CN114094140B - Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, hydrogen supply system and hydrogen supply method thereof - Google Patents
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, hydrogen supply system and hydrogen supply method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114094140B CN114094140B CN202111142330.0A CN202111142330A CN114094140B CN 114094140 B CN114094140 B CN 114094140B CN 202111142330 A CN202111142330 A CN 202111142330A CN 114094140 B CN114094140 B CN 114094140B
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 417
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 417
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 403
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 129
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 hydronium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a fuel cell vehicle, a hydrogen supply system and a hydrogen supply method thereof, wherein the hydrogen supply system comprises: a hydrogen storage mechanism; one end of the first hydrogen pipeline is connected with the hydrogen storage mechanism, and the other end of the first hydrogen pipeline is connected with an anode inlet of the hydrogen fuel cell stack; one end of the second hydrogen pipeline is connected with the first hydrogen pipeline, and the other end of the second hydrogen pipeline is connected with an anode outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell stack; the first pressure regulating mechanism is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and used for controlling hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode inlet at a first set pressure; the second pressure regulating mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and used for controlling hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode outlet at a second set pressure. The hydrogen supply system of the present embodiment can improve the electrochemical reaction rate and the fuel cell system efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the field of hydrogen fuel cells, and more particularly, to a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, a hydrogen supply system and a hydrogen supply method thereof.
Background
Hydrogen is widely regarded as the ultimate clean energy source in the future, and the hydrogen fuel cell industry currently using hydrogen as a reactant gas is receiving widespread attention. The hydrogen fuel cell is an energy power device for directly converting chemical energy into electric energy, has the advantages of high efficiency, environmental friendliness and the like, and is considered as a sustainable clean energy device with development potential and application prospect. Among the several types of fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC) also have the characteristics of high power density, rapid start-up, lower operating temperature, etc., which makes it very suitable for automotive and portability applications. PEMFCs generate electric energy by using an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen (or pure oxygen) in the air, while generating water and emitting a small amount of heat. At the anode side of the PEMFC, the hydrogen molecules are decomposed into protons while releasing electrons, and this half reaction is a hydrogen oxidation reaction. Protons pass through the proton exchange membrane to the cathode in the form of hydronium ions. In the cathode side, oxygen reacts with protons and electrons to form water, which is an oxygen reduction reaction. The electrons flow through an external circuit to form a current for the load, the principle of which is shown in fig. 1.
The PEMFC stack needs to continuously supply hydrogen into the stack during power generation operation. The current hydrogen supply scheme adopts the steps that after the vehicle-mounted hydrogen is subjected to pressure reduction, humidification and the like, the hydrogen is introduced into a hydrogen inlet (anode inlet) of a galvanic pile, the hydrogen which is not completely reacted is discharged through the hydrogen outlet (anode outlet) of the galvanic pile, and then is returned to the inlet for reuse through a hydrogen circulating pump or an ejector after gas-water separation, so that the hydrogen utilization rate is improved. Meanwhile, when the galvanic pile works, nitrogen permeated from the cathode side to the anode side of the battery can gradually accumulate at the anode, and after the hydrogen loop reaches a certain degree, a tail discharge valve can be opened to discharge the nitrogen and unreacted hydrogen from an anode outlet.
The current hydrogen supply scheme has the following problems: the electrochemical reaction rate cannot be further improved and the fuel cell system is not efficient.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, a hydrogen supply system and a hydrogen supply method thereof, which aim to solve or partially solve the technical problems that the electrochemical reaction rate and the efficiency of a fuel cell system cannot be further improved in the current anode hydrogen supply scheme.
To solve the above-described technical problem, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a hydrogen supply system of a fuel cell vehicle, including:
a hydrogen storage mechanism;
one end of the first hydrogen pipeline is connected with the hydrogen storage mechanism, and the other end of the first hydrogen pipeline is connected with an anode inlet of the hydrogen fuel cell stack;
one end of the second hydrogen pipeline is connected with the first hydrogen pipeline, and the other end of the second hydrogen pipeline is connected with an anode outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell stack;
the first pressure regulating mechanism is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and used for controlling hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode inlet at a first set pressure;
the second pressure regulating mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and used for controlling hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode outlet at a second set pressure.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
the on-off mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the anode outlet and the second pressure regulating mechanism;
and the exhaust mechanism is connected to a set position of the second hydrogen pipeline, and the set position is positioned between the anode outlet and the on-off mechanism.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
the first flowmeter is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the first pressure regulating mechanism and the anode inlet.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
the first pressure detection mechanism is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the first pressure adjustment mechanism and the anode inlet.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
and the second flowmeter is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the second pressure regulating mechanism and the anode outlet.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
the second pressure detection mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the second pressure regulating mechanism and the anode outlet.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
the decompression assembly is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the first pressure regulating mechanism and the gas storage mechanism.
