CN114077744A - Block chain universal asset processing method, device, equipment and storage medium - Google Patents

Block chain universal asset processing method, device, equipment and storage medium Download PDF

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CN114077744A
CN114077744A CN202010813867.4A CN202010813867A CN114077744A CN 114077744 A CN114077744 A CN 114077744A CN 202010813867 A CN202010813867 A CN 202010813867A CN 114077744 A CN114077744 A CN 114077744A
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proxy
asset
key
ciphertext
encryption key
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方建
陈乐旋
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Xuketianxia Beijing Technology Co ltd
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Xuketianxia Beijing Technology Co ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/602—Providing cryptographic facilities or services
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
    • G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/64—Protecting data integrity, e.g. using checksums, certificates or signatures

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  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention relates to a block chain universal asset processing method, a device, equipment and a storage medium, wherein the method comprises the following steps: randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key; storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and acquiring a storage path; a first user randomly generates a first proxy re-encryption key pair; respectively carrying out asymmetric encryption on the first key and the storage path by applying a first proxy re-encryption key pair, and filling the generated first ciphertext into an asset metadata field in the blockchain transaction to create blockchain data assets; the second user randomly generates a second proxy re-encryption key pair; the blockchain data assets are transferred and/or shared using the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair. The method and the device realize safe and efficient creation, transfer and sharing of the universal digital assets in the blockchain, avoid the increase of data in the blockchain along with the increase of asset data, and have wide application scenes.

Description

Block chain universal asset processing method, device, equipment and storage medium
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of combination of a block chain and proxy re-encryption, in particular to a block chain universal asset processing method, a block chain universal asset processing device, equipment and a storage medium.
Background
In a social data sharing system of a block chain, a safety sharing travel service based on an alliance block chain and other general schemes, agent re-encryption and a block chain technology are combined.
However, the scheme combining the proxy re-encryption and the block chain technique in the related art has the following disadvantages: the original plaintext data is directly encrypted and directly stored in the block, so that the efficiency of re-encryption is reduced, and meanwhile, a large amount of data is stored in a block chain, so that the application scene is limited; in addition, in the asset transfer, the scheme in the related art only transfers the related data, not ownership of the data asset, but only the related data transfer is relatively less meaningful in the practical application process; in addition, the file storage form is relatively single, and is not a common file storage scheme; in addition, the management mode of partial proxy re-encryption key pairs is centralized, and the application is limited due to the characteristic of proxy re-encryption.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, a method, an apparatus, a device and a storage medium for processing a blockchain universal asset are provided to solve the problem of limited transfer or sharing of digital assets in the related art.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a method for processing a blockchain universal asset, where the method includes:
randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key;
storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtaining a storage path;
a first user randomly generates a first proxy re-encryption key pair;
applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair to asymmetrically encrypt the first key and the storage path respectively, and filling the generated first ciphertext into an asset metadata field in the blockchain transaction to create a blockchain data asset;
the second user randomly generates a second proxy re-encryption key pair;
transferring and/or sharing the blockchain data asset using a first proxy re-encryption key pair and a second proxy re-encryption key pair.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a device for processing a blockchain universal asset, including:
the initial key generation module is used for randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key;
the first encryption module is used for storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage and acquiring a storage path;
the first key generation module is used for randomly generating a first proxy re-encryption key pair by a first user;
a second encryption module, configured to apply the first proxy re-encryption key pair to perform asymmetric encryption on the first key and the storage path, respectively, and fill the generated first ciphertext in an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction to create a blockchain data asset;
the second key generation module is used for randomly generating a second proxy re-encryption key pair by a second user;
and the asset transfer module is used for transferring and/or sharing the blockchain data asset by applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an apparatus, including:
a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor;
the memory is used for storing a computer program, and the computer program is at least used for executing the method for processing the blockchain universal assets in the first aspect of the embodiment of the application;
the processor is used for calling and executing the computer program in the memory.
