross-coupling coil center tap forms port P2 and the second cross-coupling coil center tap forms port P5; one end of the inductor L1 far away from the inductor L2 is tapped to form a port P1, one end of the inductor L2 far away from the inductor L1 is tapped to form a port P3, and the homonymous end formed by connecting the inductor L1 and the inductor L2 is connected with the port P2; one end tap of the inductor L3 far away from the inductor L4 forms a port P4, one end tap of the inductor L4 far away from the inductor L3 forms a port P6, and the homonymous end formed by connecting the inductor L3 with the inductor L4 is connected with a port P5. The serial sequence of the first coupling coil is P1-L1-P2-L2-P3, the serial sequence of the second coupling coil is P4-L3-P5-L4-P6,
in this embodiment, the inductance L1 and the inductance L2, and the inductance L3 and the inductance L4 are respectively coupled with each other, the coupling coefficients are k1, k2, and k1, k2 are negative.
The first mutual coupling coil is folded and then placed into the second mutual coupling coil, the outer diameter of the first mutual coupling coil after being folded is smaller than that of the second mutual coupling coil, the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is larger than that of the second mutual coupling coil, the sum of the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil and that of the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number, namely, if the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is an odd number, the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an even number, and conversely, if the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is an even number, the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number, so that P2 and P5 are located on the upper side and the lower side of the folding coil; also, because the first mutual coupling coil is located inside the second coil, the circumference of each coil is smaller, so the number of turns is often larger than that of the second mutual coupling coil. In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 3, the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is 2, the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is 1, the first mutual coupling coil is folded and then placed inside the second mutual coupling coil, the port P1 and the port P4 are located at the left side of the center line of the folded coil, the port P3 and the port P6 are located at the right side of the center line of the folded coil, and the port P5 and the port P2 are located at the upper side and the lower side of the center of the folded coil respectively.
One end of the inductor L1 close to the port P2 and one end of the inductor L3 close to the port P5 form the same-name ends of the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, and one end of the inductor L2 close to the port P2 and one end of the inductor L4 close to the port P5 form the same-name ends of the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, so that mutual coupling effects exist between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3 and between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, and the mutual coupling coefficient is positive.
Compared with a traditional distributed amplifier, the folding coil folds the inductor on the gate electrode of the transistor and the inductor on the drain electrode, so that the layout size of the original 2n inductors is reduced to the layout size of the n inductors.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a distributed amplifier based on the folded coilThe device comprises 4 folding coils, wherein the 4 folding coils are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in the center of each folding coil, the grid electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P2, the drain electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P5, and the source electrode of the transistor is grounded; the port P1 of the first stage folding coil is used as the input end of the distributed amplifier, and the port P4 of the first stage folding coil is connected with the drain matching load Z 0d Is one end of Z 0d The other end is connected with the power supply voltage, and the port P3 of the fourth-stage folding coil is connected with the grid matching load Z 0g Is one end of Z 0g The other end is connected with grid bias voltage, and P5 of the fourth-stage folding coil is used as an output end of the distributed amplifier; the port P3 of the previous-stage folding coil is connected with the port P1 of the next-stage folding coil through a transmission line, and the port P6 of the previous-stage folding coil is connected with the port P4 of the next-stage folding coil through a transmission line. In this embodiment, only a distributed amplifier composed of 4 folded coils and transistors is taken as an example, and in practical application, a suitable number of stages n can be selected according to practical needs, and n is generally any integer greater than or equal to 2.
The characteristic impedance and cut-off frequency of the transmission line should be rewritten as
For the gate and the drain of the transistor, k in the formulas (4) - (5) corresponds to k1 and k2 of the folded coil respectively, and since k1 and k2 are negative values, the same characteristic impedance can be realized by smaller inductance values, the layout size is further reduced, and meanwhile, the cut-off frequency is increased and the bandwidth is widened. In addition, the folded coil allows k3 to satisfy equation (6), thereby eliminating transistor gate-drain parasitic capacitance C gd The bandwidth is further widened due to the influence.
