CN111238570B - Ship exhaust pollutant detection system and method - Google Patents

Ship exhaust pollutant detection system and method Download PDF

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CN111238570B
CN111238570B CN202010059406.2A CN202010059406A CN111238570B CN 111238570 B CN111238570 B CN 111238570B CN 202010059406 A CN202010059406 A CN 202010059406A CN 111238570 B CN111238570 B CN 111238570B
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ship
exhaust
emission
engine
unit
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CN111238570A (en
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郝利君
尹航
马冬
王军方
丁焰
谭建伟
王欣
葛蕴珊
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
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    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract

The invention discloses a system and a method for detecting ship exhaust pollutants, wherein the system comprises: the device comprises an industrial control computer, data acquisition equipment, a sensor device, a positioning data receiving terminal, a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, a particulate matter emission analyzer and an exhaust flowmeter. The data acquisition equipment acquires signals of the engine speed, the exhaust temperature and the throttle opening degree and transmits the signals to the industrial control computer; the industrial control computer receives the information of the positioning data receiving terminal, the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, the particulate matter emission analyzer and the exhaust flowmeter; the industrial control computer sorts the measured ship emission data to obtain instantaneous emission concentration of pollutants under different working conditions, ship exhaust flow, emission amount of different emissions and instantaneous driving power of an engine, and obtains emission factors of the ship based on ship driving power, fuel consumption or navigation mileage, so that accurate real-time online detection and analysis of the exhaust emissions on the ship are realized.

Description

Ship exhaust pollutant detection system and method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of ship emission detection, in particular to a system and a method for detecting ship exhaust pollutants.
Background
In recent years, the country highly attaches importance to the work of preventing and controlling the atmospheric pollution, along with the implementation of the action of preventing and controlling the pollution of the mobile source, the land mobile source emission of China is gradually reduced, the emission of the ship pollution is increasingly attached importance, and because the emission regulations and the fuel quality standards of the ship are behind the motor vehicles, the necessity and the urgency of the emission control of the ship are increasingly prominent.
The exhaust emission of the marine internal combustion engine comprises two types of gaseous substances and particulate matters, mainly carbon dioxide (CO)2) Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO)2) Hydrocarbons (HC) and Particulate Matter (PM), for marine diesel engines, NOx, PM and SO2Is a main pollutant in the tail gas emission of ships.
At present, ship emission detection equipment can be roughly divided into three types, the first type is a smoke plume contact type monitor, namely a fixedly installed sampling probe is adopted, and when a ship passes by, the sampling probe contacts with the ship emission smoke to perform sampling detection, so that the detection efficiency is not high; the second type is remote sensing equipment based on optical principle, which adopts an infrared or ultraviolet spectrometer, so that the detection result is more accurate, but the influence of meteorological conditions is larger; the third type is a ship online detection system, a discharge analyzer is adopted to directly sample from an exhaust pipeline through a probe, real-time online detection and analysis of exhaust gas emission on a ship are realized, the detection method is most direct, the detection result is more accurate, and the method is the most scientific ship discharge detection and evaluation method.
The transportation by ship supports most of the international trade all over the world, and the emission of ship is also an important source of environmental pollution, so the evaluation of the emission of ship is an important subject of environmental protection research. The conventional ship emission list research method is based on fuel consumption estimation, particularly aiming at NOx emission estimation. There are two methods for fuel consumption based estimation of ship emissions: estimating fuel consumption based on ship load capacity, namely estimating pollutant emission by using the sailing distance of a ship and the ship type (ship size, age, engine type, power, fuel supply mode and the like) and combining corresponding fuel consumption rate; another method is to directly investigate and count the sales volume (oil and model) of the fuel oil, and multiply the fuel oil consumption by the pollutant emission factor (emission factor g/kg based on unit mass fuel oil consumption) to obtain the ship emission list. It should be noted that, calculating the ship emission list based on the fuel consumption requires many statistical data, such as ship type, load capacity, sailing distance, fuel consumption, emission factor, etc., which are mostly statistical data, with many uncertainty factors, and the calculation results have great differences.
