CN112743101B - Crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member - Google Patents
Crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112743101B CN112743101B CN202011600741.5A CN202011600741A CN112743101B CN 112743101 B CN112743101 B CN 112743101B CN 202011600741 A CN202011600741 A CN 202011600741A CN 112743101 B CN112743101 B CN 112743101B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- shaped
- strip
- sheet
- structural member
- claw
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps: carrying out printing direction design on the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, and carrying out auxiliary support design to meet the forming requirements except cracking; step two: designing a multi-claw type supporting structure at two ends of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the length direction by adopting three-dimensional drawing software; step three: designing a through hole on at least one of the main claw and the auxiliary claw; step four: designing skirt edge steps below the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member and the multi-claw type supporting structure; step five: and carrying out manufacturability detection on the structural part to be printed, and carrying out slicing, layering and printing after meeting manufacturability requirements. The invention utilizes the multi-claw type supporting structure to play the roles of increasing the connecting area, relieving the concentrated stress and releasing the stress, better inhibits the cracking of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the selective laser melting forming process and reduces the deformation of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to a crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member.
Background
In recent years, additive manufacturing technology is rapidly developed and gradually applied from laboratories, the additive manufacturing technology is gradually applied in the fields of aerospace, medical treatment, mold manufacturing and the like, and a Baby Bantam rocket engine consisting of only 3 parts is successfully manufactured by Rockdyne company in the United states as early as 2014 by adopting the additive manufacturing technology. In 2017, the cikaien company manufactured a nozzle with a diameter of 2.5 meters for the arlia na 6 rocket by using a 3D printing technology, and reduced about 1000 parts to about 100 parts. The additive manufacturing technology has many successful cases in application in China, for example, chang 'e's four-relay star adopts various complex aluminum alloy components printed in 3D, and the self weight is less than 50% of that of the traditional product; the fighter 31 adopts nearly 100 parts which are printed and manufactured in a 3D mode, a plurality of longitudinal girders and transverse reinforcing frames of a front fuselage are integrated, the fatigue life is greatly prolonged, and the weight is reduced by more than 20%.
The additive manufacturing technology has various methods, such as laser melting deposition, arc fuse forming and photocuring forming, wherein due to the adoption of the process characteristic of layer-by-layer powder bed processing, the selective laser melting additive manufacturing technology can combine a plurality of parts into one, reduce the structural complexity of a product, realize the integration and miniaturization of the structure of the product, and improve the reliability and maintainability of the product, such as structures of a satellite bracket, a fuel nozzle, a combustion chamber, a rudder and the like. However, the material formed by laser melting in the current optional area only comprises a small amount of metal, and the forming size is generally less than 400mm, especially for some high-strength materials such as titanium alloy, high-temperature alloy and high-strength steel, the forming size is difficult to exceed 400mm, so that the forming difficulty is further increased by the strip-shaped and sheet-shaped structure with large length-width ratio. The failure of forming the strip-shaped and sheet-shaped structures is mainly caused by two reasons, namely, the integral deformation of parts caused by thermal shrinkage and deformation of the substrate, and the cracking caused by insufficient plasticity of materials due to larger stress.
At present, a great deal of strip-shaped and sheet-shaped structure selective laser melting forming requirements are met in the fields of aviation, aerospace, automobiles and grinding tools, such as lightweight hollow blades, integrated rudder wings, high-rigidity racks, lightweight automobile steel beams and the like. The problem of deformation can be basically solved by increasing the process margin, but how to solve the cracking problem of the strip-shaped and sheet-shaped structures in the selective laser melting process is a major pain point of the industry at present. The scheme that the forming of strip-shaped and sheet-shaped structures can be improved by replacing materials or improving the plasticity of the materials, but the quantity of mature materials which can be used for selective laser melting at present is less than 20, and the alternative materials meeting the requirements on strength, plasticity and temperature are difficult to find; the period for developing new materials is long and the cost is huge; for the cracking problem, optimizing the forming process, such as reducing heat input and reducing the layer thickness, can also improve the cracking problem to a certain extent, but the improvement effect is not obvious, reducing heat input will cause the reduction of compactness, and reducing the layer thickness will cause the reduction of efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a cracking control method for SLM forming of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, which utilizes the characteristics that a multi-claw type supporting structure can increase the connecting area, relieve the concentrated stress and release the stress, better inhibits the cracking of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the selective laser melting forming process, and reduces the deformation of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the invention provides a crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out printing direction design on the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, and carrying out auxiliary support design to meet the forming requirements except cracking;
step two: the method comprises the following steps that three-dimensional drawing software is adopted to design multi-claw type supporting structures at two ends of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the length direction, each multi-claw type supporting structure is provided with a main claw and an auxiliary claw, each auxiliary claw extends from the side wall of each main claw, three main claws are arranged at two ends of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member respectively, the design height of each main claw is not lower than 2/3 of the height of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, the design height of each auxiliary claw is 1/2-2/3 of the height of each main claw, one side, connected with the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, of each main claw is connected with the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in a fusion mode, and one side, departing from the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, of each main claw extends to form a horizontal included angle of not less than 45 degrees;
step three: designing a through hole on at least one of the main claw and the auxiliary claw;
step four: designing skirt edge steps below the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part and the multi-claw type supporting structure, wherein the skirt edge steps are distributed along the peripheral outlines of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part and the multi-claw type supporting structure so as to finally form a structural part to be printed;
step five: and carrying out manufacturability detection on the structural part to be printed, and carrying out slicing, layering and printing after meeting manufacturability requirements.
