CN112205228A - Cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba - Google Patents
Cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba, and belongs to the technical field of litsea cubeba cultivation. The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba comprises the following steps: step 1: collecting litsea cubeba seeds or cultivating cutting seedlings; step 2: selecting a forestation land; and step 3: refining the mountain and cultivating seed seedlings; and 4, step 4: seedling homogenization; and 5: tending and fertilizing and promoting lateral branches in the second year; step 6: reserving male plants; and 7: fostering fertilization and collateral promotion from the third year; and 8: controlling plant diseases and insect pests; and step 9: and (6) harvesting the fruits. The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the advantages of low cultivation cost, easy planting and management, quick forest establishment and good economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba, belonging to the technical field of litsea cubeba cultivation.
Background
Litsea cubeba, also known as litsea cubeba, is a deciduous small tree of the genus litsea of the family lauraceae, up to 8-10 meters, with a flowering phase of 1-2 months and a fruiting phase of 7-8 months. The litsea cubeba flowers are very similar to the wintersweet, have special fragrance similar to that of ginger flowers, and bloom in pieces in early spring, which is an rare scene. The branch, leaf and fruit of pungent litse fruit have aromatic flavor, and can be used for steaming pungent litse fruit oil. The main component of pungent litse fruit oil is citral (about 70 wt%). The citral can be used for extracting ionone, is an excellent volatile essence, is an important raw material for preparing high-grade essence, and can be used for food, candy, soap, cosmetics, etc., and can also be widely used for synthesizing vitamin E, K, A. Therefore, the demand of litsea cubeba oil in domestic and foreign markets is large, the market price is high, and the average price in 2017-2019 is 180-210 yuan/kg.
The litsea cubeba is widely distributed in the south provinces of the Yangtze river of China and is one of the special spice plant resources of China. The plant is light or slightly shade-tolerant, has shallow root property, is usually grown in barren mountains, barren lands, irrigated clusters or in sparse forests, forest edges and roadside, and has strong sprouting property, fast growth and strong fructification. Wild litsea cubeba depends on seed propagation. However, the seed has long dormancy period and extremely slow germination, and only needs about 50 days after sowing, the germination duration is very long and can reach two years.
Although China has rich litsea cubeba resources, the litsea cubeba resource plays a very important role in the international perfume market and has great development potential. However, the utilization of the litsea cubeba resources in China is still in the primary stage, the overall production level is low, the export is mainly based on primary crude oil, and the method still belongs to a workshop mode with high cost and low output. The technology for preparing the high-grade litsea cubeba spice is not completely solved, and the industrialization of intensive utilization is not mentioned. Moreover, the litsea cubeba oil is mainly derived from wild natural resources at present, along with the steady increase of market demand in recent years, the wild resources are subjected to predatory tree cutting and picking, and the phenomenon of large and small year yield is obvious and is a fact that the world does not compete. The concrete aspects are as follows:
(1) the utilization of the litsea cubeba resources lacks uniform guidance and management, the fluctuation of the purchasing price is large, the enthusiasm of forest farmers is influenced, and in addition, the resources are dispersed, the harvesting is inconvenient, and a certain production scale is difficult to form.
(2) The breeding of improved variety is lagged, and the variety has uneven yield. Most litsea cubeba fruits are collected from wild plants, and artificial planting is rare. Occasionally, wild seeds are used for sowing and seedling raising, and no good seed collecting mother forest base is established.
(3) The method has the advantages of small operation scale, extensive management, low yield, poor oil quality and low comprehensive utilization degree, and the whole plant is cut down or the branches are folded to collect fruits during collection, so that the yield is low and unstable;
(4) the processing is backward, the product is low in value, the rough processing is mainly used, litsea cubeba oil is mainly produced, the processing equipment is simple and crude, the utilization rate is low, the resource is greatly wasted, the research on a new technology and a new process related to litsea cubeba processing is relatively weak, the popularization strength is insufficient, and the development investment on a new product is low; the product is monotonous, the brands are few, and the competitiveness is not strong.
In view of the above, it is necessary to develop a cultivation method with low cost, convenient management and easy popularization to solve the deficiencies of the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of litsea cubeba. The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the advantages of low cultivation cost, easy planting and management, quick forest establishment and good economic benefit.
The scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting litsea cubeba seeds or cultivating cutting seedlings
Collecting mature seeds on the robust litsea cubeba mother tree from the bottom of 8 months to the middle of 9 months in the first year, and carrying out sand storage treatment; or collecting robust branches on the current-year fruiting mother tree from the bottom of 8 months to the middle of 9 months in the first year to cultivate cutting seedlings;
step 2: selection of forestation areas
Selecting soil with the altitude of 300-1000 m and the pH value of 4.5-6.0 and a sunny slope with wild litsea cubeba distributed in the range of 300m at the periphery as a forestation land, cutting off the mountain and removing impurities in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, arranging a fireproof line at the outer edge and cleaning up the fireproof line;
and step 3: refining mountain and cultivating seed seedling
In the middle and last ten days of 11 months, selecting cloudy and windless weather, and refining the forestation land in the step 2 until wild seedlings naturally germinate;
for the seeds subjected to sand storage treatment in the step 1, selecting a plot with a gentle and leeward terrain in a forest land after refining, sowing the seeds subjected to sand storage treatment in the step 1, preserving heat and moisture by using a small arched shed, and culturing seedlings;
and 4, step 4: seedling evening
Selecting rainy days from late 3 th to early 4 th of the second year, carrying out first seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated on the forestation land obtained in the step 3, transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 or the seed seedlings cultivated in the step 3 to keep the row spacing of the seedlings at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; meanwhile, weeding is eradicated; selecting rainy days from the middle and last ten days of month 5 to the last ten days of month 6, carrying out secondary seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated in the afforestation land in the step 3, transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 or the seed seedlings cultivated in the step 3 to keep the plant-row spacing at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; pinching the nursery stock with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches;
and 5: tending and fertilizing and promoting lateral branches in the second year
In the late 4 months to the early 5 months of the next year, carrying out first weed shoveling and nurturing and first seedling promoting fertilizer dressing on the afforestation land in the step 4, pinching seedlings with the height of 0.7m to 0.8m, and promoting lateral branches; in the middle late 7 months, carrying out secondary grass shoveling and tending and secondary seedling promoting and fertilizing on the afforestation land in the step 4, and meanwhile, continuously pinching seedlings with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches;
step 6: retained male plant
In 1-2 months of the third year, digging out redundant male plants and replanting female plants on the forestation land of the step 5 according to the principle that 5-7 male plants are uniformly distributed in each mu of the forestation land;
and 7: fostering fertilization and collateral promotion from the third year
From the third year, in 4 months from the bottom to 5 months of the year, carrying out first weed shoveling and nurturing and fruit dressing on the afforestation land of the step 6, controlling the tree height to be less than or equal to 3m, and cutting off the ultrahigh part; in the last ten days of 8 months to 9 months every year, performing secondary grass shoveling, fostering and fruit dressing on the forested land, controlling the tree height to be less than or equal to 3m, and cutting off the ultrahigh part; and culturing the bearing branches;
and 8: controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
and step 9: harvesting of fruits
Fruit harvest was performed in 7-8 months of each year from the third year.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
in the step 1 of the invention, the characteristics of long dormancy period, strong natural renewal capacity and rapid growth of the litsea cubeba seeds are utilized. Considering the distribution uniformity and quantity difference of the litsea cubeba in the forest land, a proper amount of seed seedlings or cutting seedlings needs to be prepared for standby application, so that the cultivation cost can be reduced.
In step 2 of the invention, the litsea cubeba is suitable for growing in acid soil with the altitude of 300-1000 m and the pH value of the soil of 4.5-6.0, and the limestone soil for limestone development is not suitable for growing. The litsea cubeba is a positive tree species, so a sunny slope is selected as a forestation land. In addition, in the range of 300m around the afforestation site, the distribution of the litsea cubeba can be preferably found, which indicates that the afforestation site is naturally well renewed.
In step 3 of the invention, after the hardening-off, the plots with gentle topography and leeward are directly selected for sowing in the forestation land for cultivating the seedlings, so as to prepare the seedlings for the later period of seedling evening, reduce the seedling reviving period and promote the growth of the seedlings.
In step 4, in the process of refining the mountain, the cloudy weather is selected, and the mountain is refined from the outer (upper) side to the inner (lower) side by ignition, so that the aim of igniting mountain fire is to reduce the fire head, avoid the fire head from being too high and prevent forest fire from occurring due to fire.
In step 6 of the invention, the litsea cubeba growing for one year in the third year in 1-2 months can bloom, and the litsea cubeba which is opened at the earliest and has dark green branch and stem is generally a male plant. 5-7 male plants are uniformly distributed in each mu of afforestation land, and the pollination requirement can be met.
In step 7 of the method, the height of the tree is controlled within 3m, so that the litsea cubeba fruits can be picked conveniently and subsequently, and the picking efficiency is improved. The method for culturing the bearing branches comprises the following steps: firstly, ensuring ventilation and light transmission in a forest, avoiding crown crossing, and properly shrinking the crown until the over-dense plants are cut off; secondly, weak branches on the inner side of the crown and short branches above and below the branches are cut off, and long resulting branches on the left side and the right side are reserved.
In step 9 of the invention, the litsea cubeba fruits can be collected in 7-8 months. Generally, the fruits of 7 months are fresh and tender, have a slightly low oil yield, and can be used as spices for food addition; fruit of 8 months old can be used for steaming and extracting pungent litse fruit oil. When in collection, plastic cloth is laid on the ground, fruits are tied off from the branches and then directly fall on the plastic cloth, and then the branches, leaves and sundries are picked up.
