CN111355229B - Control system and method for reducing capacity of super capacitor in direct-current micro-grid - Google Patents
Control system and method for reducing capacity of super capacitor in direct-current micro-grid Download PDFInfo
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- CN111355229B CN111355229B CN202010296296.1A CN202010296296A CN111355229B CN 111355229 B CN111355229 B CN 111355229B CN 202010296296 A CN202010296296 A CN 202010296296A CN 111355229 B CN111355229 B CN 111355229B
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/14—Balancing the load in a network
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- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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- H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
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Abstract
The invention relates to a control system and a control method for reducing the capacity of a super capacitor in a direct current micro grid, in particular to a control method for reducing the capacity of the super capacitor of a hybrid energy storage direct current micro grid based on capacitance charge balance control aiming at an interface converter of a super capacitor unit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power grid control methods, in particular to a control system and a control method for reducing the capacity of a super capacitor in a direct-current micro power grid.
Background
In recent years, micro-grids have been rapidly developed as an effective form of integrated distributed energy sources. According to the different types of bus electric energy, the micro-grids can be divided into alternating-current micro-grids, direct-current micro-grids and alternating-current and direct-current hybrid micro-grids. The direct current micro-grid has the advantages of reducing the power conversion process, higher efficiency, lower cost and the like, and does not need to control the frequency, the phase, the reactive power and the electric energy quality. Because of the advantages, the direct current micro-grid has better development prospect.
The energy storage unit is used as an important component of the direct-current micro-grid, and is used for storing the surplus output of the renewable energy source so as to support the operation of the direct-current micro-grid system when the output of the renewable energy source is insufficient, and can also be used as a power regulating unit so as to balance the power fluctuation in the system and achieve the purpose of improving the stability and the reliability of the direct-current micro-grid system. The hybrid energy storage unit formed by the storage battery and the super capacitor combines the characteristics of high energy density of the storage battery and high power density of the super capacitor, and has the effects of faster and better stabilizing high power fluctuation, so that the hybrid energy storage unit has better development prospect in a micro-grid system.
Therefore, the control system and the method of the hybrid energy storage unit are also a research hot spot, and the invention provides a control system and a control method for reducing the capacity of a super capacitor in a direct-current micro-grid based on the application scene of the hybrid energy storage unit in the direct-current micro-grid system.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a control system and a control method for reducing the capacity of a super capacitor in a direct-current micro-grid, which are characterized in that an interface converter of a hybrid energy storage unit containing a storage battery and the super capacitor in the direct-current micro-grid uses capacitance-based Charge Balance Control (CBC) in a transient process, and compared with a traditional Average Current Method (ACM), the control system and the control method realize the rapid recovery of the voltage of a direct-current bus, namely the system has a faster response speed, and simultaneously can realize the effect of reducing the capacity of the super capacitor by utilizing the characteristic that the energy required by the process is relatively less, so as to achieve the aim of reducing the cost.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides a control system and a method for reducing the capacity of a super capacitor in a direct current micro-grid, which comprises the following steps:
step one: determining a hybrid energy storage unit containing a storage battery and a super capacitor in a direct-current micro-grid as a research object, collecting bus voltage information in the direct-current micro-grid, and judging and selecting a corresponding working mode by the hybrid energy storage unit according to the bus voltage information when transient disturbance occurs;
step two: comparing and analyzing the energy requirements of CBC control and ACM control under transient disturbance;
step three: and determining the capacity of the super capacitor after capacity reduction according to the energy demand.
In the first step, the hybrid energy storage unit interface converter is a Buck/Boost converter, the Buck/Boost converter can work in an ACM or CBC control mode according to system requirements, and the control system judges and selects a control flow of a corresponding working mode according to direct-current bus voltage information of the direct-current micro-grid.