Preferably, step two further comprises: and two main claws are symmetrically designed in the middle of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member according to the requirement.
Preferably, step two further comprises: if the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member has large-area suspended projection on the printing substrate, before the step of designing the multi-claw type supporting structures on the two ends of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the length direction by using three-dimensional drawing software, stretching the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member along the projection direction to connect the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member with the printing substrate.
Preferably, the auxiliary claws are vertically connected with the main claws and symmetrically distributed on the side walls of the main claws.
Preferably, the shape of the through hole comprises a circle, a diamond and a water drop.
Preferably, the diameter of the circular through hole is 1mm-10mm.
Preferably, a chamfer is arranged on the upper edge of the water-drop-shaped through hole, and the diameter of the chamfer is 2mm-3mm.
Preferably, the side length of the rhombus through hole is 2mm-20mm, and chamfers are arranged at all included angles of the rhombus.
Preferably, the height of the skirt step is 1mm-2mm.
Preferably, the three-dimensional drawing software comprises: UG, cero, solidworks, CATIA.
Preferably, step five further comprises: and after the structural part to be printed is formed, removing the multi-claw type supporting structure and the skirt step by adopting a manual or machining method.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the remarkable advantages that:
1. the cracking control method for SLM forming of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member has the advantages that the multi-claw type supporting structure can increase the connecting area, relieve concentrated stress and release stress, better inhibit cracking of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the selective laser melting forming process, and reduce deformation of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member.
2. According to the multi-claw type supporting structure, the structural part to be printed is adsorbed on the substrate in the length direction, the contact area between the two ends of the structural part to be printed and the substrate is increased, a certain strength of restraint force is formed, stress concentration is gradually relieved through the interval arrangement of the main claws and the auxiliary claws, stress is released through the through holes, and the printing time and materials can be reduced due to the design of the through holes; the skirt structure of the structural member to be printed also plays a strong adsorption role.
3. The multi-claw type supporting structure is not used as a part of a final product, the design of the product can not be changed, the multi-claw type supporting structure is removed in a manual or machining mode after heat treatment, and the multi-claw type supporting structure is simple and convenient to apply.
4. The cracking control method for SLM forming of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member can realize the forming of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member with the length of not less than 600mm or the length-width ratio of not less than 50mm, and has no cracking defect through ray and fluorescence detection.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a structure printed according to the crack control method for SLM forming of a strip-or sheet-like structure according to the invention.
Fig. 2 is a front view of a printed structure according to the crack control method for SLM forming of a strip-like or sheet-like structure according to the invention.
Fig. 3 is a top view of a printed structure according to the crack control method for SLM forming of a strip-like or sheet-like structure according to the invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of a multi-jaw support structure component.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of a through hole design in a multi-jaw support structure.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and do not limit the invention.
The following detailed description of implementations of the invention refers to specific embodiments.
With reference to fig. 1 to 3, the method for controlling the crack in the SLM forming of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member provided by the present invention includes the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: and (3) carrying out printing direction design on the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, and carrying out auxiliary support design to meet the forming requirements except cracking.