In conclusion, the characteristics of strong natural renewal capacity, rapid growth and high setting rate of the litsea cubeba are utilized, and artificial promotion is appropriately carried out, so that the yield and the planting benefit of the litsea cubeba can be effectively improved.
The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba, the cultivation cost of the litsea cubeba fruits is as low as within 0.4 yuan/kg, the picking cost is as low as within 1.6 yuan/kg, the pure profit of the fruits can reach 5 yuan/kg-6 yuan/kg, the planting and the management are easy, the forestation is fast, and the economic benefit is good.
2. The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba does not need to cultivate and rehabilitate the land and has no water and soil loss phenomenon.
3. The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba does not need to use pesticides for pest control, does not pollute the environment and has remarkable ecological benefit.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention can be further improved as follows.
Further, in step 1, the sand storage treatment method comprises the following steps: removing episperm from Litsea cubeba seed, cleaning, and drying in the shade; uniformly mixing the litsea cubeba seeds dried in the shade with clean river sand according to the volume ratio of 1 (4-6), wherein the particle size of the river sand is 1mm-3mm, storing the mixture indoors at normal temperature, and turning over the mixture once every 15d-20d for 60d-70 d.
The adoption of the further beneficial effects is as follows: by adopting the treatment, the after-ripening of the seeds can be promoted, the water content of the seeds can be kept, and the germination rate of the seeds can be improved.
Further, in the step 2, the soil is any one of red loam, yellow loam and brown loam.
The adoption of the further beneficial effects is as follows: the adoption of the soil is more beneficial to the subsequent growth of the litsea cubeba. Among them, red soil is mainly characterized by being rich in iron and aluminum oxides due to the lack of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, and is in acid red. Under the condition of vegetation in evergreen broad-leaved forests in medium and subtropical humid climates, the red soil is subjected to desiliconization and aluminum-rich processes and biological enrichment, and develops into red iron-aluminum oxide with aggregated iron and aluminum, acidity and highly unsaturated base.
Yellow soil, which is yellow soil rich in hydrated iron oxides (goethite) formed under subtropical humid climatic conditions.
Brown soil, also known as brown forest soil, develops in the soil under the growing deciduous trees in warm humid climatic zones. It is mainly characterized by that it is made into subacid reaction, and the core soil layer (layer B) is made into fresh brown colour.
The red soil, yellow soil and mountain brown soil are adopted, so that the requirement of the invention on the pH value of the soil can be met.
Further, in the step 5, the first seedling promoting fertilizer and the second seedling promoting fertilizer both refer to a ternary compound fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount of the first seedling promoting fertilizer is 0.025 kg/plant-0.05 kg/plant, and the fertilizing amount of the second seedling promoting fertilizer is 0.05 kg/plant-0.10 kg/plant.
The further beneficial effects of the adoption are as follows: by adopting the parameters, the fertilizer requirement of the nursery stock can be ensured.
Furthermore, in the ternary compound fertilizer, N, P2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
The further beneficial effects of the adoption are as follows: the ternary compound fertilizer has uniform nutrient components and no chlorine, and can effectively promote the growth of nursery stocks.
The ternary compound fertilizer can be purchased commercially, for example, from Standby agriculture group, Inc.
Further, in the step 7, the strong fruit fertilizer and the post-fruit fertilizer both refer to ternary compound fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount of the strong fruit fertilizer is 0.10 kg/plant-0.20 kg/plant, and the fertilizing amount of the post-fruit fertilizer is 0.15 kg/plant-0.25 kg/plant.
The further beneficial effects of the adoption are as follows: by adopting the parameters, the fertilizer requirement of the nursery stock can be ensured.
Furthermore, in the ternary compound fertilizer, N, P2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
The further beneficial effects of the adoption are as follows: the ternary compound fertilizer has uniform nutrient components and no chlorine, and can effectively promote the growth of nursery stocks.
The ternary compound fertilizer can be purchased commercially, for example, from Standby agriculture group, Inc.
Further, in step 8, the method for preventing and controlling the diseases and the pests comprises the following steps: for the moths, artificial removal is adopted to kill the moths; for longicorn, injecting 10-20 times of imidacloprid solution with the mass percent of 35% into the wormholes.
The adoption of the further beneficial effects is as follows: by adopting the method, the diseases and insect pests can be effectively prevented and controlled.
The imidacloprid with the mass percentage of 35 percent can be purchased in the market, such as from Jiangsu Yangxing agricultural chemical industry group, Inc.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, which are set forth merely to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting litsea cubeba seeds or cultivating cutting seedlings
Collecting 1.5kg of mature seeds on the robust litsea cubeba mother tree from 8 months to 9 months in 2017, and carrying out sand storage treatment. The sand storage treatment method comprises the following steps: removing episperm from Litsea cubeba seed, cleaning, and drying in the shade; uniformly mixing the litsea cubeba seeds dried in the shade with clean river sand according to the volume ratio of 1:4, wherein the particle size of the river sand is 1-3 mm, storing the mixture indoors at normal temperature, and turning over the mixture once every 15 days for 60-70 days.