According to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a hydrogen supply method of a fuel cell vehicle, applied to the hydrogen supply system in the foregoing technical solution, the hydrogen supply method including:
controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline and the second hydrogen pipeline in a first set time period of the operation of the hydrogen supply system;
controlling the first pressure regulating mechanism to enable the hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode inlet at a first set pressure;
and controlling the second pressure regulating mechanism to enable the hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode outlet at a second set pressure.
Optionally, during a second set period of time in which the hydrogen supply system operates, the hydrogen supply method further includes:
controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline;
the on-off mechanism is controlled to be closed, and the exhaust mechanism is controlled to be opened.
According to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle including a hydrogen fuel cell stack, and the hydrogen supply system of any one of the foregoing aspects connected to the hydrogen fuel cell stack.
Through one or more technical schemes of the invention, the invention has the following beneficial effects or advantages:
the invention provides a hydrogen supply system of a fuel cell vehicle, which controls hydrogen to be supplied to a pile from a pile anode inlet and a pile anode outlet simultaneously through a first hydrogen pipeline and a second hydrogen pipeline; the first pressure regulating mechanism and the second pressure regulating mechanism ensure the stability of the hydrogen supply pressure at the anode inlet and the anode outlet; compared with the existing scheme that hydrogen is only supplied at the anode inlet, and the hydrogen partial pressure and the concentration decrease from the anode inlet to the anode outlet, on one hand, the hydrogen partial pressure in the anode of the electric pile, especially the hydrogen partial pressure and the hydrogen concentration at the anode outlet side can be improved by simultaneously supplying hydrogen at the anode inlet and the anode outlet, so that the electrochemical reaction rate near the anode outlet is remarkably improved, the overall hydrogen distribution and the electrochemical reaction rate distribution in the anode of the electric pile are more uniform, and the heat generation is more uniform; on the other hand, the hydrogen entering from the anode inlet of the electric pile and the hydrogen entering from the anode outlet of the electric pile flow in the anode flow channel of the battery are opposite in flow direction, the collision of the hydrogen generated at the two places can improve the normal speed (perpendicular to the direction from the anode flow channel to the anode flow channel) of the hydrogen, so that the hydrogen can be easily diffused from the flow channel to the gas diffusion layer and then enter the catalytic layer to perform electrochemical reaction, namely the mass transfer of the hydrogen is improved; the combined action of the two aspects obviously improves the performance and the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the present invention, and is intended to be implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention in order that the same may be more clearly understood and to make the same and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention more readily apparent.
Drawings
Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Also, like reference numerals are used to designate like parts throughout the figures. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the principle of operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic structural view of a hydrogen supply system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a hydrogen supply method according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a hydrogen supply system including an on-off mechanism and an exhaust mechanism according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a detailed schematic diagram showing a hydrogen supply system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 shows a gas flow diagram when the anode inlet and the anode outlet are simultaneously supplied with hydrogen according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a gas flow diagram during anode outlet bleed according to an embodiment of the present invention;
reference numerals illustrate:
1. a hydrogen storage mechanism; 2. a first hydrogen line; 21. a first pressure regulating mechanism; 3. a second hydrogen line; 31. a second pressure regulating mechanism; 32. an on-off mechanism; 33. an exhaust mechanism; 4. a hydrogen fuel cell stack; 41. an anode inlet; 42. an anode outlet;
1A, a hydrogen source; 1B, a primary pressure reducing valve; 1C, a two-stage pressure reducing valve; 2A first pressure regulating valve; 2B first flow meter; 2C, a first pressure sensor; 3A, a second pressure regulating valve, 3B and a second flowmeter; 3C, an electromagnetic valve; 3D, hydrogen discharge valve; 3E, a second pressure sensor.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solution more clearly understood by those skilled in the art, the following detailed description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. Throughout the specification, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the terms used herein should be understood as meaning as commonly used in the art. Accordingly, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, the present specification will control. The various devices and the like used in the present invention are commercially available or can be prepared by existing methods unless otherwise specifically indicated.
Research shows that in the hydrogen supply system of the existing hydrogen fuel cell system, impurities in hydrogen and nitrogen in cathode air can accumulate in an anode gas loop (nitrogen in the cathode side air of the cell can permeate a proton exchange membrane to reach the anode side) in the anode hydrogen circulation process, and the partial pressure of the hydrogen is reduced after long-time working and operation, so that the voltage of a galvanic pile is reduced, namely the performance of the galvanic pile is reduced. Too low partial pressure of hydrogen may even lead to partial hydrogen deficiency, causing electrochemical corrosion of the catalytic layer, resulting in an irreversible decline in the cell stack performance. Therefore, during operation, the hydrogen vent valve at the outlet end of the anode needs to be intermittently or periodically opened to discharge part of hydrogen and simultaneously discharge accumulated nitrogen and other impurities.