In a fourth aspect, the present application provides a storage medium storing a computer program, where the computer program, when executed by a processor, implements the steps in the method for processing a blockchain universal asset according to the first aspect.
By adopting the technical scheme, plaintext data can be safely transferred on a block chain in an encryption mode through one-way, non-interactive, non-transmission, secure serial communication and multi-hop proxy re-encryption; only the metadata of related plaintext data is re-encrypted, so that any type of data assets are supported, and the application scene is wide; the private key of proxy re-encryption is managed directly by the user rather than by the administrator of the federation chain. The method and the device realize safe and efficient creation, transfer and sharing of universal digital assets in the blockchain, and only store a small amount of metadata of related data in the blockchain, thereby avoiding the multiplication level increase of the data in the blockchain along with the increase of the asset data and having wider application scenes.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for processing a blockchain universal asset according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an asset transfer suitable for use in embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block chain generic asset processing device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Examples
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for processing a blockchain general asset according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the method may be performed by a device for processing a blockchain general asset according to an embodiment of the present invention, and the device may be implemented in software and/or hardware. Referring to fig. 1, the method may specifically include the following steps:
s101, randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key.
Specifically, the symmetric Encryption key is randomly generated, and the key may be any commonly used symmetric Encryption algorithm key, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard), and SM4 symmetric Encryption algorithm, and for convenience of distinction, the key is referred to as a first key.
S102, storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtaining a storage path.
Specifically, a first key is used for encrypting a universal asset data plaintext to obtain an encrypted universal asset data ciphertext, the universal asset data ciphertext is stored in a distributed file system or cloud storage, and a storage path is obtained. In detail, the first key is used to encrypt the general asset data, that is, the plaintext text of the general asset data is encrypted, and the encrypted ciphertext text of the general asset data is stored in a Distributed File System or a cloud Storage, such as an IPFS (internet File System), an HDFS (Distributed File System), an OSS (Object Storage Service), S3, a GCS, and the like. In addition, the relevant storage path is acquired.
S103, the first user randomly generates a first proxy re-encryption key pair.
The first user is referred to as user a, and user a randomly generates a proxy re-encryption key pair (publicKeyA, secret keya), referred to as a first proxy re-encryption key pair. The public key of the first proxy re-encryption key pair is public key of the first proxy re-encryption key pair, and the secret key a of the public key of the first proxy re-encryption key pair is private key of the public key of the first proxy re-encryption key pair.
And S104, asymmetrically encrypting the first key and the storage path by applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair respectively, and filling the generated first ciphertext into an asset metadata field in the blockchain transaction to create the blockchain data asset.
Specifically, a first proxy re-encryption key pair is applied to perform basic asymmetric encryption operation on a first key and a storage path respectively to generate a corresponding first ciphertext; populating an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction with the first ciphertext to create a blockchain data asset; wherein the blockchain data assets are to be transferred and shared. In detail, the basic asymmetric encryption is performed on key and path by an application (public key a, secret key a), corresponding ciphertexts called first cipherkey a and cipherPathA are generated, and the first ciphertexts are filled in an asset metadata field in the block chain transaction to create a block chain data asset, and the data asset can be transferred and/or shared. In one particular example, the data assets may be text, image, audio, video, etc. files.
And S105, the second user randomly generates a second proxy re-encryption key pair.
The second user is referred to as user B, and user B randomly generates a proxy re-encryption key pair (publicKeyB, secrectKeyB), referred to as a second proxy re-encryption key pair. pubickeyb is the public key of the second proxy re-encryption key pair, and secrectKeyB is the private key of the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
And S106, transferring and/or sharing the blockchain data assets by applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
Specifically, the first user applies a first private key in a first proxy re-encryption key pair and a second public key in a second proxy re-encryption key pair, and a signature key pair of the first user to generate a transfer key; the first user applies the transfer key to convert the first ciphertext into a second ciphertext; the first user fills the second ciphertext in the blockchain transaction, and transfers and/or shares the second ciphertext to the second user; and the second user decrypts the second ciphertext by using the private key in the second proxy re-encryption key pair to obtain the first key and the storage path of the plaintext.