Therefore, how to provide an accurate real-time online detection system or method for the exhaust pollutants of the ship becomes a problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a system and a method for detecting pollutants in exhaust gas of a ship, which at least solve some of the above technical problems, wherein the system uses an exhaust analyzer, an exhaust flowmeter and a sensor device to test and analyze the exhaust gas emission, and directly samples the exhaust gas from an exhaust pipeline, thereby realizing real-time online detection and analysis of the exhaust gas emission on the ship.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a system for detecting pollutants in exhaust gas of a ship, including: the system comprises an industrial control computer, data acquisition equipment, a sensor device, a positioning data receiving terminal, a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, a particulate matter emission analyzer and an exhaust flowmeter;
the industrial control computer is connected with the data acquisition equipment, the positioning data receiving terminal, the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, the particulate matter emission analyzer and the exhaust flowmeter and is used for calculating, processing and displaying the result of the acquired data; the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, the particulate matter emission analyzer and the exhaust flowmeter are respectively and sequentially arranged on an exhaust pipeline of the engine;
the sensor device includes: an engine accelerator opening sensor, an engine rotating speed sensor and an engine exhaust temperature sensor; the engine accelerator opening sensor is connected with the engine oil mass control actuating mechanism; the engine rotating speed sensor is arranged on the flywheel shell and used for detecting the angular displacement of the flywheel fluted disc and calculating the rotating speed of the engine; the engine exhaust temperature sensor is arranged on the exhaust pipeline;
and the data acquisition equipment is respectively connected with the engine accelerator opening sensor, the engine rotating speed sensor and the engine exhaust temperature sensor.
Furthermore, the data acquisition equipment adopts an MC9S12DP256 singlechip to acquire signals of an engine throttle opening sensor, an engine speed sensor and an engine exhaust temperature sensor, and is connected with the industrial control computer through a CAN bus.
In addition, if the engine is an electric control engine, an electronic control unit ECU acquires signals of an engine accelerator opening sensor, an engine rotating speed sensor and an engine exhaust temperature sensor, and transmits information of the engine accelerator opening, the rotating speed and the exhaust temperature to an industrial control computer through CAN communication.
Further, the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer comprises:
detector for measuring CO and CO by using non-spectroscopic infrared analysis principle2Concentration;
a heating type hydrogen flame ion detector for measuring the THC total hydrocarbon concentration;
chemiluminescence analyzer or non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer for measuring NO and NO2Concentration;
electrochemical analyzer for measuring O2And (4) concentration.
Further, the particulate matter emission analyzer adopts a micro-vibration balance, an acousto-optic method or a testing device based on a particulate matter charging method principle, and is used for measuring the emission quantity and quality of the particulate matter.
Furthermore, the exhaust flowmeter is a pitot tube differential pressure type flowmeter and comprises a total pressure probe and a static pressure probe, the total pressure and the static pressure of exhaust are respectively measured, and the exhaust flow is calculated according to the differential pressure.