Therefore, the electrochemical reaction rate is not high, and the fuel cell system is not efficient because:
(1) To improve and ensure the hydrogen utilization rate, the unreacted hydrogen at the anode outlet needs to be controlled to be recycled, so that the parasitic power of the arranged hydrogen circulating pump is increased, and the efficiency of the fuel cell system is reduced.
(2) In the process that hydrogen serving as reaction gas flows from an inlet to an outlet of the electric pile, the concentration and partial pressure of the hydrogen along the inlet to the outlet gradually decrease due to the fact that the hydrogen continuously participates in the reaction and is consumed, and the hydrogen inside the battery is unevenly distributed. So that electrochemical reactions are not uniform throughout the inside of the battery and heat distribution is not uniform.
(3) The proton conductivity of the proton exchange membrane is related to the water content of the membrane, and the more wetted the membrane is, the higher the proton conductivity and the lower the internal resistance of the membrane. Water generated by the reaction on the cathode side of the battery and electroosmosis migration (protons in the proton exchange membrane migrate from the anode to the cathode and carry water molecules to migrate from the anode to the cathode) permeate through the proton exchange membrane to diffuse to the anode side under the action of a cathode-anode water concentration gradient and a pressure gradient, but hydrogen flows from an inlet to an outlet can continuously carry water out of the galvanic pile, so that the humidification treatment of the hydrogen needs to be mixed with water vapor in order to ensure the wettability of the membrane. A part of the water vapor in the anode of the cell will liquefy, and at the same time, after the mixed gas flows out of the stack, much liquid water will be produced in the gas circulation of the anode due to condensation caused by the temperature reduction. If the mixed gas is not subjected to water-gas separation and liquid water is discharged, excessive liquid water can enter the electric pile to cause anode flooding. The liquid water in the anode gas circulation also increases the workload of the hydrogen circulation pump/eductor, degrading its performance and even causing failure.
In summary, the current anode hydrogen supply system adopts hydrogen entering from the anode inlet, and hydrogen and waste gas which are not completely reacted are discharged from the anode outlet, so that on one hand, the concentration and partial pressure of the hydrogen along the direction from the inlet to the outlet are gradually reduced, and the hydrogen inside the battery is unevenly distributed, so that electrochemical reactions are unevenly distributed everywhere inside the battery, the heat distribution is uneven, and the overall electrochemical reaction speed of the electric pile is influenced; on the other hand, the hydrogen supply system needs a humidifying device and a water-gas separator, so that parasitic power is increased, and the system efficiency of the fuel cell is reduced.
Based on the above findings, in order to solve the problem that the electrochemical reaction rate and the efficiency of the fuel cell system cannot be further improved in the current anode hydrogen supply scheme, in an alternative embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, there is provided an anode hydrogen supply system comprising:
a hydrogen storage mechanism 1;
a first hydrogen pipeline 2, one end of which is connected with the hydrogen storage mechanism 1, and the other end of which is connected with an anode inlet 41 of the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4;
a second hydrogen pipeline 3, one end of which is connected with the first hydrogen pipeline 2, and the other end of which is connected with an anode outlet 42 of the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4;
a first pressure regulating mechanism 21, disposed in the first hydrogen pipeline 2, for controlling the hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline 2 to enter the anode inlet 41 at a first set pressure;
a second pressure regulating mechanism 31, disposed in the second hydrogen pipeline 3, for controlling the hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline 3 to enter the anode outlet 42 at a second set pressure.
Specifically, the hydrogen supply system provided in this embodiment adopts a mode of simultaneously supplying hydrogen from the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42, and the related components function as:
the hydrogen storage mechanism 1 is a vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage device for storing hydrogen gas required for the anode reaction. Common vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage schemes include a high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage mechanism, a low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage mechanism, a solid hydrogen storage mechanism, an organic liquid hydrogen storage mechanism and the like, and the form of the hydrogen storage mechanism is not limited in this embodiment.
The first hydrogen line 2 is a hydrogen transport line connecting the hydrogen storage mechanism 1 and the anode inlet 41 of the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4, and the second hydrogen line 3 is a hydrogen transport line connecting the anode outlet 42 of the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4. The second hydrogen pipeline 3 can be connected with the first hydrogen pipeline 2 or can be an independent pipeline, and is directly connected with the anode outlet 42 and the hydrogen storage mechanism 1. If the second hydrogen pipeline 3 is connected to the first hydrogen pipeline 2, the connection point of the two pipelines needs to be set before the first pressure adjusting mechanism 21 and the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31, that is, the first pressure adjusting mechanism 21 and the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31 are guaranteed to be in parallel connection, and the hydrogen pressure is regulated by the connection point of the two pipelines and cannot be affected by each other.