Step 2: selection of forestation areas
The afforestation position is located at the Longtang Bingtun of the waterwheel town of Guangxi Guilin Shuyang county, the area is 5.5 hectare, the longitude and latitude are E111 degrees 17 '15 degrees, N25 degrees 35' 45 degrees, the central position has the altitude of 340m, the pH value is 6.4, yellow loam is distributed in the range of 300m at the periphery, the gradient of the central position is 21 degrees, the slope direction is a sunny slope, the soil is loose and fertile, the drainage is good, and the litsea cubeba is suitable for the growth of the litsea cubeba. In the middle and late ten days of 9 months, mountain cutting and impurity removal are carried out, and fire lines are arranged on the outer edges and cleaned up.
And step 3: refining mountain and cultivating seed seedling
In the middle and last ten days of 11 months, selecting cloudy and windless weather, and refining the forestation land in the step 2 until wild seedlings naturally germinate;
and (3) selecting a plot with a gentle and leeward terrain from the desertified forestation land for the seeds treated by the sand storage in the step (1), sowing the seeds treated by the sand storage in the step (1), preserving heat and moisture by using a small arched shed, and cultivating seedlings.
And 4, step 4: seedling evening
Selecting rainy days from late 3 th to early 4 th of 2018, carrying out first seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated on the forestation land obtained in the step 3, and transplanting and planting the seed seedlings cultured in the step 3 to keep the plant-row spacing at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; meanwhile, weeds are eradicated.
Selecting rainy days from the middle and last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 6 months in 2018, carrying out secondary seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated in the forestation land in the step 3, and transplanting and planting the seed seedlings cultured in the step 3 to keep the row spacing of the seedlings at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; picking off the core of the nursery stock with the height of 0.7-0.8 m and promoting the development of lateral branches.
And 5: tending and fertilizing and promoting lateral branches in the second year
And (3) in late 4-5 last ten days of 2018, carrying out first weed shoveling and tending and topdressing on the forestation land in the step (4), wherein the first seedling forcing fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.025 kg/plant, and pinching and lateral branch promoting are carried out on the nursery stocks with the height of 0.7-0.8 m. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
And (4) in the middle 7 th month of 2018, carrying out secondary weed shoveling and tending and topdressing on the forestation land in the step 4, wherein the secondary seedling forcing fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.05kg per plant, and meanwhile, continuously pinching the nursery stocks with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
Step 6: retained male plant
And in 1-2 months of 2019, digging out redundant male plants and replanting female plants on the forestation land in the step 5 according to the principle that 5-7 male plants are uniformly distributed in each mu of forestation land.
And 7: fostering fertilization and collateral promotion from the third year
And (4) performing first weed shoveling and nurturing and dressing fruit fertilizer on the forestation land in the step (6) from 2019 to 4 months and 5 months before, wherein the fruit fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.10 kg/plant, the tree height is controlled to be less than or equal to 3m, and the ultrahigh part is cut off. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
In the last ten days of 8 months to 9 months every year, carrying out secondary grass shoveling and tending and fruit dressing after-fertilization on the forested land, wherein the fruit after-fertilization refers to a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.15 kg/plant, the tree height is controlled to be less than or equal to 3m, and the ultrahigh part is cut off; and culturing the fruiting branches. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
And 8: prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
For the moths, artificial removal is adopted to kill the moths; for longicorn, 35% by mass of imidacloprid 10-fold liquid is injected into the wormholes.
And step 9: harvesting of fruits
From 2019 onwards, in the 7-8 months of each year, fruit harvesting was performed.
Forestation time: the litsea cubeba grows fast, the height of the litsea cubeba can reach 2m and the ground diameter of the litsea cubeba can reach 2.5cm after the seeds germinate in one growing season, a small amount of flowers can be opened in the spring of the next year, and a small amount of fruits can be produced in summer. And then the young forest can grow to 3m in height and 6cm in ground diameter in one growing season, and the young forest can be closed into a mature forest and starts to enter the full-bearing period.
And (3) measuring the fruit yield: and 8, 8 and 10 in 2019, fruit picking and actual measurement are carried out on the litsea cubeba growing for 2 years, 1 individual plant which can basically represent the average level is selected, and the whole harvest is weighed. Weighing, the yield of each plant is 0.65kg, the yield per mu is calculated to be 105kg, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 735 yuan.
And 4, 8 and 4 days in 2020, fruit picking and actual measurement are carried out on the litsea cubeba growing for 3 years, and 1 single plant which can basically represent the average level is selected and weighed. Weighing, the yield of each plant is 4.1kg, 683.5kg of yield per mu is calculated, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 4784 yuan.