Step two: if the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member has large-area suspended projection on the printing substrate, stretching the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member along the projection direction to connect the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member with the printing substrate. Adopting three-dimensional drawing software to design a multi-claw type supporting structure at two ends of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the length direction, wherein the three-dimensional drawing software comprises: UG, cero, solidworks, CATIA. The multi-claw type supporting structure is provided with a main claw and an auxiliary claw, the auxiliary claw is driven by the main claw, the side wall of the main claw is extended to form, the auxiliary claw is vertically connected with the main claw and symmetrically distributed on the side wall of the main claw, the two ends of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member are respectively provided with three main claws, the two main claws are symmetrically designed in the middle of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member according to needs, the design height of the main claw is not lower than 2/3 of the height of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, the design height of the auxiliary claw is 1/2-2/3 of the height of the main claw, one side of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, which is connected with the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in a fusion manner, one side of the main claw deviating from the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member extends to form at an angle not smaller than 45 degrees with the horizontal direction, and the formed multi-claw type supporting structure component can be shown in figure 4.
Step three: through holes are designed on at least one of the main claw and the auxiliary claw, the shapes of the through holes comprise a circle, a diamond and a water drop (as shown in figure 5), and the center distance of the through holes is not less than half of the size of the through holes. The diameter of the circular through hole is 1mm-10mm. The upper edge of the water drop-shaped through hole is provided with a chamfer, and the diameter of the chamfer is 2mm-3mm. The side length of the rhombus through hole is 2mm-20mm, and chamfers are arranged at all included angles of the rhombus.
Step four: and designing skirt edge steps below the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part and the multi-claw type supporting structure, wherein the skirt edge steps are distributed along the peripheral profiles of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part and the multi-claw type supporting structure so as to finally form a structural part to be printed. The height of the skirt edge step is 1mm-2mm.
Step five: and carrying out manufacturability detection on the structural part to be printed, and carrying out slicing, layering and printing after meeting manufacturability requirements. And after the structural part to be printed is formed, removing the multi-claw type supporting structure and the skirt step by adopting a manual or machining method.
The cracking control method for SLM forming of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member can realize the forming of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member with the length of not less than 600mm or the length-width ratio of not less than 50mm, and has no cracking defect through ray and fluorescence detection.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (2)
1. A crack control method for SLM forming of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out printing direction design on the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, and carrying out auxiliary support design to meet the forming requirements except cracking;
step two: the method comprises the following steps that three-dimensional drawing software is adopted to design multi-claw type supporting structures at two ends of a strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in the length direction, each multi-claw type supporting structure is provided with a main claw and an auxiliary claw, each auxiliary claw extends from the side wall of each main claw, three main claws are arranged at two ends of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member respectively, the design height of each main claw is not lower than 2/3 of the height of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, the design height of each auxiliary claw is 1/2-2/3 of the height of each main claw, one side, connected with the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, of each main claw is connected with the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member in a fusion mode, and one side, departing from the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member, of each main claw extends in the direction with an included angle of not smaller than 45 degrees with the horizontal direction;
two main claws are symmetrically designed in the middle of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part; the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part is subjected to large-area suspended projection on a printing substrate, and is stretched along the projection direction before the step of designing the multi-claw type supporting structures at the two ends of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part in the length direction by adopting three-dimensional drawing software, so that the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part is connected with the printing substrate;
step three: designing a through hole on at least one of the main claw hand and the auxiliary claw hand;
step four: designing skirt edge steps below the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part and the multi-claw type supporting structure, wherein the skirt edge steps are distributed along the peripheral outlines of the strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural part and the multi-claw type supporting structure so as to finally form a structural part to be printed;