The first pressure regulating mechanism 21 is a hydrogen pressure regulating device provided on the first hydrogen line 2, and the second pressure regulating mechanism 31 is a hydrogen pressure regulating device provided on the second hydrogen line 3. As the gas pressure adjustment, the first pressure adjustment mechanism 21 and the second pressure adjustment mechanism 31 may select a fluid pressure adjustment valve or a fluid pressure-flow rate integrated adjustment valve.
Optionally, the hydrogen supply system further includes a controller, where the controller is electrically connected to the hydrogen storage mechanism 1, the first pressure adjusting mechanism 21, the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31, and other components, and is used to control the hydrogen storage mechanism 1 to release hydrogen, and control the first pressure adjusting mechanism 21 to adjust the pressure of the hydrogen entering the anode inlet 41, and control the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31 to adjust the pressure of the hydrogen entering the anode outlet 42. The controller can be a whole vehicle controller VCU equipped with a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, or a driving computer ECU, or a controller equipped with a hydrogen fuel cell control system directly.
On the other hand, as shown in fig. 3, the present embodiment further provides a hydrogen supply method using the above hydrogen supply system, which is specifically as follows:
s201: controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline and the second hydrogen pipeline in a first set time period of the operation of the hydrogen supply system;
s202: controlling the first pressure regulating mechanism to enable the hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode inlet at a first set pressure;
s203: and controlling the second pressure regulating mechanism to enable the hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode outlet at a second set pressure.
Specifically, the first set period of time is a period of time during which hydrogen supply is required when the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4 is operating, and during this period of time, the pressure of the hydrogen gas entering the stack from the anode inlet 41 is controlled to be a first set pressure, and the pressure of the hydrogen gas entering the stack from the anode outlet 42 is controlled to be a second set pressure. The first set pressure and the second set pressure satisfy a set relationship, and the set relationship may be: the first set pressure is equal to the second set pressure, or the deviation between the first set pressure and the second set pressure is within a set threshold, and the set threshold may be 1% -5% of the first set pressure or the second set pressure. The first set pressure is determined according to the specifications of the fuel cell stack actually mounted, and the pressure can be kept consistent with the prior art.
The mechanism of the hydrogen supply system provided in this embodiment for improving the electrochemical reaction rate and the efficiency of the fuel cell system is as follows:
unlike the conventional hydrogen supply scheme in which hydrogen enters from the anode inlet 41 and exits from the anode outlet 42, the hydrogen supply system provided in this embodiment controls hydrogen to be simultaneously supplied to the stack from the stack anode inlet 41 and the stack anode outlet 42, and ensures that the hydrogen supply pressures of the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42 are stable and satisfy the set relationship by the first pressure adjusting mechanism 21 and the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31; compared with the prior scheme of supplying hydrogen only at the anode inlet 41, the hydrogen partial pressure and the concentration decrease from the anode inlet 41 to the anode outlet 42, on one hand, the simultaneous hydrogen supply of the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42 can improve the hydrogen partial pressure in the anode of the electric pile, especially the hydrogen partial pressure and the hydrogen concentration at the side of the anode outlet 42, thereby obviously improving the electrochemical reaction rate near the anode outlet 42, ensuring that the overall hydrogen distribution and the electrochemical reaction rate distribution in the anode of the electric pile are more uniform and the heat generation is more uniform; on the other hand, the hydrogen entering from the anode inlet 41 of the electric pile and the hydrogen entering from the anode outlet 42 of the electric pile flow in the anode flow channel of the battery are opposite in flow direction, the collision of the hydrogen generated at the two places improves the normal speed of the hydrogen (the direction perpendicular to the inlet to the outlet of the anode flow channel), and is beneficial to the electrochemical reaction of the hydrogen from the flow channel to the gas diffusion layer and then to the catalytic layer, namely the mass transfer of the hydrogen is improved; the combined action of the two aspects obviously improves the performance and the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell.
Meanwhile, with respect to the prior art scheme, hydrogen is simultaneously supplied to the stack from the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42 instead of the inlet into and then the outlet out, so that a hydrogen circulation pump is not required. Meanwhile, the hydrogen flow is different from the prior art, anode water is always carried out of the galvanic pile, and the water diffused from the cathode of the battery to the anode can play a role in self-humidifying the anode, so that an external anode humidifying device is not required. The hydrogen supply system provided by the embodiment reduces the hydrogen circulating pump and the anode humidifier, thereby reducing parasitic power, improving the efficiency of the fuel cell system and reducing the system cost.