In detail, the user a applies a first private key secrectKeyA in a first proxy re-encryption key pair, a second public key pubicikeyb in a second proxy re-encryption key pair, and a signature key pair of the user a to generate a transfer key AtoBTransformKey; the user A applies the transfer key AtoBTransformKey to convert the first ciphertext KeyA and the ciphertext PathA into the second ciphertext CipherKeyB and the second ciphertext PathB, the user A fills the second ciphertext in the block chain transaction to be transferred or shared to the user B, and the user B applies the private key secrectKeyB in the second proxy re-encryption key pair to decrypt the second ciphertext to obtain the key and the path of the plaintext.
It should be noted that the user a and the user B are only used for explaining the transfer or sharing of the data asset, and in an actual application process, the user B may transfer or share the asset to the user C again, and the specific steps are the same as those of the user a transferring to the user B, and are not described herein again. The invention supports pluggable storage scheme of ciphertext data, and can be selected according to practical requirements. In a specific example, user A and user B are taken as examples, and FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an asset transfer.
By adopting the technical scheme, plaintext data can be safely transferred on a block chain in an encryption mode through one-way, non-interactive, non-transmission, secure serial communication and multi-hop proxy re-encryption; only the metadata of related plaintext data is re-encrypted, so that any type of data assets are supported, and the application scene is wide; the private key of proxy re-encryption is managed directly by the user rather than by the administrator of the federation chain. The method and the device realize safe and efficient creation, transfer and sharing of universal digital assets in the blockchain, and only store a small amount of metadata of related data in the blockchain, thereby avoiding the multiplication level increase of the data in the blockchain along with the increase of the asset data and having wider application scenes.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a blockchain general asset processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, which is suitable for executing a blockchain general asset processing method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 3, the apparatus may specifically include an initial key generation module 301, a first encryption module 302, a first key generation module 303, a second encryption module 304, a second key generation module 305, and an asset transfer module 306.
The initial key generation module 301 is configured to randomly generate a symmetric encryption key as a first key; the first encryption module 302 is configured to store the general asset data encrypted by applying the first key to a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtain a storage path; a first key generation module 303, configured to randomly generate a first proxy re-encryption key pair by a first user; a second encryption module 304, configured to apply the first proxy re-encryption key pair to perform asymmetric encryption on the first key and the storage path, respectively, and fill the generated first ciphertext in an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction to create a blockchain data asset; a second key generation module 305 for a second user to randomly generate a second proxy re-encryption key pair; an asset transfer module 306 configured to transfer and/or share the blockchain data asset using the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
By adopting the technical scheme, plaintext data can be safely transferred on a block chain in an encryption mode through one-way, non-interactive, non-transmission, secure serial communication and multi-hop proxy re-encryption; only the metadata of related plaintext data is re-encrypted, so that any type of data assets are supported, and the application scene is wide; the private key of proxy re-encryption is managed directly by the user rather than by the administrator of the federation chain. The method and the device realize safe and efficient creation, transfer and sharing of universal digital assets in the blockchain, and only store a small amount of metadata of related data in the blockchain, thereby avoiding the multiplication level increase of the data in the blockchain along with the increase of the asset data and having wider application scenes.
Optionally, the first encryption module 302 is specifically configured to:
and encrypting the universal asset data plaintext by using the first key to obtain an encrypted universal asset data ciphertext, storing the universal asset data ciphertext into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtaining a storage path.
Optionally, the second encryption module 304 is specifically configured to:
applying a first proxy re-encryption key pair to respectively perform basic asymmetric encryption operation on the first key and the storage path to generate a corresponding first ciphertext;
populating an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction with the first ciphertext to create a blockchain data asset; wherein the blockchain data assets are to be transferred and shared.