And (3) calculating cost benefit: from the time of cutting down the mountain and refining the mountain to four years, the management and fertilizer cost per mu is controlled within 600 yuan, the labor cost for picking fresh fruits is 1.6 yuan/kg, the purchase price of the fresh fruits is 7 yuan/kg, and the income of the pure fruits can be 3658 yuan within four years. In the following years, the investment of management and protection is basically constant at 0.4 yuan/kg, the labor cost for picking fresh fruits is 1.6 yuan/kg, but the yield per mu is constant at more than 1700kg every year, and the pure income per mu is 8500 yuan. Therefore, the cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the advantages of low cultivation cost, easy planting and management, quick forest formation and good economic benefit.
Example 2
The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting litsea cubeba seeds or cultivating cutting seedlings
In the middle of 2016 from 8 to 9 months, robust branches on the current-year fruiting mother tree are collected to cultivate cutting seedlings.
Step 2: selection of forestation areas
The afforestation position is located in Gaobacun of Yongfu county fortunes of Guilin city of Guangxi Zhuang nationality, the area is 2.7 hectares, the longitude and latitude are E110 degrees 5 '10 degrees, N24 degrees 50' 10 degrees, the central altitude is 380m, the pH value is 5.3, the red loam is distributed in the range of 300m at the periphery, the central slope is 19 degrees, the slope direction is a sunny slope, the soil is loose, fertile, the drainage is good, and the litsea cubeba is suitable for the growth of the litsea cubeba. In the middle and late ten days of 9 months, mountain cutting and impurity removal are carried out, and fire lines are arranged on the outer edges and cleaned up.
And step 3: refining mountain and cultivating seed seedling
And (4) in the middle and last ten days of 11 months, selecting a cloudy and windless weather, and refining the forestation land obtained in the step (2) until the wild seedlings naturally germinate.
And 4, step 4: seedling evening
Selecting rainy days from late 3 th to early 4 th of 2017, carrying out first seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated on the forestation land obtained in the step 3, and transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 to keep the plant row spacing at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; meanwhile, weeds are eradicated.
Selecting rainy days from the middle and last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 6 months in 2017, carrying out secondary seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated in the forestation land in the step 3, and transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 to keep the row spacing of the seedlings at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; picking off the core of the nursery stock with the height of 0.7-0.8 m and promoting the development of lateral branches.
And 5: tending and fertilizing and promoting lateral branches in the second year
And (3) in late 4-5 last ten days of 2017, carrying out first weed shoveling and tending and first seedling accelerating fertilizer for the afforestation land in the step (4), wherein the first seedling accelerating fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.025 kg/plant, and pinching and lateral branch promoting are carried out on the nursery stocks with the height of 0.7-0.8 m. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
And (4) in the middle 7 th month of 2017, carrying out secondary weed shoveling and tending and topdressing on the forestation land in the step 4, wherein the secondary seedling forcing fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.05kg per plant, and meanwhile, continuously pinching the nursery stocks with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
Step 6: retained male plant
And in 1-2 months of 2018, digging out redundant male plants and replanting female plants on the forestation land in the step 5 according to the principle that 5-7 male plants are uniformly distributed in each mu of forestation land.
And 7: fostering fertilization and collateral promotion from the third year
And (4) performing first weed shoveling and nurturing and dressing fruit fertilizer on the forestation land in the step (6) from 2018, in the last 4 months to the last 5 months of each year, wherein the fruit fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.15 kg/plant, the tree height is controlled to be less than or equal to 3m, and the ultrahigh part is cut off. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is15％。
In the last ten days of 8 months to 9 months every year, carrying out secondary grass shoveling and tending and fruit dressing after-fertilization on the forested land, wherein the fruit after-fertilization refers to a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.20 kg/plant, the tree height is controlled to be less than or equal to 3m, and the ultrahigh part is cut off; and culturing the fruiting branches. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
And 8: prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
For the moths, artificial removal is adopted to kill the moths; for longicorn, injecting a solution of imidacloprid 15 times the mass percent of 35% into a wormhole.
And step 9: harvesting of fruits
Fruit harvest was performed in 7-8 months of each year from the third year.
Forestation time: the litsea cubeba grows fast, the height of the litsea cubeba can reach 2m and the ground diameter of the litsea cubeba can reach 2.5cm after the seeds germinate in one growing season, a small amount of flowers can be opened in the spring of the next year, and a small amount of fruits can be produced in summer. And then the young forest can grow to 3m in height and 6cm in ground diameter in one growing season, and the young forest can be closed into a mature forest and starts to enter the full-bearing period.
And (3) measuring the fruit yield: and 8, 3 days in 2018, fruit picking actual measurement is carried out on the litsea cubeba growing for 2 years, 1 individual plant which can basically represent the average level is selected, and the whole harvest is weighed. Weighing, the yield of each plant is 0.73kg, the yield per mu is calculated to be 121.7kg, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 852 yuan.
And 8, 8 and 8 days in 2019, fruit picking actual measurement is carried out on the litsea cubeba growing for 3 years, 1 single plant which can basically represent the average level is selected in the same way, and the whole picking and weighing are carried out. Weighing, the yield of each plant is 5kg, the yield per mu is calculated to be 833.8kg, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 5836 yuan.