In the second step, the inductor current in the transient response period is equivalent to the external output current of the super capacitor, an inductor current waveform diagram under CBC control and ACM control is obtained through computer software, the waveform diagram is integrated through the computer software to obtain the electric charge quantity released by the required super capacitor, and the electric charge quantity released by the required super capacitor under the control of the traditional average current method and the capacitor charge balance method is compared, so that the reduced capacitor capacity can be obtained.
According to the relation between the charge and the current, referring to a waveform diagram, an integral formula of the transient process of the inductive current is as follows:
wherein Q is the charge amount, t 1 And t 2 The transient disturbance occurrence and ending time, i L The current of the filter capacitor at the output side of the converter;
according to the equation determined from the capacitance capacity:
according to the above formula, the ratio of capacitance under the control of capacitance and the control of average current method is approximately equal to the ratio of charge amount, if the voltage variation Δu of the same transient process under the control of capacitance and the control of average current method can be considered to be consistent:
the capacitance after capacity reduction can be calculated:
wherein C is SC_CBC For capacitance in CBC control mode, C SC_ACM For capacitance in CBC control mode, Q CBC For charge quantity in CBC control mode, Q ACM Is the charge amount in CBC control mode.
In the first step, the direct-current micro-grid comprises a grid-connected converter unit, a photovoltaic power generation unit, a hybrid energy storage unit and a direct-current load unit, wherein the hybrid energy storage unit comprises a storage battery and a super capacitor, and the direct-current load unit comprises constant-power and pure-resistance direct-current load units.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) Compared with an average current method, the method is based on capacitance charge balance control, and has the effects of faster and better stabilizing high-power fluctuation;
(2) From the energy perspective, when the load is greatly disturbed, if the system response speed is higher, the energy needed to be provided by the input side is smaller, and the invention can improve the system response speed and simultaneously has the functions of reducing the capacity of the super capacitor and reducing the cost.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed for the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a DC micro-grid according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a hybrid energy storage unit control according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the dynamic response of the capacitor charge balance control according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing inductor current waveforms under control of ACM and CBC in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram of the inductor current under control of the ACM in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram of the inductor current under CBC control in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing simulation results of ACM control in a discharging state of a hybrid energy storage unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of CBC control simulation under the discharging state of the hybrid energy storage unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a waveform diagram of an ACM control experiment in a discharging state of a hybrid energy storage unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a waveform diagram of a CBC control experiment in the discharging state of the hybrid energy storage unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a graph of supercapacitor capacity versus investment cost under various controls in the present invention.
In the drawings, the meanings of the reference numerals are as follows:
the power grid-connected converter comprises a grid-connected converter unit 1, a photovoltaic power generation unit 2, a hybrid energy storage unit 3 and a direct current load unit 4.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1-11, the present invention provides a technical solution: a control system and a method for reducing capacity of a super capacitor of a hybrid energy storage direct current micro-grid comprise the following steps:
step one: determining a hybrid energy storage unit containing a storage battery and a super capacitor in a direct-current micro-grid as a research object, wherein an interface converter of the hybrid energy storage unit is a Buck/Boost converter; and collecting bus voltage information in the direct-current micro-grid, and judging and selecting a corresponding working mode by the hybrid energy storage unit according to the bus voltage information when transient disturbance occurs.
Step two: the energy requirements of CBC control and ACM control under transient disturbances are compared and analyzed.
Step three: and determining the capacity of the super capacitor after capacity reduction according to the energy demand.
In the first step, the structure of the direct current micro-grid system in this embodiment is shown in fig. 1, and the Buck/Boost converter can work in an ACM or CBC control mode according to the system requirement; the control system judges and selects a control flow of a corresponding working mode according to the direct current bus voltage information of the direct current micro-grid, as shown in fig. 2.