In a second aspect, the present invention further provides a method for detecting pollutants in exhaust gas of a ship, including:
1) measuring the exhaust pollutant concentration by a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer and a particulate matter emission analyzer;
2) measuring the exhaust flow of the ship engine through an exhaust flowmeter;
3) calculating an exhaust pollutant emission rate according to (1) and (2); when the pollutants are CO, NOx and SO2HC, and PM, the exhaust emission rate is in g/s; when the pollutant is PN, the discharge rate unit of the PN is #/s, and the discharge number per second is;
the instantaneous emission quality or quantity of exhaust pollutants is calculated according to equation (1):
Figure BDA0002373947110000031
(1) in the formula:
Figure BDA0002373947110000041
is the discharge rate of the exhaust pollutant i, g/s or #/s;
Figure BDA0002373947110000042
is the exhaust flow, L/s; rhoiIs the density of contaminant i, g/L or #/L; ciIs the volume concentration of contaminant i;
the instantaneous mass of gaseous pollutants, g/s, is calculated according to the following formula, assuming a density of 1.293kg/m at 273K and 101.3kPa of the exhaust gas3：
Figure BDA0002373947110000043
Figure BDA0002373947110000044
Figure BDA0002373947110000045
(2) Formula (4) wherein:
Figure BDA0002373947110000046
and
Figure BDA0002373947110000047
the instantaneous discharge amount of each gaseous pollutant is g/s;
CNO、CCOand CHCThe instantaneous wet basis concentration of each gaseous pollutant in original exhaust gas is ppm;
kHCtaking values for different fuel types, wherein the diesel, LPG and NG respectively take values of 0.000479, 0.000502 and 0.000516;
Figure BDA0002373947110000048
the instantaneous exhaust flow is kg/h;
4) calculating the transient oil consumption of the ship engine by using a carbon balance method, wherein the transient oil consumption is shown as a formula (5);
Figure BDA0002373947110000049
(5) in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure BDA00023739471100000410
the unit is the instantaneous flow of the fuel oil and is g/s;
Figure BDA00023739471100000411
HC emission rate in g/s;
Figure BDA00023739471100000412
is the CO emission rate in g/s;
Figure BDA00023739471100000413
is CO2The discharge rate is g/s; mC、 MCOAnd
Figure BDA00023739471100000414
c, CO and CO respectively2The molar mass of (a); rCWF、RCWFHCRespectively taking carbon balance coefficients of fuel and main engine exhaust gas, and taking the carbon balance coefficients to be 0.862;
5) the method comprises the following steps of acquiring the rotating speed and the opening degree of an accelerator of an engine through an engine rotating speed sensor and an engine accelerator opening degree sensor, and calculating the current driving power of the running ship, wherein the rated power of the engine and the rated rotating speed have the following relation:
Figure BDA00023739471100000415
(6) in the formula, PpRated power, kW, for the ship engine; n ispRated rotating speed of the ship engine, r/min; cpIs a parameter related to the rated rotating speed and the rated power of the engine and is a constant;
calculating the load rate l of the engine by detecting the opening of the engine throttleiThe relationship between the instantaneous power of the ship and the engine speed is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000051
(7) in the formula, PiInstantaneous driving power of a ship engine is in kW; n isiThe unit is the instantaneous rotating speed of the ship engine and is r/min; liIs the load factor;
6) calculating the unit power emission of the exhaust pollutants according to the formulas (1) and (7), for CO, NOx and SO2HC and PM in g/kW.h; for PN, the discharge number of unit power is shown, and the unit is #/kW.h;
the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000052
(8) in the formula: m ispiThe unit is the unit power emission quality or quantity of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/kW.h or #/kW.h;
Figure BDA0002373947110000053
is the discharge rate of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/s or #/s; piInstantaneous driving power of a ship engine is in kW;
7) calculating the emission of fuel consumption per unit mass of exhaust pollutants for CO, NOx and SO according to the formulas (1) and (5)2HC and PM in g/kg; for PN is the number of the discharged particles of the fuel consumption per unit mass, and the unit is #/kg; the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000054
(9) in the formula: m isfiThe unit is g/kg or #/kg of the emission quality or the quantity of the fuel consumption of the pollutant i per unit mass;
Figure BDA0002373947110000055
is the discharge rate of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/s or #/s;
Figure BDA0002373947110000056
the unit is g/s, and the instantaneous flow of the fuel oil is;
8) transmitting longitude and latitude information in the ship navigation process to an industrial control computer through a positioning data receiving terminal to obtain the ship position, the instantaneous speed, the navigation direction and the course change rate; calculating an emission factor based on the sailing mileage according to the instantaneous speed of the ship; the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000061