step five: and carrying out manufacturability detection on the structural part to be printed, and carrying out slicing, layering and printing after meeting manufacturability requirements.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the auxiliary claws are vertically connected with the main claws and symmetrically distributed on the side walls of the main claws.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011600741.5A CN112743101B (en) | 2020-12-29 | 2020-12-29 | Crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011600741.5A CN112743101B (en) | 2020-12-29 | 2020-12-29 | Crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112743101A CN112743101A (en) | 2021-05-04 |
| CN112743101B true CN112743101B (en) | 2023-01-24 |
Family
ID=75647292
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011600741.5A Active CN112743101B (en) | 2020-12-29 | 2020-12-29 | Crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112743101B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113172879B (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2022-12-23 | 扬州市职业大学(扬州市广播电视大学) | Skirt edge generation method applied to fused deposition type 3D printing |
| CN114713847A (en) * | 2022-01-13 | 2022-07-08 | 南京晨光集团有限责任公司 | Large-size structural part laser additive manufacturing method based on residual stress release |
| CN114953437B (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2024-01-16 | 大连海事大学 | 3D printing method combining PEEK and PEI double materials |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014174090A2 (en) * | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-30 | Materialise N.V. | Hybrid support systems and methods of generating a hybrid support system using three dimensional printing |
| TWI629162B (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2018-07-11 | Ｄｗｓ有限責任公司 | Computer-implementted method, and equipment and computer program product for defining a supporting structure for a three-dimensional object to be made through stereolithography |
| US10668682B2 (en) * | 2014-10-15 | 2020-06-02 | Shaoxing Ou Ai Di Medical Technology Co., Ltd. | Support and method for additive fabrication of foot orthotics |
| CN104772905B (en) * | 2015-03-25 | 2017-04-05 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of ADAPTIVE MIXED supporting construction generation method under distance guiding |
| FR3043347B1 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2021-06-25 | Michelin & Cie | ADDITIVE POWDER-BASED MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF A PIECE, IN PARTICULAR A PACKING ELEMENT FOR A TIRE MOLD |
| CN106853527A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-06-16 | 西安铂力特激光成形技术有限公司 | A kind of dendroid 3D printing supporting construction |
| EP3511164A1 (en) * | 2018-01-16 | 2019-07-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Support structure for three-dimensional printing |
| CN109434106A (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2019-03-08 | 北京星驰恒动科技发展有限公司 | A kind of increasing material support construction |
| CN109382516B (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2024-02-06 | 鑫精合激光科技发展（北京）有限公司 | Supporting structure |
| CN111318701A (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2020-06-23 | 大连理工大学 | Residual stress control method in additive manufacturing process of thin-wall special-shaped metal component |
-
2020
- 2020-12-29 CN CN202011600741.5A patent/CN112743101B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112743101A (en) | 2021-05-04 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN112743101B (en) | Crack control method for SLM (Selective laser melting) forming of strip-shaped or sheet-shaped structural member | |
| CN106475561B (en) | A kind of auxiliary support structure suitable for tilting pendency thin-wall construction | |
| US20200130267A1 (en) | Method for controlling deformation and precision of parts in parallel during additive manufacturing process | |
| CN105436839B (en) | The manufacture method of aero-engine titanium alloy wide-chord hollow fan blade | |
| CN107933895B (en) | Micro-blowing structure and method for drag reduction and lift increase of supercritical airfoil | |
| EP3156173A1 (en) | Method for manufacturing piston with re-molten reinforced combustion chamber throat | |
| CN109226952A (en) | Hollow structure manufacturing process | |
| Qian et al. | Blank design optimization for stepped-section profile ring rolling | |
| CN110705093A (en) | Lightweight lattice structure parametric modeling and data lightweight processing method | |
| CN110773740B (en) | Light energy-absorbing vibration-damping imitation microstructure and preparation method thereof | |
| CN113976914B (en) | Laser selective melting forming process based on control surface bionic structure | |
| CN113510167B (en) | Multi-pass thermal shape correction tool and method for Y-shaped large-section titanium alloy curved frame | |
| Zhao et al. | Temperature and stress fields of multi-track laser cladding | |
| CN105649779A (en) | Design method for bump with controllable transverse pressure gradient | |
| CN109158605B (en) | Method for manufacturing integrated structure of outer cylinder and diagonal brace of aircraft landing gear | |
| CN112549670A (en) | Variable-rigidity sandwich composite material structure based on 3D printing and forming method thereof | |
| CN112548077A (en) | Integral liquid forming method for aluminum alloy-ceramic composite structure | |
| CN110667111A (en) | Reinforcing rib structure for additive manufacturing | |
| CN108248825A (en) | A kind of aircraft aerofoil structure | |
| CN210758686U (en) | Composite material mould frock for helicopter tail boom | |
| O'Hara | Peen‐Forming–A Developing Technique | |
| CN211247753U (en) | Continuous roll forming device with multiple groups of rollers | |
| CN206690106U (en) | A kind of clamping device of multi-arm manipulator | |
| CN111516886A (en) | Transverse pressure gradient controllable bulge air inlet channel with specified shock wave shape and design method | |
| CN113051657A (en) | Method for calculating bearing capacity of closed frame beam type fuselage |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |