CN111896320B - Water sample collection device and water quality monitor - Google Patents
Water sample collection device and water quality monitor Download PDFInfo
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- CN111896320B CN111896320B CN202010785204.6A CN202010785204A CN111896320B CN 111896320 B CN111896320 B CN 111896320B CN 202010785204 A CN202010785204 A CN 202010785204A CN 111896320 B CN111896320 B CN 111896320B
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002189 fluorescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/10—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
- G01N2021/152—Scraping; Brushing; Moving band
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of water quality monitoring, in particular to a water sample collecting device and a water quality monitor, wherein the water sample collecting device comprises a base, and the base is provided with a sampling channel; measuring windows are respectively arranged on the opposite side walls of the sampling channel, and a measuring channel is formed between the measuring windows; the base is connected to a reference module by a movement mechanism, the reference module being movable to the measurement channel such that the measurement channel forms part of a reference light path. According to the water sample acquisition device and the water quality monitor, the measuring window is arranged in the sampling channel to form the measuring channel, and the movable reference module is introduced, so that the water sample acquisition device has the functions of reference light measurement and calibration; because of the single-channel design, a light source with smaller power can be used, and a shutter and a light splitting device are omitted, so that the structure is simple and reliable, the loss of spectrum information can be avoided, and the cost of the water quality monitor is greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water quality detection, in particular to a water sample collecting device and a water quality monitor.
Background
Water quality monitoring typically requires measurement of various parameters such as COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, etc. in water. Because the conditions of absorption or emission spectrum wavelength, intensity, polarization state and the like of the substance molecules and the structural characteristics of the substance have inherent relations under different conditions, the measurement of parameters such as COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and the like can be monitored by a spectrometer. The working mechanism of the spectrometer is that when a continuous spectrum light beam irradiates a water body, the energy of the continuous spectrum light beam can be selectively absorbed, scattered or excited to fluorescence by various organic molecules in the continuous spectrum light beam, the UV absorption spectrum intensity or the fluorescence emission spectrum intensity of a water sample is measured, and then a mathematical model is used for calculating to obtain the measured value of the organic comprehensive index in the water sample.
The measurement of the spectrometer needs to be calculated by introducing reference light, and in addition, calibration and optical early warning of a sensor are realized by the reference light. The current water quality monitor adopts a double-channel structure to realize the introduction of reference light and measuring light, namely, one channel is communicated with a sample to introduce measuring light, and the other channel is closed and enables the reference light to enter a spectrometer through air; therefore, the interference of external substances can be avoided, but a shutter and light splitting are required to be arranged, the volume of the system and signal interference are increased, the cost is increased, and the power requirement on the light source is also increased. Because of the poor stability of the high-power light source, the water quality monitor with the double-channel structure has the defects of system stability and measurement authenticity.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art or related art.
The first aspect of the invention provides a water sample collecting device, which comprises a base, wherein the base is provided with a sampling channel; measuring windows are respectively arranged on the opposite side walls of the sampling channel, and a measuring channel is formed between the measuring windows; the base is connected to a reference module by a movement mechanism, which can be moved to the measurement channel to enable the measurement channel to form part of a reference light path.
In one embodiment, the reference modules are provided with reference module light-transmitting windows at both ends in the direction of the measurement channel, respectively.
In one embodiment, the movement mechanism includes a first translation mechanism that moves the reference module in a first direction, the first direction being an axial direction of the sampling channel.
In one embodiment, the end face of the reference module is connected to a first wiper for cleaning the measuring window.
In one embodiment, the movement mechanism includes a second translation mechanism that can move the reference module in a second direction; the second direction is perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the plane where the measurement window is located; the first translation mechanism is connected with the second translation mechanism; the base is connected with a second scraping brush for cleaning the transparent window of the reference module.
In one embodiment, the reference module includes a transparent housing coupled to the movement mechanism, the housing containing deionized water.
In one embodiment, a first measuring window and a second measuring window are respectively arranged on opposite side walls of the sampling channel, a first section channel leading to the outer side of the first measuring window and a second section channel leading to the outer side of the second measuring window are arranged on the base, a collimating lens is arranged in the first section channel, and a coupling lens is arranged in the second section channel; the first segment channel, the measurement channel and the second segment channel are used for forming a measurement light path.
In one embodiment, the first section of channel is used to connect a light source and the second section of channel is used to connect a spectrometer.
The second aspect of the invention provides a water quality monitor comprising a spectrometer and further comprising a water sample collection device according to any one of the above.
In one embodiment, the spectrometer is in communication with a processor, the processor being in communication with a data storage; the processor is used for acquiring the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light transmitted by the spectrometer, and is used for acquiring a comparison result of the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light; the data memory is used for storing the spectrum information of the reference light, the spectrum information of the measuring light and the comparison result.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: according to the water sample collecting device, the measuring window is arranged in the sampling channel to form the measuring channel, and the movable reference module is introduced, so that the water sample collecting device has a reference light measuring function and a calibration function; because of the single-channel design, a light source with smaller power can be used, a shutter for controlling the light passing time and a light splitting device for splitting one beam of light into two beams of light are omitted, and therefore the light splitting device is simple and reliable in structure and can avoid spectrum information loss.