As shown in fig. 3, which shows a dynamic response process diagram of the capacitive charge balance control, in CBC control of the DC/DC converter, the control principle is that the output capacitance satisfies the ampere-second balance rule in one switching period, so that the output voltage of the controlled converter can be kept unchanged at the end of each switching period. One switching period is a time scale, so that the switching period can be expanded to a transient process, and in the process of transient disturbance occurrence to the end, as long as the output capacitance still meets the ampere-second balance, namely the charge and discharge charges of the capacitance are equal (Q) charge ＝Q discharge ) The output voltage of the converter is stabilized, and can be expressed by the following formula:
wherein t is 1 And t 2 The transient disturbance occurrence and ending time, i Co For the output side of the converterAnd filtering the current of the capacitor.
However, the hybrid energy storage unit interface DC/DC converter has two energy storage elements, namely an energy storage inductance and a capacitance, so that when a large disturbance occurs, a new steady state is obtained for quick response, and the capacitance element needs to quickly reach a charge-discharge balance, and the inductance element also needs to quickly reach a new steady state current. In other words, in order for the system to be able to reach a new steady state at the fastest speed from the time the transient occurs, it is necessary to simultaneously satisfy: the capacitor element has the minimum charge and discharge amount and the maximum rising and falling rate of the inductor current. The response of the Buck/Boost converter under CBC control for two operating states is shown in fig. 3.
As can be seen from fig. 3, CBC control for hybrid storage needs to solve two main problems:
(1) Calculation of capacitance charge. The hybrid energy storage works and controls the capacitance of the input side or the output side when in charge or discharge, and for the existing unidirectional CBC control which only controls the capacitance of the output side, the bidirectional CBC control which meets the charge and discharge realization of an energy storage system needs to be constructed;
(2) Prediction of new steady-state inductor current. When calculating the capacitance charge by using the geometric area method, the steady state value of the inductance current and the steady state value of the new port current at both the low voltage and the high voltage need to be known in advance.
Under the condition of meeting CBC control, a corresponding switching tube control signal is generated to control the Buck/Boost interface converter so as to realize CBC control of the converter.
In the second step, in the transient response process, the input side and the output side of the super capacitor Buck/Boost interface converter in the embodiment also meet the ampere-second balance, so that the inductor current in the time period can be equivalent to the output current of the super capacitor. Therefore, the inductance current waveform under the control of the CBC and the control of the ACM can be integrated in the transient process to obtain the electric charge quantity required to be provided by the super capacitor. The inductor current waveforms shown in fig. 4 are shown in the diagrams of ACM and CBC, the inductor current waveforms shown in fig. 4 are integrated by computer software in the transient process to obtain the charge quantity provided by the super capacitor, the integration result is shown in fig. 4,the area of the shading part in the figure is the supercapacitor charge quantity. From FIG. 4 (a), it can be obtained that the amount of charge released by the supercapacitor during transient state under control of ACM is about Q ACM1 ＝5.93×10 -3 C, from FIG. 4 (b), it can be obtained that the amount of charge released by the supercapacitor during transient state under CBC control is about Q CBC1 ＝3.26×10 -4 C。
According to the relation between the charge and the current, the integral of the transient process of the inductance current is obtained:
fig. 5 is a waveform diagram showing inductor current fitting under ACM control in the present invention. For further verification, curve fitting is performed on the inductor current, and a fitted curve of the inductor current in a rising stage under the control of the ACM is shown in fig. 5 (a) and (b), wherein a fine smooth curve is a function obtained after fitting, and a functional expression is as follows:
wherein A, B, C and D are 11.7, -0.0019, 0.0082 and 0.01, respectively.
The fitted curve of the inductor current in the falling stage under the control of the ACM is shown in fig. 5 (c) and (d), wherein the fine smooth curve is a function obtained after the fitting. The fitting function of the inductor current falling phase is the same as the inductor current rising phase expression, and A, B, C and D correspond to 9.43, 6.94×10-4, 0.011 and 0.01, respectively. Integrating the ascending and descending inductor current fitting functions in the time periods of t=0.01-0.0103 and t=0.0103-0.010689 respectively can obtain:
fig. 6 is a waveform diagram of inductor current fitting under CBC control in the present invention. Similarly, the fitted waveform of the inductor current under CBC control is shown in fig. 6, where fig. 6 (a) is a fitted waveform at the stage of rising the inductor current, and fig. 6 (b) is a fitted waveform at the stage of falling the inductor current. The inductor current under the control of CBC rises or falls, and the fitting curve can be uniformly represented by a unitary one-time equation:
i LSC (t)＝A+Bt
wherein, in the induction current rising stage, A and B are-7906.84 and 790803.06 respectively; in the inductor current drop phase, a and B are 22046.56 and-2.2×106, respectively.
