CN113688644A - Active radio frequency identification method and system supporting parallel anti-collision - Google Patents
Active radio frequency identification method and system supporting parallel anti-collision Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an active radio frequency identification method and system supporting parallel anti-collision, wherein the identification method comprises the following steps: s0, the emitting module of the reader-writer sequentially emits an activation signal with the duration of t2 to the unidentified active tag at the frequency f 1; s1, the active tag receives the activation signal and judges whether the active tag sends data in the time interval, if the active tag is judged to be true, the active tag is converted from a receiving state to a transmitting state, finally, the tag information is sent to a receiving module of the reader-writer within t2 at the frequency f2, and if the active tag is judged to be false, the active tag discards the data and keeps silent; step S2, dormancy has already sent the label information and received the active label of the ACK signal; step S3, repeating steps S0, S1, S2 until all active tags are identified. The active tags are operated in parallel, and the switching time of adjacent active tags is partially overlapped, so that the identification time of the whole system can be greatly shortened, the anti-collision performance of the radio frequency identification system can be effectively improved, and the radio frequency identification system has good engineering practical value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of mobile communication, and particularly relates to an active radio frequency identification method and system supporting parallel anti-collision.
Background
Radio frequency identification is a convenient and fast non-contact automatic identification technology. With the rise of the internet of things system, a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system has the advantages of high Identification speed, high precision, low cost and the like, and has been widely used in the fields of supply chain management, personnel traffic management and the like. However, as the scale of users is increased dramatically, when a plurality of active tags are in the identification range of the reader-writer and respond to the reader-writer simultaneously in the radio frequency identification process, the reader-writer cannot quickly and correctly identify the active tags, which is called active tag collision, and therefore, the collision resistance of RIFD becomes a critical problem to be solved urgently.
The traditional anti-collision algorithm of the RFID technology is mainly divided into an uncertain anti-collision algorithm and a deterministic anti-collision algorithm. The uncertain anti-collision algorithm is based on an ALOHA algorithm, although the flow is simple, the anti-collision performance is weak, and the randomness is strong. The deterministic anti-collision algorithm is a tree-based algorithm, and although the anti-collision performance is good, the identification time is long and the efficiency is low because the reader-writer needs to interact with the active tag for many times. The frequency division multiplexing method is simple, but with the increase of active tags, the identification time is longer, and the efficiency is lower.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the working principle characteristic of the active radio frequency identification system, the speed of a radio frequency module is high when data is sent, but more time is spent on converting from transmitting to receiving or from receiving to transmitting, active tags are operated in parallel, the conversion time of adjacent active tags is partially overlapped, the identification time of the whole system can be greatly shortened, the anti-collision performance of the radio frequency identification system can be effectively improved, and the active radio frequency identification system has good engineering practical value.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts a technical scheme as follows:
in a first aspect, an active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel collision avoidance includes the following steps:
step S0, the emitting module of the reader sequentially emits activation signals to unidentified active tags at frequency f1, wherein the emitting duration of the activation signals is t1, and the interval duration between adjacent activation signals is t 2;
step S1, the active label receives the activation signal and judges whether it sends data in the time slot, if it judges that it sends data in the time slot, it changes the receiving state of the active label into the transmitting state, and finally sends the label information to the receiving module of the reader-writer at the frequency f2, if it judges that it does not send data in the time slot, it discards the data and keeps silent; wherein, the judging time for judging whether the self sends data in the time period is t3, the conversion time for converting the receiving state into the transmitting state is t4, and the transmitting time for sending the label information is t 2;
step S2, when receiving the label information, the receiving module of the reader-writer sends a confirmation signal to the corresponding active label, and the corresponding active label receives the confirmation signal to perform dormancy processing, thereby realizing the identification of the active label;
step S3, the identified active tags are obtained according to the receiving module, and the unidentified active tags are further identified by repeating the steps S0, S1 and S2 until all the active tags are identified.
Further, in the step S1, the tag information is obtained by encrypting according to a lightweight AES algorithm.