Compared with the original water quality monitor, the water quality monitor provided by the invention has the advantages that the structure is simple and reliable, the loss of spectrum information can be avoided, and the concentration of substances in water can be accurately measured.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first state of a water sample collection device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a partial structure of a water sample collection device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion A of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion B of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a second state of the water sample collection device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the moving mechanism of the water sample collection device according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a water quality monitor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
reference numerals illustrate: 1. a base; 2. a sampling channel; 3. a measurement channel; 4. a reference module; 5. a fixed bracket; 6. a first translation mechanism; 7. a second translation mechanism; 8. a reference module light transmission window; 9. deionized water; 10. a first wiper; 11. a second wiper; 12. a spectrometer; 13. a collimating lens; 14. a coupling lens; 15. a light source; 16. a measurement window.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, based on the embodiments of the invention, which would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art without making any inventive effort are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the embodiments of the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In describing embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless explicitly stated and limited otherwise, the terms "coupled," "coupled," and "connected" should be construed broadly, and may be either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection, for example; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. The specific meaning of the above terms in embodiments of the present invention will be understood in detail by those of ordinary skill in the art.
In embodiments of the invention, unless expressly specified and limited otherwise, a first feature "up" or "down" on a second feature may be that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are in indirect contact via an intervening medium. Moreover, a first feature being "above," "over" and "on" a second feature may be a first feature being directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is level higher than the second feature. The first feature being "under", "below" and "beneath" the second feature may be the first feature being directly under or obliquely below the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is less level than the second feature.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the embodiments of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of the different embodiments or examples may be combined and combined by those skilled in the art without contradiction.
As shown in fig. 1 to 7, a first aspect of the present invention provides a water sample collecting device, which comprises a base 1, wherein the base 1 is provided with a sampling channel 2 for communicating with the outside; the opposite side walls of the sampling channel 2 are respectively provided with a measuring window 16, and a measuring channel 3 for light passing through is formed between the opposite measuring windows 16; the base 1 is connected with the reference module 4 through a moving mechanism; the reference module 4 is transparent at least in the direction of the measuring channel 3, the reference module 4 can also be arranged to be completely transparent; the reference module 4 can be moved to the measurement channel 3 such that the measurement channel 3 forms part of a reference light path; the reference module 4 may be used to hold other substances. FIG. 1 illustrates a first state of a water sample collection device in which a water quality monitor connected to the water sample collection device can be calibrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; when the reference light is projected outside the measurement window 16, the spectrum information and the absorbance of the light passing through the reference module 4 can be used as the detection standard of the water quality monitor, namely, the reference light measurement function is realized; fig. 5 shows a second state of the water sample collection device according to an embodiment of the invention, in which the reference module 4 is moved out of the measurement channel 3 via the movement mechanism, in which case water sample can enter the measurement channel 3 via the sampling channel 2 for sampling. So that the water quality monitor connected to the water sample collecting device realizes the monitoring function.
The water sample collecting device provided by the invention is provided with the measuring window 16 in the sampling channel 2 to form the measuring channel 3, and meanwhile, the movable reference module 4 is introduced, so that the water sample collecting device has a calibration function and a reference light measuring function; due to the single-channel design, the light source 15 with smaller power can be used, a shutter for controlling the light passing time and a light splitting device for splitting one beam of light into two beams are omitted, so that the structure is simple and reliable, and the spectrum information loss can be avoided.
In one embodiment, the reference module 4 is provided with a reference module light-transmitting window 8 at the end face in the direction of the measurement channel 3; preferably, the reference module light-transmitting window 8 is a sapphire glass window; the reference module 4 is of cylindrical configuration.
In one embodiment, the measurement window 16 is a sapphire glass window.
In one embodiment, the moving mechanism is a mechanism that can drive the reference module 4 to perform planar movement along a predetermined track, for example, a linkage mechanism, a cam mechanism, etc.
In one embodiment, the movement mechanism comprises a first translation mechanism 6 that moves the reference module 4 in a first direction, the first direction being the axial direction of the sampling channel. The first translation mechanism 6 can move the reference module 4 into or out of the measurement channel 3.
In one embodiment, the end face of the reference module 4 is connected to a first wiper 10 for cleaning the measuring window 16. The first wiper 10 arranged at the end face of the reference module 4 can clean the measuring window 16 when the first translation mechanism 6 moves the reference module into or out of the measuring channel 3; as shown in fig. 1, the first translation mechanism 6 enables the reference module 4 to be moved in a vertical direction into or out of the measurement channel 3, and the first wiper 10 may be a bar-shaped wiper arranged in a horizontal direction, which cleans the measurement window 16 during the up-and-down movement.
In one embodiment, the movement mechanism comprises a second translation mechanism 7 that can move the reference module 4 in a second direction; the second direction is perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the plane in which the measurement window 16 lies; the first translation mechanism 6 is connected with the second translation mechanism 7; the base is connected with a second scraping brush 11 for cleaning the transparent window 8 of the reference module. Due to the presence of the first translation mechanism 6 and the second translation mechanism 7, the movement mechanism can move up and down along the sampling channel 2, and can also move left and right relative to the measurement window 16.