Considering that after the stack is operated for a long time, the hydrogen partial pressure in the stack is reduced due to the accumulation of water, nitrogen and hydrogen impurities, and the voltage of the stack is reduced. To address this issue, in some alternative embodiments, as shown in fig. 4, the hydrogen supply system further includes:
the on-off mechanism 32 is disposed in the second hydrogen pipeline 3 and located between the anode outlet 42 and the second pressure regulating mechanism 31.
The exhaust mechanism 33 is connected to a set position of the second hydrogen pipe 3, which is located between the anode outlet 42 and the on-off mechanism 32.
Specifically, the on-off mechanism 32 is used to control the connection or disconnection of the second hydrogen pipe 3 to control whether hydrogen enters the stack from the anode outlet 42. The on-off mechanism 32 may be a component for switching the gas flow path using an on-off valve, a solenoid valve, or the like.
When the on-off mechanism 32 is turned off and hydrogen gas no longer enters the stack from the anode outlet 42, the exhaust mechanism 33 is used to periodically exhaust the liquid water, nitrogen gas, and other impurities accumulated in the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4 and the second hydrogen gas line 3. Therefore, the exhaust mechanism 33 is connected in parallel with the on-off mechanism 32, and the outlet of the exhaust mechanism 33 is the external environment. Alternatively, the venting mechanism 33 may use a relief valve, ball valve, pressure relief valve, vent valve, solenoid valve, etc. to effect venting of the valve member.
The hydrogen supply system provided based on the embodiment comprises the following hydrogen supply methods:
controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline 2 and the second hydrogen pipeline 3 in a first set time period of the operation of the hydrogen supply system; controlling the first pressure regulating mechanism 21 to enable the hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline 2 to enter the anode inlet 41 at a first set pressure; the second pressure regulating mechanism 31 is controlled so that the hydrogen in the second hydrogen line 3 enters the anode outlet 42 at a second set pressure.
Controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline 2 in a second set time period of the operation of the hydrogen supply system; the on-off mechanism 32 is controlled to be closed, and the exhaust mechanism 33 is controlled to be opened.
The first set period and the second set period may be periodic control in which fixed periods alternate with each other, for example, after hydrogen is controlled to enter the stack from the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42 for 10-30 minutes, the on-off mechanism 32 is closed, the exhaust mechanism 33 is opened, at this time, the hydrogen in the anode inlet 41 enters the stack as usual, and because the working gas pressure in the fuel cell stack is higher than the atmospheric pressure, strong convection occurs between the stack and the gas in the pipeline under the action of the pressure difference between the anode inlet 41 and the environment of the outlet of the exhaust mechanism 33, and the accumulated water, nitrogen and other impurity gases are discharged from the exhaust mechanism 33. This process may last from 0.5 seconds to 2 seconds.
The second set period of time can also be determined according to the voltage drop amplitude of the single-cell in the electric pile, when the average voltage drop of the single-cell is detected to be 20-40 mV, such as 30mV, the on-off mechanism 32 is closed, the exhaust mechanism 33 is opened, the exhaust is carried out for 0.5-2 seconds, and the normal hydrogen supply process is restored in other periods of time after the exhaust is completed.
In general, the on-off mechanism 32 and the exhaust mechanism 33 are arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline 3 in the embodiment, on one hand, the on-off mechanism 32 is controlled to be closed, the exhaust mechanism 33 exhausts air, so that impurity gas and moisture in the electric pile and the pipeline are exhausted, the hydrogen partial pressure in the electric pile is ensured, and the performance of the electric pile is prevented from being reduced; on the other hand, by discharging the accumulated liquid water together with impurities such as nitrogen, there is no need to provide a hydrogen circulation circuit and a moisture separator as compared with the conventional hydrogen supply system. Thereby further reducing parasitic power, improving fuel cell system efficiency and reducing system cost.
In some alternative embodiments, the hydrogen supply system further comprises:
a first flowmeter provided in the first hydrogen line 2 between the first pressure adjustment mechanism 21 and the anode inlet 41; the first flow meter is used to detect the flow of hydrogen into the anode inlet 41.
A second flowmeter provided in the second hydrogen line 3 between the second pressure adjustment mechanism 31 and the anode outlet 42; the second flow meter is used to detect the flow of hydrogen into the anode outlet 42.
The first pressure detecting means is provided in the first hydrogen line 2 and is located between the first pressure adjusting means 21 and the anode inlet 41. The first pressure detecting means is for detecting the pressure of hydrogen gas entering the anode inlet 41.
And a second pressure detecting mechanism disposed in the second hydrogen line 3 and located between the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31 and the anode outlet 42. The second pressure detecting mechanism is for detecting the pressure of the hydrogen gas entering the anode outlet 42.