In a second aspect, the present invention further provides an active radio frequency identification system supporting parallel collision avoidance, including: the active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel anti-collision is characterized in that the active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel anti-collision is arranged between the reader and the active tag.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
1. the active tags used by the invention work in parallel, the conversion time parts of the active tags coincide with each other, the identification time of the radio frequency identification system can be greatly shortened, and the advantages are more obvious when the number of the active tags is more;
2. the invention ensures that only one active tag sends data to the reader-writer at the same time, reduces the occurrence of active tag collision and effectively improves the collision resistance of the radio frequency identification system;
3. the active label used by the invention supports the data processing processes of inspection and lightweight encryption and decryption, and ensures the safety of information.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an architecture diagram of an active radio frequency identification system supporting parallel collision avoidance according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a timing analysis diagram of interaction between a reader and an active tag in an active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel collision avoidance according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating information interaction between a reader and a tag in an active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel collision avoidance according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flowchart of a lightweight AES algorithm according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT (S) OF INVENTION
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention provides an active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel anti-collision, which is applied to an active radio frequency identification system supporting parallel anti-collision, and as shown in figure 1, the active radio frequency identification system supporting parallel anti-collision comprises an RFID reader-writer, N active tags and a control terminal (upper computer).
The reader-writer comprises 2 radio frequency modules, one special sending data is called as a sending module, and the other special sending data becomes a receiving module according to the anti-collision algorithm requirement. The radio frequency module adopts a 2.4GHZ wireless transceiver chip, adopts an embedded baseband protocol engine, has a fully integrated frequency synthesizer, has a data transmission rate up to 2MBPS, and has the characteristic of ultra-low power consumption. Full-duplex data communication is completed between the radio frequency module and the MCU through a four-wire SPI interface (SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE, SPI), the interface speed is as high as 4MBPS, and the speed can be reduced to reduce the power consumption in a sleep mode and a standby mode.
And the control module is used for storing data and controlling and coordinating the work among the modules. The control module mainly comprises a memory, an MCU, a power management module and a crystal oscillator.
And the peripheral interface is used for data transmission between the reader and the control terminal. The peripheral interface mainly comprises an RS-232 serial port, an Ethernet port module and a 4G module. The serial port module converts the TTL level generated by the MCU into a level meeting the RS-232C technical standard through the MAX232ESE chip, and stable wired data transmission is completed. The TCP/IP protocol stack of the Ethernet module is integrated in a W5500 chip, an Ethernet layer and a physical layer with the speed of 10/100MBPS are embedded in the chip, and the chip is directly connected with the MCU through RX, TX, GND and VCC interfaces. The 4G module adopts a WH-LTE-7S 4V 2 module, a corresponding SIM card needs to be inserted, and the 4G antenna is connected to an IPEX antenna interface of 7S 4V 2, so that bidirectional transparent data transmission from a serial port to a network is realized.
The active tag adopts a 2.4GHZ high-speed wireless transceiver chip, and the MCU with low power consumption and light weight can reduce the current of the emission gap from 1.8MA to 0.1MA, thereby saving the energy consumption of the active tag and prolonging the working time. The wireless receiving and transmitting unit works in a 2.400-2.485 GHZ general ISM (Industrial Scientific medical) frequency band, and can realize one-to-many networking and communication modes with ACK.
And the upper computer is designed through a Qt Creator application program development platform and is used for displaying the ID number, the times, the first time and the last time and the like of the active tag received by the reader-writer. After receiving the information, the reader-writer can transmit the information to a database of the upper computer through an RS-232 serial port, an Ethernet port or a 4G module, so that subsequent more complex data processing is facilitated.
And the control terminal is used for displaying the label information received by the reader-writer. The module records the Identification (ID) of the active tag, the receiving times, the first time and the last time of receiving the active tag, and the software can be used for the anti-collision performance test. Meanwhile, the data can be stored and uploaded to a database for more complex data processing.