Integrating the ascending and descending inductor current fitting functions in the time periods t=0.01-0.010026 and t= 0.010026-0.010031 respectively can obtain:
in the third step, the required charge amount is obtained by combining the second step, and the formula is determined according to the capacitance capacity:
under the control of the average current method and the capacitance charge method, the voltage variation Δu in the same transient process can be considered to be consistent, and the ratio of capacitance in the capacitance charge method to capacitance in the average current method can be known to be approximately equal to the ratio of the charge amounts according to the above formula:
the capacitance after capacity reduction can be calculated:
from the charge amounts obtained in the second step, the charge amount ratios can be obtained as Q CBC1 /Q ACM1 ≈1/18，Q CBC1 /Q ACM1 And approximately 1/30. The ratio of the available capacitance is C SC_CBC1 /C SC_ACM1 ≈1/18，C SC_CBC2 /C SC_ACM2 Approximately equal to 1/30, the capacitance after capacity reduction can be calculated:
from the energy angle of transient process demand through the theoretical analysis, the control system and the method for reducing the capacity of the super capacitor of the hybrid energy storage direct current micro-grid based on CBC control can realize the reduction of the capacity of the super capacitor by tens of times to tens of times compared with ACM control so as to achieve the aim of reducing the cost.
Fig. 7 shows simulation results of the hybrid energy storage unit according to the present embodiment using ACM control in a discharging state. t is 1A before 0.01s, when t=0.01 s, the load jumps 3A from 1A, and the load jump condition is shown in fig. 7 (b); as can be seen from the bus voltage waveform shown in fig. 7 (b), the total time required for the load jump to occur from the large disturbance to the new steady state is about 689 μs, and the bus voltage drop maximum value is about 0.86V; as can be seen from the inductor current of the super capacitor shown in fig. 7 (c), the super capacitor hardly generates force before the load jumps, the power requirement of the load is mainly borne by the storage battery, and when the load jumps, the super capacitor current rises rapidly to compensate the instantaneous power.
Fig. 8 shows simulation results of the hybrid energy storage unit according to the present embodiment using CBC control in a discharging state. The load jump situation is consistent with ACM control. As can be seen from the bus voltage waveform shown in fig. 8 (b), the total time required from the occurrence of a large disturbance of load jump to the new steady state is about 31 μs, and the required time is only about 4.5% under ACM control; the maximum value of the bus voltage drop is about 0.16V, which is about 18.6% under the control of ACM.
Fig. 9 shows experimental results of the hybrid energy storage unit according to the present embodiment using ACM control when a load is greatly disturbed, and it can be seen from fig. 9: the experimental waveform of the hybrid energy storage unit under ACM control was obtained when the load current was transitioned from 1A to 3A. It can be seen that the time required for the whole process from the occurrence of a large disturbance of the load jump to the new steady state is about 1000 mus; the bus voltage drop maximum is about 1.375V.
Fig. 10 shows experimental waveforms of the hybrid energy storage unit under CBC control when the load current continuously increases from=1a→3a in the present embodiment. It can be seen that the time required for the whole process from the occurrence of a large load jump disturbance to a new steady state is about 31.5 mus, and the time required is only about 3.15% under the control of the ACM; the maximum value of the voltage drop of the direct current bus is about 0.625V, which is about 45% under the control of ACM.