(10) in the formula: m isiThe unit is the unit of the emission quality or quantity of the sailing mileage of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/km or #/km;
Figure BDA0002373947110000062
is the discharge rate of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/s or #/s; viThe unit is km/h which is the instantaneous speed of the ship;
9) calculating average emission factor of a section of navigation interval
Figure BDA0002373947110000063
(11) In the formula: m isaveExhaust pollution for a certain working condition intervalThe unit power of the substance i, the unit mass fuel oil consumption or the emission factor of unit mileage are g/kW.h or #/kW.h, g/kg or #/kg, g/km or #/km; t is t1、t2Is the starting time of the working condition interval; m isinstIs the instantaneous discharge rate of the exhaust gas pollutant i, and represents mpi、mfiOr mi。
The embodiment of the invention provides a ship exhaust pollutant detection system, which comprises: the device comprises an industrial control computer, data acquisition equipment, a sensor device, a positioning data receiving terminal, a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, a particulate matter emission analyzer and an exhaust flowmeter. Collecting signals of the rotating speed and the throttle opening of the engine through data acquisition equipment, and transmitting the signals to an industrial control computer; meanwhile, the industrial control computer receives information from the positioning data receiving terminal, the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer, the particulate matter emission analyzer and the exhaust flowmeter; the industrial control computer arranges the measured ship emission data to obtain the instantaneous emission concentration change of the ship exhaust pollutants under different working conditions, and the emission amount of different emissions can be calculated by combining the ship exhaust flow measured by the exhaust flowmeter; and the opening of the engine throttle and the engine speed are acquired through data acquisition equipment, the instantaneous driving power of the engine is calculated, and the emission factor of the ship based on the ship driving power, unit mass fuel consumption or navigation mileage is calculated, so that accurate real-time online detection and analysis of the exhaust emission on the ship are realized.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for detecting exhaust pollutants from a ship according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of typical operating conditions of a vessel in an embodiment provided by the invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of instantaneous emission concentration of different gaseous pollutants corresponding to the respective operating conditions of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a graph of PM and PN instantaneous emission concentrations for each of the operating conditions of FIG. 2;
in the drawings: 1. controlling an industrial personal computer; 2. an engine; 3. an engine accelerator opening sensor; 4. a data acquisition device; 5. an engine speed sensor; 6. an engine exhaust system component; 7. positioning a data receiving terminal; 8. an engine exhaust temperature sensor; 9. a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer; 10. a particulate matter emission analyzer; 11. an exhaust gas flow meter; 12. a propeller; 13. an exhaust line.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
Referring to fig. 1, a system for detecting exhaust pollutants of a ship according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: the system comprises an industrial control computer 1, data acquisition equipment 4, a sensor device, a positioning data receiving terminal 7, a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer 9, a particulate matter emission analyzer 10 and an exhaust flowmeter 11; the sensor device includes: an engine throttle opening sensor 3, an engine speed sensor 5 and an engine exhaust temperature sensor 8;
the industrial control computer 1 is a data acquisition computer and is connected with a data acquisition device 4, a positioning data receiving terminal 7, a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer 9, a particulate matter emission analyzer 10 and an exhaust flowmeter 11; the device is used for calculating, processing and displaying the result of the acquired data; the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer 9, the particulate matter emission analyzer 10 and the exhaust flowmeter 11 are respectively and sequentially installed on an exhaust pipeline 13 of the engine 2;
the data acquisition equipment 4 is respectively connected with an engine accelerator opening sensor 3, an engine rotating speed sensor 5 and an engine exhaust temperature sensor 8; the engine throttle opening sensor 3 is connected with an engine oil quantity control actuating mechanism, and the angular displacement of the actuating mechanism is controlled through the oil quantity to realize the detection of the load of the engine; the engine speed sensor 5 is arranged on the flywheel shell, and detects the angular displacement of the flywheel fluted disc to calculate the engine speed; the engine exhaust temperature sensor 8 is mounted on the exhaust pipe 13, and is used for correcting the exhaust volume flow rate and calculating the exhaust volume flow rate under a standard condition.