The specific communication process between the reader and the active tag is as follows:
step S0, the emitting module of the reader sequentially emits activation signals to unidentified active tags at frequency f1, wherein the emitting duration of the activation signals is t1, and the interval duration between adjacent activation signals is t 2;
step S1, the active label receives the activation signal and judges whether it sends data in the time slot, if it judges that it sends data in the time slot, it changes the receiving state of the active label into the transmitting state, and finally sends the label information to the receiving module of the reader-writer at the frequency f2, if it judges that it does not send data in the time slot, it discards the data and keeps silent; wherein, the judging time for judging whether the self sends data in the time period is t3, the conversion time for converting the receiving state into the transmitting state is t4, and the transmitting time for sending the label information is t 2;
step S2, when receiving the label information, the receiving module of the reader-writer sends a confirmation signal to the corresponding active label, and the corresponding active label receives the confirmation signal to perform dormancy processing, thereby realizing the identification of the active label;
step S3, the identified active tags are obtained according to the receiving module, and the unidentified active tags are further identified by repeating the steps S0, S1 and S2 until all the active tags are identified.
As shown in fig. 2, 1 reader/writer is provided to communicate with n active tags, and the transmission method is exemplified by an Acknowledgement Character (ACK) which is a normal transmission/reception mode. Now, the sending module of the reader-writer is called A, the receiving module is called B, and each active tag is C1、C2、C3、…、CnThe method is characterized in that 1 reader-writer is arranged to communicate with n active tags, and the transmission mode is a common transceiving mode, namely, an Acknowledge Character (ACK) as an example.
Step S1, the reader transmits activation data to the active tag to activate the active tag:
step S101, A is to active label C1Sending 8 bytes of activation data, t1The first transmission is completed in time.
Step S102, A, after stopping t2, emitting for the second time to the active tag C2The activation data is transmitted and t1 is complete. T2 is determined by the time required for the active tag C to interact with the reader B module.
And S103, repeating the steps, wherein A sends data once every t1+ t2, if n active tags are sent n times, the transmission sharing time of the reader-writer is n x (t1+ t 2).
Step S2, the active tag receives the activation data, processes the data, and sends tag information to the reader:
step S201, active label C1After receiving an activation signal of a reader-writer, judging whether to transmit data for a time period within a time period t3, wherein the judging process adopts the step of carrying out CRC (cyclic redundancy check) on the received activation signal, if true, carrying out data transmission, and if false, keeping silence; this has assumed that transmission is performed in the order of 1 to n;
step S202, active label C1Converting from receiving mode to sending mode, transmitting to B module of reader-writer, C1The time required to switch from receive to transmit is denoted t 4. Step S202 and step S201 may also be combined, that is, the transition time t4 of the active tag transceiving mode is combined with the active tag processing related algorithm time t 3.
And S203, the communication interaction time of the active tag and the B module of the reader-writer is t2, and the active tag enters a dormant state after completing transmission and receiving the ACK signal sent by the B module.
Step S3, the reader/writer receives data:
after the module a of the reader-writer starts transmitting and passes t1+ t3+ t4, the module B starts receiving the tag information data and completes data reception through t 2.
Step S4, processing n active tags:
in the active label C1While processing data, the module of the reader-writer A is towards the active label C2The activation data is transmitted. After t1+ t3+ t4, active tag C2Transmitting tag information to the B module of the reader-writerAnd (4) data. C2Transmission data ratio C1Transmitted later by t1+ t2 when B has already transmitted C1Data reception is completed, and reception processing C is available2And (4) data. And repeating the steps to process the n active tags. (B is a common component for all active tags, assuming that B is idle to receive the next data over time t1+ t3+ t4+ t2, from the first transmission of A.)
And step S5, calculating the time required by the n active tags.
When n is large enough, the n active tags share the time from the transmission of a:
in formula (1), a plurality of active tags process data in parallel, and the time for the active tags to process the data has little influence on the total communication time. Where ti (i ═ 1,2 … 4) is specific to the individual active tags, independent of the number of active tags. And when t3 and t4 are larger, compared with the similar system, the effect of improving the identification rate is more obvious by adopting the parallel anti-collision active radio frequency identification system. The propagation delay caused by the communication when the active tag is far away from the reader-writer is considered in t1 and t 2.
Further, in the step S1, the tag information is obtained by encrypting according to a lightweight AES algorithm, and the lightweight AES algorithm is adopted, which mainly includes verification and encryption/decryption processes, so that the system security is improved on the premise of ensuring the operation efficiency, and the encryption/decryption processes can be completed within t3 time.