In one embodiment, the first translation mechanism 6 and the second translation mechanism 7 are respectively screw-nut mechanisms; the first translation mechanism 6 and the second translation mechanism 7 are driven by a first motor and a second motor respectively. The first translation mechanism 6 and the second translation mechanism 7 may also adopt other structures for realizing linear motion, such as synchronous belts, chains, cylinders, linear motors, and the like.
In one embodiment, reference module 4 comprises a transparent housing coupled to a movement mechanism, housing deionized water 9; preferably, the transparent housing may be cylindrical in shape and is suspended from the moving mechanism by a square fixed support 5.
In one embodiment, the opposite side walls of the sampling channel 2 are respectively provided with a first measuring window and a second measuring window, the base 1 is provided with a first section channel which leads to the outer side of the first measuring window and a second section channel which leads to the outer side of the second measuring window, the first section channel is internally provided with a collimating lens 13, and the second section channel is internally provided with a coupling lens 14; the first section channel, the measurement channel 3 and the second section channel are used to form a measurement light path. When the reference module 4 occupies the measurement channel 3, the first section channel, the reference module 4 and the second section channel can be used to form a reference light path under the cooperation of the light source and the lens.
In one embodiment, a first channel segment is used to connect light source 15 and a second channel segment is used to connect spectrometer 12. When measuring light is emitted into the spectrometer 12 of the water quality monitor through the measuring light path, the spectrometer 12 can convert the received light into an electric signal, the electric signal is converted by the operational amplifier and then outputs an electric signal in direct proportion to the concentration to an external processor, and the external processor outputs the concentration of the component to be measured; the light source 15 is a device for providing measuring light and reference light, and may be an LED lamp or a xenon lamp.
As shown in fig. 7, a second aspect of the present invention provides a water quality monitor comprising a spectrometer 12 and a water sample collection device according to any one of the above; the spectrometer is used for acquiring the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light, and the reference light and the measuring light are from the same light source.
In one embodiment, spectrometer 12 is in communication with a processor, which is in communication with a data storage; the processor is used for acquiring the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light transmitted by the spectrometer, and acquiring a comparison result of the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light; the data memory is used for storing the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light and comparing results.
Compared with the original water quality monitor, the water quality monitor provided by the invention has the advantages that the structure is simple and reliable, the loss of spectrum information can be avoided, and the concentration of the component to be measured in water quality can be accurately measured.
While the invention has been described in detail in the general context and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications and improvements can be made thereto. Accordingly, such modifications or improvements may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (7)
1. The water sample collecting device is characterized by comprising a base, wherein the base is provided with a sampling channel; measuring windows are respectively arranged on the opposite side walls of the sampling channel, and a measuring channel is formed between the measuring windows;
the base is connected with a reference module through a moving mechanism, the reference module can transmit light at least in the direction of the measuring channel, and the reference module can be moved to the measuring channel so that the measuring channel can form a part of a reference light path, or the reference module moves out of the measuring channel through the moving mechanism and passes water sample into the measuring channel through the sampling channel;
the two ends of the reference module in the direction of the measuring channel are respectively provided with a reference module light-transmitting window;
the moving mechanism comprises a first translation mechanism which can enable the reference module to move along a first direction, wherein the first direction is the axial direction of the sampling channel, and the first translation mechanism can enable the reference module to move into or out of the measuring channel along a vertical direction;
the moving mechanism comprises a second moving mechanism which can move the reference module along a second direction; the second direction is perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the plane where the measurement window is located; the first translation mechanism is connected with the second translation mechanism; the base is connected with a second scraping brush for cleaning the transparent window of the reference module.
2. The water sample collection device of claim 1, wherein the end face of the reference module is connected with a first wiper for cleaning the measurement window.
3. A water sample collection device according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the reference module comprises a transparent housing connected to the movement mechanism, the housing containing deionized water.
4. The water sample collection device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the opposite side walls of the sampling channel are respectively provided with a first measuring window and a second measuring window, the base is provided with a first section channel leading to the outer side of the first measuring window and a second section channel leading to the outer side of the second measuring window, a collimating lens is arranged in the first section channel, and a coupling lens is arranged in the second section channel; the first segment channel, the measurement channel and the second segment channel are used for forming a measurement light path.
5. The water sample collection device of claim 4 wherein the first section of channel is for connecting a light source and the second section of channel is for connecting a spectrometer.
6. A water quality monitor comprising a spectrometer, further comprising a water sample collection device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5.
7. The water quality monitor of claim 6 wherein the spectrometer is in communication with a processor, the processor being in communication with a data storage; the processor is used for acquiring the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light transmitted by the spectrometer, and is used for acquiring a comparison result of the spectrum information of the reference light and the spectrum information of the measuring light; the data memory is used for storing the spectrum information of the reference light, the spectrum information of the measuring light and the comparison result.
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