The system is conveniently arranged on a ship, engine rotating speed and throttle opening degree signals are acquired through data acquisition equipment, the signals are transmitted to an industrial control computer, data of a positioning data receiving terminal and data of an emission analyzer are synchronously transmitted to the industrial control computer, and measured ship emission data, engine rotating speed, ship speed and other data are processed to obtain instantaneous emission concentrations of exhaust emission pollutants under different working conditions; the method comprises the steps of obtaining the exhaust flow of a ship through measurement of an exhaust flowmeter, and calculating the emission of different emissions by combining the volume concentration of exhaust components measured by a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer and a particulate matter emission analyzer; and acquiring the opening of an engine throttle and the rotating speed of the engine through data acquisition equipment, calculating the instantaneous driving power of the engine, and calculating to obtain the emission factor of the ship based on the driving power of the ship, the fuel consumption or the navigation mileage, thereby realizing accurate real-time online detection and analysis of the exhaust emission on the ship.
The positioning data receiving terminal may be, for example, a GPS receiver (or a receiver of another positioning system, such as a receiver of the beidou system, GLONASS (GLONASS), etc.), and is configured to receive satellite positioning information to determine longitude and latitude information during a ship's voyage, transmit the longitude and latitude information to an industrial computer to determine important dynamic information such as a ship's position, a ship's speed, a ship's voyage direction, and a ship's course change rate, and calculate a ship's speed.
In one embodiment, the data acquisition device adopts an MC9S12DP256 chip, and is connected to the industrial personal computer through a CAN bus. The data acquisition equipment acquires signals of an engine accelerator opening sensor, an engine rotating speed sensor and an engine exhaust temperature sensor, and sends data acquired by the data acquisition device to the industrial control computer through CAN communication.
For an electric control engine, an engine electric control unit ECU and signal input sensors thereof CAN be utilized, the sensors comprise an engine accelerator opening sensor, an engine rotating speed sensor and an engine exhaust temperature sensor, and the Electric Control Unit (ECU) sends acquired data to an industrial control computer through CAN communication.
In one embodiment, the gaseous pollutant emission analyzer 9, for testing the concentration of gaseous pollutants in the exhaust gas of a marine engine, comprises a plurality of correspondingly differently configured detectors, each adapted to test a different class of gas composition. Wherein the detector based on non-dispersive infrared analysis principle measures CO and CO by non-dispersive infrared analysis (NDIR)2Concentration; measuring the THC total hydrocarbon concentration using a heated Hydrogen Flame Ionization Detector (HFID); measurement of NO and NO by chemiluminescence analyzer (CLD) or non-dispersive ultraviolet analysis (NDUV)2(ii) a Electrochemical analyzer for measuring O by electrochemical analysis2And (4) concentration.
The particle emission analyzer 10 measures the amount and quality of the emitted particles by using a micro-vibration balance or an acousto-optic method or a particle charging method;
the exhaust flowmeter 11, which may be a pitot tube differential pressure flowmeter, is composed of a total pressure probe and a static pressure probe, and measures total pressure and static pressure of exhaust gas respectively. The measurement principle of the pitot tube flowmeter is a Bernoulli equation, the average flow velocity in a pipeline is calculated by pressure difference, and the flow is calculated by combining the sectional area of the pipeline. The volume concentration of various exhaust components is measured by a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer and a particulate matter emission analyzer, the total flow of exhaust, the measured temperature, humidity and pressure of the exhaust, the environmental temperature, humidity and pressure and the like are measured by an exhaust flowmeter, the exhaust flow in a standard state is obtained by correction, and the mass or the quantity flow of the exhaust is calculated.