As shown in fig. 3, first, the reader initializes the related modules, which mainly include a radio frequency module, an external port module, and pin settings of the MCU. The radio frequency part of the reader-writer is divided into a sending module and a receiving module.
When the reader-writer works in a sending mode, the reader-writer sequentially traverses the table for recording the receiving condition of the tags and selects the tags which do not receive the information. Subsequently, the tag is activated in the normal mode, and enters an operating state.
The reader-writer needs to be set to be in an enhanced mode in the receiving mode, that is, the receiving end can send back an ACK signal after successfully receiving the ACK signal, and the working process is complex compared with that in the sending mode. And after the reader-writer successfully receives the data, sending back an ACK signal silent label to the active label to ensure that the active label is not activated any more. And then, the reader-writer finishes uploading data through peripheral interfaces such as a 4G interface, a network port and a serial port, refreshes the form data, records the awakening time of the active tag ID, compares the current time with the awakening time, and prevents the active tag from being awakened repeatedly, thereby avoiding repeated reading of the tag.
The active tag has a relatively simple working state, and firstly completes initialization operation, the state is set to a receiving mode, and activation signals of the reader-writer are waited for and CRC is carried out. If true, the information of the tag itself is encrypted and decrypted. And then, the state of the tag is converted into a sending mode, and the tag information is sent to a receiving module of the reader-writer in an enhanced mode. When the tag receives an ACK signal of the reader-writer, the tag sleeps; if the ACK signal is not received, waiting for the reader to be activated again.
A reader-writer is arranged to communicate with the active tags, and parallel deterministic algorithm tests are carried out on 100 active tags. The reader-writer is provided with a receiving channel and a transmitting channel, and the active tag is provided with a channel which can be switched between receiving and transmitting. The transmitting power of the active tag is 11dBm, the receiving sensitivity of the reader-writer is-87 dBm, the communication speed of the active tag and the reader-writer is 1Mbps, and the distance between the two communication speeds is 2 m. Through tests, the time t1 required by the reader-writer to activate is 2ms, the time t2 required by the reader-writer to successfully receive the active tag information is 2.2ms, the processing verification t3 is 1ms, and the time t4 required by the active tag to change from receiving to transmitting is 7 ms. According to the formula (1) of the parallel anti-collision algorithm, the theoretical value of the time required by the reader-writer to identify 100 active tags is 428 ms.
Under the test environment, the parallel algorithm actual test is carried out on 100 active tags, and the total time delay of the system, namely the time required by successful identification of all the active tags, is recorded. As the number of active tags increases, the average latency of the system increases approximately linearly. Further calculating the average reading time of the active tags, it can be seen that the average reading time gradually decreases with the increase of the number of active tags, and when the number of active tags is large enough, the average reading time tends to 5.2 ms.
And under the same condition, comparing the parallel anti-collision active identification system with the dual-channel random frequency point active identification system. The dual-channel random frequency point system means that the reader-writer contains dual channels for receiving, and the active tag randomly selects one frequency point channel from two frequency points to continuously send information to the reader-writer. The average total time delay of the two systems and the average reading time of the active tags are compared, and the test result shows that the effect of the dual-channel random frequency point system is slightly better than that of a parallel anti-collision system when the number of the active tags is within 10, because the parallel algorithm spends a certain time in the early preparation and activation. Between 11 and 28 active tags, the two are equivalent in effect. When the number of the active tags is more than or equal to 29, the performance of the parallel anti-collision system is obviously superior to that of a dual-channel random frequency point system, and the superiority of the parallel anti-collision system is more obvious as the number of the active tags is more. When 100 active tags are tested, a parallel anti-collision system needs 540.07ms for identifying all the active tags, a dual-channel random frequency point system needs 9270.14ms, and the total delay of the system in the former is only 5.83% of that in the latter. From the test results, the theoretical value of the system average time delay of the parallel anti-collision algorithm is 79.25% of the actual test value. This is because the communication has a 20% error rate in actual test, which affects the average delay of the system. Under the condition of considering the error rate, the actual effect of the parallel anti-collision system is basically consistent with the theoretical value.