Optionally, the asset transfer module 306 is specifically configured to:
the first user applies a first private key in a first proxy re-encryption key pair and a second public key in a second proxy re-encryption key pair, and a signature key pair of the first user to generate a transfer key;
the first user applies the transfer key to convert the first ciphertext into a second ciphertext;
the first user fills the second ciphertext in the blockchain transaction, and transfers and/or shares the second ciphertext to the second user;
and the second user decrypts the second ciphertext by using the private key in the second proxy re-encryption key pair to obtain the first key and the storage path of the plaintext.
The block chain universal asset processing device provided by the embodiment of the invention can execute the block chain universal asset processing method provided by any embodiment of the invention, and has the corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects of the execution method.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides an apparatus, please refer to fig. 4, where fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus, and as shown in fig. 4, the apparatus includes: a processor 410, and a memory 420 coupled to the processor 410; the memory 420 is used for storing a computer program for executing at least the blockchain general asset processing method in the embodiment of the present invention; the processor 410 is used for calling and executing the computer program in the memory; the block chain universal asset processing method at least comprises the following steps: randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key; storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and acquiring a storage path; a first user randomly generates a first proxy re-encryption key pair; respectively carrying out asymmetric encryption on the first key and the storage path by applying a first proxy re-encryption key pair, and filling the generated first ciphertext into an asset metadata field in the blockchain transaction to create blockchain data assets; the second user randomly generates a second proxy re-encryption key pair; the blockchain data assets are transferred and/or shared using the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
The embodiment of the present invention further provides a storage medium, where the storage medium stores a computer program, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the method implements the steps in the block chain universal asset processing method in the embodiment of the present invention: randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key; storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and acquiring a storage path; a first user randomly generates a first proxy re-encryption key pair; respectively carrying out asymmetric encryption on the first key and the storage path by applying a first proxy re-encryption key pair, and filling the generated first ciphertext into an asset metadata field in the blockchain transaction to create blockchain data assets; the second user randomly generates a second proxy re-encryption key pair; the blockchain data assets are transferred and/or shared using the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
It is understood that the same or similar parts in the above embodiments may be mutually referred to, and the same or similar parts in other embodiments may be referred to for the content which is not described in detail in some embodiments.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description of the present invention are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. Further, in the description of the present invention, the meaning of "a plurality" means at least two unless otherwise specified.
Any process or method descriptions in flow charts or otherwise described herein may be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps of the process, and alternate implementations are included within the scope of the preferred embodiment of the present invention in which functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art of the present invention.
It should be understood that portions of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In the above embodiments, the various steps or methods may be implemented in software or firmware stored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system. For example, if implemented in hardware, as in another embodiment, any one or combination of the following techniques, which are known in the art, may be used: a discrete logic circuit having a logic gate circuit for implementing a logic function on a data signal, an application specific integrated circuit having an appropriate combinational logic gate circuit, a Programmable Gate Array (PGA), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or the like.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the steps carried by the method for implementing the above embodiments may be implemented by hardware related to instructions of a program, which may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, and when the program is executed, the program includes one or a combination of the steps of the method embodiments.
In addition, functional units in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated into one processing module, or each unit may exist alone physically, or two or more units are integrated into one module. The integrated module can be realized in a hardware mode, and can also be realized in a software functional module mode. The integrated module, if implemented in the form of a software functional module and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium.