In a second aspect, the present invention further provides a method for detecting exhaust pollutants of a ship, comprising the following 9 steps:
1) measuring the exhaust pollutant concentration by a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer and a particulate matter emission analyzer;
2) measuring the exhaust flow of the ship engine through an exhaust flowmeter;
3) from (1) and (2), exhaust pollutant emission rates (for CO, NOx, SO) can be calculated2HC and PM in g/s; for PN, the number of emissions per second is given in #/s);
the instantaneous emission quality or quantity of exhaust pollutants is calculated according to equation (1):
Figure BDA0002373947110000101
(1) in the formula:
Figure BDA0002373947110000102
is the emission rate of exhaust pollutant i, g/s or #/s (for PN);
Figure BDA0002373947110000103
is the exhaust flow, L/s; rhoiIs the density of contaminant i, g/L or #/L (for PN); ciIs the volume concentration of contaminant i;
the instantaneous mass (g/s) of gaseous pollutants was calculated according to the following formula (assuming a density of 1.293kg/m at 273K (0 ℃) and 101.3kPa of the exhaust gas3)：
Figure BDA0002373947110000104
Figure BDA0002373947110000105
Figure BDA00023739471100001013
(2) Formula (4) wherein:
Figure BDA0002373947110000106
and
Figure BDA0002373947110000107
instantaneous discharge of each gaseous pollutant, g/s;
CNO、CCOand CHC(in C1 equivalents) -instantaneous wet-based concentration, ppm, of each gaseous pollutant in the original exhaust;
kHCthe values of different fuel types are different, and the values of diesel, LPG and NG are 0.000479, 0.000502 and 0.000516 respectively;
Figure BDA0002373947110000108
instantaneous exhaust flow, kg/h.
4) Calculating the transient oil consumption of the ship engine by using a carbon balance method, wherein the carbon balance method is one of international general oil consumption test methods of a mainstream engine at present and is one of test methods specified in standards of motor vehicle emission tests in the United states, European Union and Japan; the calculation method for measuring the oil consumption by the carbon balance method is shown as the formula (5);
Figure BDA0002373947110000109
(5) in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure BDA00023739471100001010
is the fuel transient flow (g/s),
Figure BDA00023739471100001011
is HC exhaustThe rate of amplification (g/s),
Figure BDA00023739471100001012
in terms of the CO emission rate (g/s),
Figure BDA0002373947110000111
is CO2Emission rate (g/s); mC、MCOAnd
Figure BDA0002373947110000112
c, CO and CO respectively2The molar mass of (a); rCWF、RCWFHCThe carbon balance coefficients for the fuel and the host exhaust, respectively, are taken to be 0.862 herein.
5) The current driving power of the ship during running is calculated by acquiring the rotating speed and the opening degree of an accelerator of the engine, the engine works according to the propulsion characteristic, the output power of the engine and the rotating speed of the propeller form a 3-power relation, and the power output of the engine depends on the working characteristic of the propeller when the system stably runs. When the engine operates according to the propulsion characteristic, the rated power and the rated rotating speed of the engine have the following theoretical relationship:
Figure BDA0002373947110000113
(6) in the formula, PpRated power, kW, for the ship engine; n ispRated rotating speed of the ship engine, r/min; cpIs a parameter related to the rated power and the rated rotating speed of the engine and is a constant.
The load rate l of the engine is calculated by detecting the opening of the engine throttle valve to obtain the load rate l of the engineiThus, the instantaneous power of the marine engine is related to the engine speed as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000114
(7) in the formula, PiInstantaneous driving power of a ship engine is in kW; n isiThe unit is the instantaneous rotating speed of the ship engine and is r/min; liIs the load factor,%.