And (4) performing fruit picking actual measurement on the litsea cubeba growing for 4 years in 10/8/2020, and selecting 1 single plant which can basically represent the average level, and fully picking and weighing. Weighing 10.5kg of fruits per plant, calculating 1751kg of yield per mu according to the purchase price of 7 yuan/kg and 12257 yuan of yield per mu.
And (3) calculating cost benefit: from cutting down mountain and refining to 2020 and 8 months, the management and fertilizer cost per mu is controlled within 800 yuan within five years, the labor cost for picking fresh fruits is 1.6 yuan/kg, the purchase price of the fresh fruits is 7 yuan/kg, and the income can be 13815 yuan within five years. In the following years, the investment of management and protection is basically constant at 0.4 yuan/kg, the labor cost for picking fresh fruits is 1.6 yuan/kg, the yield per mu in the year is constant at more than 1700kg, and the pure income per mu is 8500 yuan. Therefore, the cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the advantages of low cultivation cost, easy planting and management, quick forest formation and good economic benefit.
Example 3
The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting litsea cubeba seeds or cultivating cutting seedlings
Collecting mature seeds on the robust litsea cubeba mother tree from 8 months to 9 months in the middle ten days of 2017, and carrying out sand storage treatment; the sand storage treatment method comprises the following steps: removing episperm from Litsea cubeba seed, cleaning, and drying in the shade; uniformly mixing the litsea cubeba seeds dried in the shade with clean river sand according to the volume ratio of 1:6, wherein the particle size of the river sand is 1mm-3mm, storing the mixture indoors at normal temperature, and turning over the mixture once every 20 days for 60-70 days.
Or collecting robust branches on the current-year fruiting mother tree from the bottom of 8 months to the middle of 9 months in 2017 to cultivate cutting seedlings.
Step 2: selection of forestation areas
The afforestation is located in equal town Longping villages of Longzhou counties of Guilin city of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, the area is 3.2 hectares, the longitude and latitude are E109 degrees 36 '45 degrees, N26 degrees 4' 45 degrees, the central altitude is 340m, the pH value is 5.5, the brown soil is distributed in the range of 300m at the periphery, the central slope is 23 degrees, the slope direction is a sunny slope, the soil is loose and fertile, the drainage is good, and the method is suitable for the growth of the litsea cubeba. In the middle and late ten days of 9 months, mountain cutting and impurity removal are carried out, and fire lines are arranged on the outer edges and cleaned up.
And step 3: refining mountain and cultivating seed seedling
In the middle and last ten days of 11 months, selecting cloudy and windless weather, and refining the forestation land in the step 2 until wild seedlings naturally germinate;
and (3) selecting a plot with a gentle and leeward terrain from the desertified forestation land for the seeds treated by the sand storage in the step (1), sowing the seeds treated by the sand storage in the step (1), preserving heat and moisture by using a small arched shed, and cultivating seedlings.
And 4, step 4: seedling evening
Selecting rainy days from late 3 th to early 4 th of 2018, carrying out first seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated on the forestation land obtained in the step 3, transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 or the seed seedlings cultivated in the step 3 to keep the row spacing of the plants at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; meanwhile, weeding is eradicated; selecting rainy days from the middle and last ten days of month 5 to the last ten days of month 6, carrying out secondary seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated in the afforestation land in the step 3, transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 or the seed seedlings cultivated in the step 3 to keep the plant-row spacing at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; picking off the core of the nursery stock with the height of 0.7-0.8 m and promoting the development of lateral branches.
And 5: tending and fertilizing and promoting lateral branches in the second year
And (3) in late 4-5 last ten days of 2018, carrying out first weed shoveling and nurturing and first seedling accelerating fertilizer application on the forestation land in the step (4), wherein the first seedling accelerating fertilizer refers to a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.05 kg/plant, and pinching and lateral branch promoting are carried out on the nursery stocks with the height of 0.7-0.8 m. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
And (4) in the middle 7 th month of 2018, carrying out secondary weed shoveling and tending and topdressing on the forestation land in the step 4, wherein the secondary seedling forcing fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.10 kg/plant, and meanwhile, continuously pinching the nursery stock with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
Step 6: retained male plant
And in 1-2 months of 2019, digging out redundant male plants and replanting female plants on the forestation land in the step 5 according to the principle that 5-7 male plants are uniformly distributed in each mu of forestation land.
And 7: fostering fertilization and collateral promotion from the third year
From 2019, 4 months and over-5 months per yearAnd (4) in ten days, carrying out first weed shoveling and tending and topdressing on the forestation land obtained in the step (6), wherein the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.20 kg/plant, the tree height is controlled to be less than or equal to 3m, and the ultrahigh part is cut off. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
In the last ten days of 8 months to 9 months every year, carrying out secondary grass shoveling and tending and fruit dressing after-fertilization on the forested land, wherein the fruit after-fertilization refers to a ternary compound fertilizer, the fertilizing amount is 0.25 kg/plant, the tree height is controlled to be less than or equal to 3m, and the ultrahigh part is cut off; and culturing the fruiting branches. N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
And 8: prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
For the moths, artificial removal is adopted to kill the moths; for longicorn, 35% by mass of 20-fold imidacloprid solution is injected into the wormholes.