The storage medium mentioned above may be a read-only memory, a magnetic or optical disk, etc.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for processing blockchain universal assets, comprising:
randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key;
storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtaining a storage path;
a first user randomly generates a first proxy re-encryption key pair;
applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair to asymmetrically encrypt the first key and the storage path respectively, and filling the generated first ciphertext into an asset metadata field in the blockchain transaction to create a blockchain data asset;
the second user randomly generates a second proxy re-encryption key pair;
transferring and/or sharing the blockchain data asset using a first proxy re-encryption key pair and a second proxy re-encryption key pair.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein storing the common asset data encrypted by applying the first key in a distributed file system or cloud storage and obtaining a storage path comprises:
and encrypting the universal asset data plaintext by using the first key to obtain an encrypted universal asset data ciphertext, storing the universal asset data ciphertext into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtaining a storage path.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair to asymmetrically encrypt the first key and the storage path, respectively, and wherein padding the generated first ciphertext in an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction to create a blockchain data asset comprises:
applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair to respectively perform basic asymmetric encryption operation on the first key and the storage path to generate a corresponding first ciphertext;
populating an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction with the first ciphertext to create a blockchain data asset; wherein the blockchain data asset is to be transferred and shared.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair to transfer and/or share the blockchain data asset comprises:
the first user applies a first private key in the first proxy re-encryption key pair and a second public key in the second proxy re-encryption key pair, and a signature key pair of the first user to generate a transfer key;
the first user applies the transfer key to convert the first ciphertext into a second ciphertext;
the first user fills the second ciphertext into the blockchain transaction, and transfers and/or shares the second ciphertext to a second user;
and the second user decrypts the second ciphertext by using the private key in the second proxy re-encryption key pair to obtain the first key and the storage path of the plaintext.
5. A blockchain universal asset processing apparatus comprising:
the initial key generation module is used for randomly generating a symmetric encryption key as a first key;
the first encryption module is used for storing the general asset data encrypted by the first key into a distributed file system or cloud storage and acquiring a storage path;
the first key generation module is used for randomly generating a first proxy re-encryption key pair by a first user;
a second encryption module, configured to apply the first proxy re-encryption key pair to perform asymmetric encryption on the first key and the storage path, respectively, and fill the generated first ciphertext in an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction to create a blockchain data asset;
the second key generation module is used for randomly generating a second proxy re-encryption key pair by a second user;
and the asset transfer module is used for transferring and/or sharing the blockchain data asset by applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair and the second proxy re-encryption key pair.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first encryption module is specifically configured to:
and encrypting the universal asset data plaintext by using the first key to obtain an encrypted universal asset data ciphertext, storing the universal asset data ciphertext into a distributed file system or cloud storage, and obtaining a storage path.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second encryption module is specifically configured to:
applying the first proxy re-encryption key pair to respectively perform basic asymmetric encryption operation on the first key and the storage path to generate a corresponding first ciphertext;
populating an asset metadata field in a blockchain transaction with the first ciphertext to create a blockchain data asset; wherein the blockchain data asset is to be transferred and shared.
8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the asset transfer module is specifically configured to:
the first user applies a first private key in the first proxy re-encryption key pair and a second public key in the second proxy re-encryption key pair, and a signature key pair of the first user to generate a transfer key;
the first user applies the transfer key to convert the first ciphertext into a second ciphertext;
the first user fills the second ciphertext into the blockchain transaction, and transfers and/or shares the second ciphertext to a second user;
and the second user decrypts the second ciphertext by using the private key in the second proxy re-encryption key pair to obtain the first key and the storage path of the plaintext.
9. An apparatus, comprising:
a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor;
the memory for storing a computer program for performing at least the blockchain universal asset processing method of any one of claims 1 to 4;
the processor is used for calling and executing the computer program in the memory.
10. A storage medium storing a computer program which, when executed by a processor, performs the steps of the method for blockchain universal asset handling according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
CN202010813867.4A 2020-08-13 2020-08-13 Block chain universal asset processing method, device, equipment and storage medium Pending CN114077744A (en)

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CN202010813867.4A CN114077744A (en) 2020-08-13 2020-08-13 Block chain universal asset processing method, device, equipment and storage medium

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CN202010813867.4A CN114077744A (en) 2020-08-13 2020-08-13 Block chain universal asset processing method, device, equipment and storage medium

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