The distributed amplifier structure based on the folding coils is adopted for design, so that the topology which originally needs 8 inductors is changed into the topology which only needs 4 folding coils, and the size of each folding coil is about the same as that of an independent inductor, thereby reducing the layout size to be half of the original size. The folding coil skillfully applies the beneficial effect brought by mutual inductance between coils, and further widens the bandwidth of the distributed amplifier while reducing the layout size.
It should be noted that, in the description of the embodiments of the present invention, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "disposed," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention will be understood in detail by those skilled in the art; the accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. The components of the embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Although embodiments of the present application have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the application, and that variations, modifications, alternatives, and variations may be made to the above embodiments by one of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the application.
Claims (6)
1. The distributed amplifier based on the folding coils is characterized by comprising at least two folding coils, wherein the folding coils are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in each folding coil, the grid electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P2, the drain electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P5, and the source electrode of the transistor is grounded; the port P1 of the first-stage folding coil is used as an input end of the distributed amplifier, the port P4 of the first-stage folding coil is connected with one end of the drain matching load, the other end of the first-stage folding coil is connected with the power supply voltage, the port P3 of the last-stage folding coil is connected with one end of the grid matching load, the other end of the last-stage folding coil is connected with the grid bias voltage, and the P5 of the last-stage folding coil is used as an output end of the distributed amplifier; the port P3 of the previous-stage folding coil is connected with the port P1 of the next-stage folding coil through a transmission line, and the port P6 of the previous-stage folding coil is connected with the port P4 of the next-stage folding coil through a transmission line;
the folding coil comprises a folding coil formed by a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, wherein the first mutual coupling coil consists of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil consists of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are both bilaterally symmetrical along the central line of the folding coil; the first cross-coupling coil center tap forms port P2 and the second cross-coupling coil center tap forms port P5; one end of the inductor L1 far away from the inductor L2 is tapped to form a port P1, one end of the inductor L2 far away from the inductor L1 is tapped to form a port P3, and the homonymous end formed by connecting the inductor L1 and the inductor L2 is connected with the port P2; one end tap of the inductor L3 far away from the inductor L4 forms a port P4, one end tap of the inductor L4 far away from the inductor L3 forms a port P6, and the homonymous end formed by connecting the inductor L3 with the inductor L4 is connected with a port P5.
2. The distributed amplifier of claim 1, wherein the inductance L1 and the inductance L2, and the inductance L3 and the inductance L4 are respectively coupled to each other, and the coupling coefficients are negative.
3. The distributed amplifier of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first cross-coupling coil is folded and placed inside the second cross-coupling coil, the outer diameter of the first cross-coupling coil after folding is smaller than that of the second cross-coupling coil, the port P1 and the port P4 are positioned at the left side of the center line of the folded coil, the port P3 and the port P6 are positioned at the right side of the center line of the folded coil, and the port P5 and the port P2 are positioned at the upper side and the lower side of the center of the folded coil respectively.
4. The distributed amplifier of claim 1, wherein the end of the inductor L1 near the port P2 and the end of the inductor L3 near the port P5 form the same-name end of the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, and the end of the inductor L2 near the port P2 and the end of the inductor L4 near the port P5 form the same-name end of the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, such that there is a mutual coupling effect between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, and between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, and the mutual coupling coefficient is positive.
5. The distributed amplifier of claim 1, wherein the number of turns of the first cross-coupled coil is greater than the number of turns of the second cross-coupled coil, and wherein the sum of the number of turns of the first cross-coupled coil and the number of turns of the second cross-coupled coil is an odd number.
6. The distributed amplifier of claim 1, wherein the coupling coefficients between inductance L1 and inductance L3, and between inductance L2 and inductance L4 in the folded coil satisfy the following equation:
wherein C is g And C d C is the capacitance of the gate and the drain of the transistor gd A capacitance is developed for the transistor gate-drain.
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