And step 9: harvesting of fruits
From 2019 onwards, in the 7-8 months of each year, fruit harvesting was performed.
Forestation time: the litsea cubeba grows fast, the height can reach 2m and the ground diameter can reach 2.5cm after one growing season from the seed germination, a small amount can be opened in the spring of the next year, and a small amount of fruits can be produced in summer. And then the young forest can grow to 3m in height and 6cm in ground diameter in one growing season, and the young forest can be closed into a mature forest and starts to enter the full-bearing period.
And (3) measuring the fruit yield: and 8, 6 and 8 months in 2019, fruit picking actual measurement is carried out on the litsea cubeba growing for 2 years, 1 individual plant which can basically represent the average level is selected, and the whole harvest is weighed. Weighing, the yield of each plant is 0.75kg, the yield per mu is calculated to be 125kg, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 875 yuan.
And 8, 7 days in 8 and 2020, fruit picking and actual measurement are carried out on the litsea cubeba growing for 3 years, and 1 single plant which can basically represent the average level is selected and weighed. Weighing, the yield of each plant is 5.4kg, the yield per mu is 900.5kg, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 6304 yuan.
And (3) calculating cost benefit: from the time of cutting down the mountain and refining the mountain to four years, the management and fertilizer cost per mu is controlled within 600 yuan, the labor cost for picking the fresh fruits is 1.6 yuan/kg, the purchase price of the fresh fruits is 7 yuan/kg, and the pure income can be 4938 yuan within four years. In the following years, the investment of management and protection is basically constant at 0.4 yuan/kg, the labor cost for picking fresh fruits is 1.6 yuan/kg, the yield per mu in the year is constant at more than 1700kg, and the pure income per mu is 8500 yuan. Therefore, the cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the advantages of low cultivation cost, easy planting and management, quick forest formation and good economic benefit.
Comparative example
The comparative example is located in Liucun in two rivers and towns in the county of the city of Guilin of the Guangxi Zhuang nationality, the area is 1.3 hectare, the longitude and latitude are E111 degrees, 4 '15 degrees, N25 degrees, 38' 45 degrees, the central altitude is 310m, the pH value is 5.2, the wild litsea cubeba is distributed in the range of 300m at the periphery, yellow loam is located, the central gradient is 19.5 degrees, and the sunny slope is located.
The habit of excessive overgrowth of litsea cubeba is known by owners, for saving money, management work of cutting down the mountains, removing impurities and refining the mountains is only carried out at the end of 2017 month 9, and work such as seed seedling cultivation, first seedling evening, nurturing, fertilizing, promoting lateral branches, second seedling evening, nurturing, fertilizing, promoting lateral branches, maintaining male plants, culturing fruiting branches, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests is not carried out, and the method is basically equal to natural growth of litsea cubeba.
Forestation time: because no manual control is added, the litsea cubeba grows vigorously, the average tree height reaches 2m and the ground diameter is 2.3cm at the end of 2018, but lateral branches are few, and flower buds are occasionally seen. The litsea cubeba are unevenly distributed in the forest land, and are sparse and dense. 83 seedlings are planted in a standard land with the area of 1 mu, wherein 18 male plants account for too large proportion.
And (3) measuring the fruit yield: 8, 8 and 11 days in 2019, the owners are visited and known, the picking cost is high and cost-effective due to the fact that the number of the fruits is small, the tree bodies are high, only the owners do work and pick, the average yield per mu is only 15kg, the purchase price is 7 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is 105 yuan; the 8-month and 13-month year 2020 of the year visits and knows that the picking cost is as high as 2.2 yuan/kg because the tree body is higher and needs to be picked by partial broken branches, the average yield per mu is only 263kg, and the yield per mu is 1841 yuan according to the purchase price of 7 yuan/kg.
And (3) calculating cost benefit: the litsea cubeba pure forest which allows the litsea cubeba to grow naturally has zero management and fertilizer cost investment, but the yield of the fresh fruit is only 1/4-1/5 of example 1-example 3, the labor cost for picking is 0.4 yuan/kg-0.6 yuan/kg higher than that of example 1-example 3, and the pure income within four years is only 1334 yuan. In the following years, the management and protection investment is basically zero, the labor cost for picking fresh fruits is 2.2 yuan/kg, the annual acre yield is constant to be about 400kg, and the annual income per mu is 1920 yuan. The difference in economic efficiency is significant compared to examples 1-3.