In some alternative embodiments, the hydrogen supply system further comprises: the decompression assembly is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline 2 and is positioned between the first pressure regulating mechanism 21 and the hydrogen storage mechanism 1. The pressure reducing component is used for reducing the pressure of the hydrogen at the hydrogen supply mechanism, and the common configuration is to arrange two pressure reducing valves connected in series to reduce the pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen in the hydrogen storage mechanism 1. Therefore, the pressure reducing means needs to be provided before the first pressure adjusting mechanism 21 and the second pressure adjusting mechanism 31, and in the case where the second hydrogen pipe 3 is connected to the first hydrogen pipe 2, the pressure reducing means needs to be provided between the pipe connection point and the hydrogen storage mechanism 1. In some cases, the pressure relief assembly may also be integrated directly into the hydrogen storage mechanism 1.
To more intuitively illustrate the hydrogen supply system of the above embodiment, in an alternative embodiment, the above hydrogen supply system is applied to a hydrogen fuel vehicle type, as shown in fig. 5, and the hydrogen supply system includes: a hydrogen source 1A, a primary pressure reducing valve 1B, a secondary pressure reducing valve 1C, a first pressure regulating valve 2A, a first flowmeter 2B, a first pressure regulating valve 2A, a second flowmeter 3B, a solenoid valve 3C, a hydrogen fuel cell stack 4, a hydrogen discharge valve 3D, a first pressure sensor 2C, and a second pressure sensor 3E.
The hydrogen source 1A is used for providing high-pressure hydrogen, an outlet of the hydrogen source 1A is connected with an inlet of the primary pressure reducing valve 1B, and an outlet of the primary pressure reducing valve 1B is connected with an inlet of the secondary pressure reducing valve 1C. The primary pressure reducing valve 1B and the secondary pressure reducing valve 1C are used to reduce the pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen gas. The outlet of the second-stage pressure reducing valve 1C is connected with the inlet of the first pressure regulating valve 2A, the outlet of the second-stage pressure reducing valve 1C is connected with the inlet of the second pressure regulating valve 3A, and the first pressure regulating valve 2A and the second pressure regulating valve 3A are in parallel connection. The first pressure regulating valve 2A and the second pressure regulating valve 3A are used to regulate the pressure of the gas supplied to the hydrogen fuel cell stack 4. The outlet of the first pressure regulating valve 2A is connected to the inlet of the first flow meter 2B, and the outlet of the first flow meter 2B is connected to the anode inlet 41 of the stack. The outlet of the second pressure regulating valve 3A is connected to the inlet of the second flowmeter 3B, and the outlet of the second flowmeter 3B is connected to the inlet of the solenoid valve 3C. The first flow meter 2B and the second flow meter 3B are used to monitor the flow rate of hydrogen. The end of the anode outlet 42 of the electric pile is connected with the outlet of the electromagnetic valve 3C, meanwhile, the end of the anode outlet 42 of the electric pile is connected with the inlet of the hydrogen discharge valve 3D, and the electromagnetic valve 3C is connected in parallel with the hydrogen discharge valve 3D; the 3D outlet of the hydrogen discharge valve is the environment. The solenoid valve 3C is used to open and close the gas flow path. The hydrogen discharge valve 3D is for periodically discharging the liquid water and nitrogen gas accumulated in the hydrogen gas path. The first pressure sensor 2C is used for monitoring the gas in-stack pressure value at the anode inlet 41 end of the electric pile, and the second pressure sensor 3E is used for monitoring the gas in-stack pressure or out-stack pressure value at the anode outlet 42 end of the electric pile.
The operation and control logic of the hydrogen supply system are as follows:
step 1: when the solenoid valve 3C is opened and the hydrogen discharge valve 3D is closed, the hydrogen at the outlet of the hydrogen source 1A sequentially flows through the first-stage pressure reducing valve 1B and the second-stage pressure reducing valve 1C to reduce pressure, then the hydrogen is divided into two paths, one path of hydrogen sequentially flows through the first pressure regulating valve 2A and the first flowmeter 2B and then enters the anode inlet 41 end of the electric pile, and the other path of hydrogen sequentially flows through the second pressure regulating valve 3A, the second flowmeter 3B and the solenoid valve 3C and then enters the anode outlet 42 end of the electric pile, and the gas flow direction schematic diagram is shown in fig. 6. The first pressure regulating valve 2A and the second pressure regulating valve 3A regulate the hydrogen pressure of two paths, so that the monitored pressure values of the first pressure sensor 2C and the second pressure sensor 3E are equal to control the hydrogen in-stack pressure of the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42 of the electric stack to be equal, and the in-stack pressure is kept constant under a given working condition (can be different constant values under different working conditions). After the hydrogen fills the anode side of the pile, the gas pressure of the anode side in the pile is also kept stable. The hydrogen gas is continuously participated in the electrochemical reaction at the anode side in the electric pile and consumed, and the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen supply system continuously flows into the anode of the electric pile along the two branches as the pressure of the first pressure regulating valve 2A and the second pressure regulating valve 3A is kept constant. The sum of the hydrogen flow values of the two branches monitored by the first flow meter 2B and the second flow meter 3B is the hydrogen consumption. The water generated by the reaction at the cathode side of the battery and the electroosmosis migration water can permeate through the proton exchange membrane to diffuse to the anode side under the action of the concentration gradient and the pressure gradient of the cathode water and the anode water, and the water is gradually accumulated at the anode side; at the same time, nitrogen in the cathode air (nitrogen in the cathode side air of the battery can permeate through the proton exchange membrane to reach the anode side) and impurities in the hydrogen can also accumulate in the anode gas loop, and the partial pressure of the hydrogen is reduced after long-time working and running, so that the voltage of the electric pile is reduced (namely, the performance is reduced). When a 30mV drop in the average cell voltage of the stack is detected, step 2 is performed.