Passive RFID technology has a common encryption algorithm, while most active RFID systems do not use an encryption algorithm, and the encryption algorithms are not uniform. The AES algorithm has gained wide attention in the field of cryptography as a new generation of advanced encryption standard. The core of the AES algorithm is high software execution efficiency and small algorithm storage space. The traditional AES algorithm is improved in light weight, and the method is more suitable for an RFID system. The AES algorithm comprises three modules of encryption, decryption and key expansion.
As shown in fig. 4, the AES algorithm includes three modules, encryption, decryption, and key expansion. As a core module of the AES algorithm, the conventional round function consists of four different transformations: byte substitution SUB, row shift SR, column obfuscation MC, and round key plus ADK. The first nine iterations of the algorithm contain these four transformations, while the last iteration contains only three of SR, SUB, and ADK. The AES encryption/decryption process operates on a 4 x 4 byte matrix with the index order as shown in equation (2):
lightweight AES encryption and decryption processing can be added within t3 time of the parallel anti-collision system, and information safety is improved. Since the position of the byte does not need to be considered in the SUB process, the substitution of each byte is non-linear; in the SR process, only the shift is needed to be completed, and the value of the byte is not needed to be changed; in the MC process, the inverse column mixing operation is linear, and the algorithm flow can be properly sequenced and then subjected to lightweight processing. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the lightweight AES encryption and decryption algorithm mainly saves the running time in a table look-up mode. Let the k-th round 4 × 4 input matrix in encryption be TkThe output after round key addition is ykSecret key BkK is 1,2, …, N. The 4 x 4 input matrix data of the k-th wheel in decryption is T'kY 'is the output after the addition of the wheel key'kK is 1,2, …, N. Initial encrypted data is T0The initial decrypted data is T'0The initial key is B0. Lookup table R used in encryption and decryption process1-R6Wherein R is1＝02·Tk，R2＝Tk，R3＝02·T′k，R4＝T′k，R5＝08·T′k，R6＝04·T′kThe flow of the lightweight AES algorithm is shown in fig. 4.
And transforming the final process of the encryption round function into:
the final process of the decryption round function is transformed into:
the adopted lightweight AES algorithm uses 6 pieces of 256-byte algorithm table (R) in the encryption and decryption processes1-R6) Complex and time consuming byte replacement and column obfuscation operations can both be implemented directly by table lookup. On the premise that the algorithm storage space occupies a small space, the encryption and decryption efficiency of the AES algorithm is effectively improved.
The above examples are merely illustrative of several embodiments of the present invention, which are described in more detail and detail but are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. An active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel anti-collision is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S0, the emitting module of the reader sequentially emits activation signals to unidentified active tags at frequency f1, wherein the emitting duration of the activation signals is t1, and the interval duration between adjacent activation signals is t 2;
step S1, the active label receives the activation signal and judges whether it sends data in the time slot, if it judges that it sends data in the time slot, it changes the receiving state of the active label into the transmitting state, and finally sends the label information to the receiving module of the reader-writer at the frequency f2, if it judges that it does not send data in the time slot, it discards the data and keeps silent; wherein, the judging time for judging whether the self sends data in the time period is t3, the conversion time for converting the receiving state into the transmitting state is t4, and the transmitting time for sending the label information is t 2;
step S2, when receiving the label information, the receiving module of the reader-writer sends a confirmation signal to the corresponding active label, and the corresponding active label receives the confirmation signal to perform dormancy processing, thereby realizing the identification of the active label;
step S3, the identified active tags are obtained according to the receiving module, and the unidentified active tags are further identified by repeating the steps S0, S1 and S2 until all the active tags are identified.
2. The active radio frequency identification method for supporting parallel collision avoidance according to claim 1, wherein in said step S1, the tag information is obtained by encrypting according to a lightweight AES algorithm.
3. An active radio frequency identification system supporting parallel anti-collision comprises a reader-writer, an active tag and an upper computer, and is characterized in that the active radio frequency identification method supporting parallel anti-collision is adopted between the reader-writer and the active tag according to claim 2.
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