Therefore, the cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of the litsea cubeba has the advantages that the cultivation cost of the litsea cubeba fruits is as low as 0.4 yuan/kg, the picking cost is as low as 1.6 yuan/kg, the pure profit of the fruits can reach 5 yuan/kg-6 yuan/kg, the planting and the management are easy, the forestation is fast, and the economic benefit is good
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (8)
1. A cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: collecting litsea cubeba seeds or cultivating cutting seedlings
Collecting mature seeds on the robust litsea cubeba mother tree from the bottom of 8 months to the middle of 9 months in the first year, and carrying out sand storage treatment; or collecting robust branches on the current-year fruiting mother tree from the bottom of 8 months to the middle of 9 months in the first year to cultivate cutting seedlings;
step 2: selection of forestation areas
Selecting soil with the altitude of 300-1000 m and the pH value of 4.5-6.0 and a sunny slope with wild litsea cubeba distributed in the range of 300m at the periphery as a forestation land, cutting off the mountain and removing impurities in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, arranging a fireproof line at the outer edge and cleaning up the fireproof line;
and step 3: refining mountain and cultivating seed seedling
In the middle and last ten days of 11 months, selecting cloudy and windless weather, and refining the forestation land in the step 2 until wild seedlings naturally germinate;
for the seeds subjected to sand storage treatment in the step 1, selecting a plot with a gentle and leeward terrain in a forest land after refining, sowing the seeds subjected to sand storage treatment in the step 1, preserving heat and moisture by using a small arched shed, and culturing seedlings;
and 4, step 4: seedling evening
Selecting rainy days from late 3 th to early 4 th of the second year, carrying out first seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated on the forestation land obtained in the step 3, transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 or the seed seedlings cultivated in the step 3 to keep the row spacing of the seedlings at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; meanwhile, weeding is eradicated; selecting rainy days from the middle and last ten days of month 5 to the last ten days of month 6, carrying out secondary seedling evening on the wild seedlings germinated in the afforestation land in the step 3, transplanting and planting the cuttage seedlings cultivated in the step 1 or the seed seedlings cultivated in the step 3 to keep the plant-row spacing at least 2m multiplied by 2 m; pinching the nursery stock with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches;
and 5: tending and fertilizing and promoting lateral branches in the second year
In the late 4 months to the early 5 months of the next year, carrying out first weed shoveling and nurturing and first seedling promoting fertilizer dressing on the afforestation land in the step 4, pinching seedlings with the height of 0.7m to 0.8m, and promoting lateral branches; in the middle late 7 months, carrying out secondary grass shoveling and tending and secondary seedling promoting and fertilizing on the afforestation land in the step 4, and meanwhile, continuously pinching seedlings with the height of 0.7-0.8 m to promote lateral branches;
step 6: retained male plant
In 1-2 months of the third year, digging out redundant male plants and replanting female plants on the forestation land of the step 5 according to the principle that 5-7 male plants are uniformly distributed in each mu of the forestation land;
and 7: fostering fertilization and collateral promotion from the third year
From the third year, in 4 months from the bottom to 5 months of the year, carrying out first weed shoveling and nurturing and fruit dressing on the afforestation land of the step 6, controlling the tree height to be less than or equal to 3m, and cutting off the ultrahigh part; in the last ten days of 8 months to 9 months every year, performing secondary grass shoveling, fostering and fruit dressing on the forested land, controlling the tree height to be less than or equal to 3m, and cutting off the ultrahigh part; and culturing the bearing branches;
and 8: controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
and step 9: harvesting of fruits
Fruit harvest was performed in 7-8 months of each year from the third year.
2. The cultivation method for artificially promoting the natural renewal of litsea cubeba according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 1, the sand storage treatment method comprises the following steps: removing episperm from Litsea cubeba seed, cleaning, and drying in the shade; uniformly mixing the litsea cubeba seeds dried in the shade with clean river sand according to the volume ratio of 1 (4-6), wherein the particle size of the river sand is 1mm-3mm, storing the mixture indoors at normal temperature, and turning over the mixture once every 15d-20d for 60d-70 d.
3. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2, the soil is any one of red soil, yellow soil and brown soil.
4. The cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 5, the first seedling promoting fertilizer and the second seedling promoting fertilizer both refer to ternary compound fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount of the first seedling promoting fertilizer is 0.025 kg/plant-0.05 kg/plant, and the fertilizing amount of the second seedling promoting fertilizer is 0.05 kg/plant-0.10 kg/plant.
5. The cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that, in the ternary compound fertilizer, N, P2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
6. The cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 7, the strong fruit fertilizer and the post-fruit fertilizer both refer to ternary compound fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount of the strong fruit fertilizer is 0.10 kg/plant to 0.20 kg/plant, and the fertilizing amount of the post-fruit fertilizer is 0.15 kg/plant to 0.25 kg/plant.
7. The artificial promotion of claim 6The natural regeneration cultivation method of the litsea cubeba is characterized in that N, P in the ternary compound fertilizer2O5And K2The mass percentage of O is 15 percent.
8. The cultivation method for artificially promoting natural renewal of litsea cubeba according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that in step 8, the method for preventing and controlling pests is as follows: for the moths, artificial removal is adopted to kill the moths; for longicorn, injecting 10-20 times of imidacloprid solution with the mass percent of 35% into the wormholes.
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