Step 2: the control electromagnetic valve 3C is closed, the hydrogen discharge valve 3D is opened, hydrogen at the outlet of the hydrogen source 1A sequentially flows through the primary pressure reducing valve 1B, the secondary pressure reducing valve 1C, the first pressure regulating valve 2A and the first flowmeter 2B, then enters the anode inlet 41 of the electric pile, unreacted hydrogen flows out from the anode outlet 42 of the electric pile, and then is discharged through the hydrogen discharge valve 3D, and the flow direction of the hydrogen is shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 7. In this process, the first pressure regulating valve 2A maintains the pressure in step 1 unchanged, and under the action of the pressure difference between the anode inlet 41 end of the galvanic pile and the 3D outlet ambient pressure of the hydrogen discharging valve, the gas is strongly convected to discharge accumulated impurities such as water and nitrogen. The duration of step 2 is 0.5s, and then step 1 is re-executed to form a control loop.
In general, the hydrogen supply system provided in this embodiment has the following beneficial effects:
in step 1, hydrogen is controlled to be simultaneously supplied into the electric pile from the electric pile anode inlet 41 and the electric pile anode outlet 42, and the first pressure regulating valve 2A and the second pressure regulating valve 3A ensure constant hydrogen supply pressure of the anode inlet 41 and the anode outlet 42, so that the hydrogen partial pressure in the anode of the battery is improved, compared with the prior art, the hydrogen partial pressure and the concentration on the side of the anode outlet 42 are obviously improved, the electrochemical reaction rate near the outlet is improved, the overall hydrogen distribution and the electrochemical reaction rate distribution in the anode of the battery are more uniform, and the heat generation is more uniform. In addition, the hydrogen entering from the anode inlet 41 of the electric pile and the hydrogen entering from the anode outlet 42 of the electric pile flow channel of the battery flow channel are opposite in flowing direction, so that the normal speed (the direction perpendicular to the inlet to the outlet of the anode flow channel and the left and right direction in fig. 1) of the hydrogen is increased by collision, the hydrogen is facilitated to diffuse from the flow channel to the gas diffusion layer and then enter the catalytic layer to perform electrochemical reaction, namely the mass transfer of the hydrogen is improved. The above two points result in improved battery performance.
In contrast to the prior art solution, hydrogen is fed to the stack from both anode inlet 41 and anode outlet 42 in step 1, instead of inlet into and outlet out, which does not require a hydrogen circulation pump. Meanwhile, the hydrogen flow in the step 1 and the step 2 is different from the prior art in that anode water is always carried out of the galvanic pile, and the water diffused from the cathode to the anode of the battery in the step 1 process can play a role in self-humidifying the anode without an external anode humidifying device. And 2, discharging the accumulated liquid water and impurities such as nitrogen and the like out of a hydrogen supply system pipeline without a water-gas separator. The system reduces the components of a hydrogen circulating pump, a humidifier and a water-gas separator, reduces parasitic power, improves the efficiency of the fuel cell system and reduces the cost of the system.
Based on the same inventive concept as the previous embodiments, in another alternative embodiment, a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is provided that includes a hydrogen fuel cell stack, and the hydrogen supply system of the previous embodiments connected to the hydrogen fuel cell stack.