The super capacitor group with the model BMOD0058 is obtained by connecting 6 super capacitor monomers with the capacity of 2.7V/350F in series, the capacity of the super capacitor group is about 2F after capacity reduction according to the relation of 1/30 capacity ratio described by the capacity reduction conclusion of the super capacitor, and the super capacitor group can be obtained by connecting the super capacitor monomers with the capacity of 2.7V/15F in series under the condition of ensuring the consistent port voltage according to the actual situation. The market price of the 2.7V/350F super capacitor monomer is about 95, the market price of the 2.7V/15F super capacitor monomer is about 6, and under the condition of ensuring the same circuit effect, the capacity and investment cost pair of the super capacitor group obtained by connecting two super capacitor monomers in series can be obtained, such as shown in figure 11.
The simulation result of the embodiment verifies the superiority of using the CBC load control strategy by the hybrid energy storage unit under the condition of large disturbance of the load, namely, the hybrid energy storage unit has faster response speed. Meanwhile, from the energy perspective, if the response speed of the system is higher when the load is greatly disturbed, the power required by the input side is smaller, and the super capacitor capacity can be reduced by tens of times to tens of times, so that the aim of reducing the cost is fulfilled.
In the description of the present specification, the descriptions of the terms "one embodiment," "example," "specific example," and the like, mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
The preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended only to assist in the explanation of the invention. The preferred embodiments are not exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and the full scope and equivalents thereof.
Claims (4)
1. A control method for reducing capacity of a super capacitor in a direct current micro-grid is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
step one: determining a hybrid energy storage unit in the direct-current micro-grid as a research object, collecting bus voltage information in the direct-current micro-grid, and judging and selecting a corresponding working mode by the hybrid energy storage unit according to the bus voltage information when transient disturbance occurs;
step two: comparing and analyzing the energy requirements of CBC control and ACM control under transient disturbance;
the inductor current in the transient response period is equivalent to the external output current of the super capacitor, an inductor current waveform diagram under CBC control and ACM control is obtained through computer software, the inductor current waveform diagram is integrated through the computer software to obtain the electric charge quantity released by the required super capacitor, and the electric charge quantity released by the required super capacitor under the control of the traditional average current method and the capacitor charge balance method is compared to obtain the reduced capacitor capacity;
according to the relation between the charge and the current, referring to a waveform diagram, an integral formula of the transient process of the inductive current is as follows:
wherein Q is the charge amount, t 1 And t 2 The transient disturbance occurrence and ending time, i L The current of the filter capacitor at the output side of the converter;
according to the equation determined from the capacitance capacity:
according to the above formula, the ratio of capacitance under the control of capacitance and the control of average current method is approximately equal to the ratio of charge amount, if the voltage variation Δu of the same transient process under the control of capacitance and the control of average current method can be considered to be consistent:
the capacitance after capacity reduction can be calculated:
wherein C is SC_CBC For capacitance in CBC control mode, C SC_ACM For capacitance in CBC control mode, Q CBC For charge quantity in CBC control mode, Q ACM Charge amount in CBC control mode;
step three: and determining the capacity of the super capacitor after capacity reduction according to the energy demand.
2. The method for controlling capacity reduction of super capacitor in direct current micro grid according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the hybrid energy storage unit interface converter is a Buck/Boost converter, the Buck/Boost converter can work in an ACM or CBC control mode according to system requirements, and the control system judges and selects a control flow of a corresponding working mode according to direct-current bus voltage information of the direct-current micro-grid.
3. The method for controlling capacity reduction of super capacitor in direct current micro grid according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the direct-current micro-grid comprises a grid-connected converter unit (1), a photovoltaic power generation unit (2), a hybrid energy storage unit (3) and a direct-current load unit (4), wherein the hybrid energy storage unit (3) comprises a storage battery and a super capacitor.
4. The method for controlling capacity reduction of a super capacitor in a direct current micro grid according to claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the direct current load unit (4) is a direct current load unit containing constant power and pure resistance.
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