Through one or more embodiments of the present invention, the present invention has the following benefits or advantages:
the invention provides a fuel cell vehicle, a hydrogen supply system and a hydrogen supply method thereof, wherein hydrogen is controlled to be supplied to a pile from a pile anode inlet and a pile anode outlet simultaneously through a first hydrogen pipeline and a second hydrogen pipeline; the first pressure regulating mechanism and the second pressure regulating mechanism ensure the stability of the hydrogen supply pressure at the anode inlet and the anode outlet; compared with the existing scheme that hydrogen is only supplied at the anode inlet, and the hydrogen partial pressure and the concentration decrease from the anode inlet to the anode outlet, on one hand, the hydrogen partial pressure in the anode of the electric pile, especially the hydrogen partial pressure and the hydrogen concentration at the anode outlet side can be improved by simultaneously supplying hydrogen at the anode inlet and the anode outlet, so that the electrochemical reaction rate near the anode outlet is remarkably improved, the overall hydrogen distribution and the electrochemical reaction rate distribution in the anode of the electric pile are more uniform, and the heat generation is more uniform; on the other hand, the hydrogen entering from the anode inlet of the electric pile and the hydrogen entering from the anode outlet of the electric pile flow in the anode flow channel of the battery are opposite in flow direction, the collision of the hydrogen generated at the two places can improve the normal speed (perpendicular to the direction from the anode flow channel to the anode flow channel) of the hydrogen, so that the hydrogen can be easily diffused from the flow channel to the gas diffusion layer and then enter the catalytic layer to perform electrochemical reaction, namely the mass transfer of the hydrogen is improved; the combined action of the two aspects obviously improves the performance and the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell.
While the preferred embodiments of the present application have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. It is therefore intended that the following claims be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the application.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present application without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present application fall within the scope of the claims and the equivalents thereof, the present application is intended to cover such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. A hydrogen supply system of a fuel cell vehicle, characterized by comprising:
a hydrogen storage mechanism;
one end of the first hydrogen pipeline is connected with the hydrogen storage mechanism, and the other end of the first hydrogen pipeline is connected with an anode inlet of the hydrogen fuel cell stack;
one end of the second hydrogen pipeline is connected with the first hydrogen pipeline, and the other end of the second hydrogen pipeline is connected with an anode outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell stack;
the first pressure regulating mechanism is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and used for controlling hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode inlet at a first set pressure;
the second pressure regulating mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and used for controlling hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode outlet at a second set pressure;
controlling hydrogen to be simultaneously supplied to the electric pile from the anode inlet and the anode outlet through the first pressure regulating mechanism and the second pressure regulating mechanism; the first set pressure and the second set pressure meet a set relation, and the set relation is: the first set pressure and the second set pressure are equal, or the deviation between the first set pressure and the second set pressure is within a set threshold.
2. The hydrogen supply system of claim 1, further comprising:
the on-off mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the anode outlet and the second pressure regulating mechanism;
and the exhaust mechanism is connected to a set position of the second hydrogen pipeline, and the set position is positioned between the anode outlet and the on-off mechanism.
3. The hydrogen supply system of claim 1, further comprising:
the first flowmeter is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the first pressure regulating mechanism and the anode inlet.
4. The hydrogen supply system of claim 1, further comprising:
the first pressure detection mechanism is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the first pressure adjustment mechanism and the anode inlet.
5. The hydrogen supply system of claim 1, further comprising:
and the second flowmeter is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the second pressure regulating mechanism and the anode outlet.
6. The hydrogen supply system of claim 1, further comprising:
the second pressure detection mechanism is arranged on the second hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the second pressure regulating mechanism and the anode outlet.
7. The hydrogen supply system of claim 1, further comprising:
the decompression assembly is arranged on the first hydrogen pipeline and is positioned between the first pressure regulating mechanism and the hydrogen storage mechanism.
8. A hydrogen supply method of a fuel cell vehicle, applied to the hydrogen supply system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising:
controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline and the second hydrogen pipeline in a first set time period of the operation of the hydrogen supply system;
controlling the first pressure regulating mechanism to enable the hydrogen in the first hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode inlet at a first set pressure;
controlling the second pressure regulating mechanism to enable the hydrogen in the second hydrogen pipeline to enter the anode outlet at a second set pressure;
controlling hydrogen to be simultaneously supplied to the electric pile from the anode inlet and the anode outlet through the first pressure regulating mechanism and the second pressure regulating mechanism; the first set pressure and the second set pressure meet a set relation, and the set relation is: the first set pressure and the second set pressure are equal, or the deviation between the first set pressure and the second set pressure is within a set threshold.
9. The hydrogen supply method according to claim 8, characterized in that the hydrogen supply method further comprises, during a second set period of time in which the hydrogen supply system operates:
controlling hydrogen to enter the first hydrogen pipeline;
the on-off mechanism is controlled to be closed, and the exhaust mechanism is controlled to be opened.
10. A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle comprising a hydrogen fuel cell stack, and the hydrogen supply system according to any one of claims 1 to 7 connected to the hydrogen fuel cell stack.
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