6) From (1) and (7), the specific power emissions (for CO, NOx, SO) of the exhaust pollutants can be calculated2HC and PM in g/kW.h; for PN, the discharge number of unit power is shown, and the unit is #/kW.h);
the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000115
(8) in the formula: m ispiIs the emission quality or quantity per unit power of pollutant i, in g/kw.h or #/kw.h (for PN);
Figure BDA0002373947110000116
is the discharge rate of contaminant i in g/s or #/s (for PN); piInstantaneous driving power of a ship engine is in kW;
7) from (1) and (5) the emissions per mass fuel consumption (for CO, NOx, SO) of exhaust pollutants can be calculated2HC and PM in g/kg; for PN, the emission number of particles is unit mass fuel consumption, and the unit is #/kg);
the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000121
(9) in the formula: m isfiThe emission quality or quantity in g/kg or #/kg (for PN) for a unit mass fuel consumption of the exhaust pollutant i;
Figure BDA0002373947110000122
is the discharge rate of contaminant i in g/s or #/s (for PN);
Figure BDA0002373947110000123
the unit is the instantaneous flow of the fuel oil and is g/s;
8) the longitude and latitude information in the ship navigation process is transmitted to an industrial control computer on the ship through a positioning data receiving terminal, and important dynamic information such as the ship position, the navigation speed, the instantaneous speed, the navigation direction, the course change rate and the like can be obtained. Calculating an emission factor (g/km) based on the voyage mileage according to the instantaneous speed of the ship; the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002373947110000124
(10) in the formula: m isiThe emission mass or quantity in g/km or #/km (for PN) for a unit voyage mileage of the pollutant i;
Figure BDA0002373947110000125
is the discharge rate of contaminant i in g/s or #/s (for PN); viThe unit is km/h which is the instantaneous speed of the ship;
9) calculating average emission factor of a section of navigation interval
Figure BDA0002373947110000126
(11) In the formula: m isaveThe emission factor of unit power, unit mass fuel oil consumption or unit mileage of the exhaust pollutant i in a certain working condition interval is g/kW.h or #/kW.h (for PN), g/kg or #/kg (for PN), g/km or #/km (for PN); t is t1、t2Is the starting time of the working condition interval; m isinstIs the instantaneous discharge rate of the exhaust gas pollutant i, and represents mpi、mfiOr mi。
The exhaust flowmeter adopts a pitot tube differential pressure flowmeter, the measurement principle of the pitot tube flowmeter is a Bernoulli equation shown in formula (12), the average flow velocity in the pipeline is calculated according to the differential pressure, and the flow rate is calculated by combining the sectional area of the pipeline.
p+ρv2/2＝p0 (12)
(12) In which p is the total pressure (Pa), p of the fluid0-pitot tube calibration factor, v-mean flow velocity in the pipe (m/s), p-mean gas density.
In addition, in order to reduce the influence of pressure test errors, gas compression effects and fluid temperature on test results, the pitot tube flowmeter also introduces a corresponding correction coefficient as shown in formula (13).
Figure BDA0002373947110000131
(13) In the formula, a zeta-pitot tube calibration coefficient, an epsilon-gas compression correction coefficient and a kappa-gas isentropic compression coefficient. The embodiment of the invention adopts a pitot tube flowmeter for testing, and can also adopt a flowmeter with other principles to replace.
In order to better describe the system and the method for detecting exhaust pollutants of a ship according to the above embodiments, a specific example is described below.
Example 1: dry cargo ship emissions testing
The dry cargo ship has the advantages of 56.75 meters in length, 12.86 meters in width, 549 tons in net weight, 981 tons in total weight, 360kW in engine power and 1200r/min in rated rotation speed.
Due to the characteristics of the operation of the dry cargo ship, the navigation working condition is simple compared with the working condition of a road vehicle, and the common working conditions comprise the working conditions of departure, cruise, entry and the like, wherein the cruise working condition is most of the time. The embodiment mainly analyzes three working conditions of departure, cruising and arrival.
The gaseous contaminant analyzer is, for example, a Semtech-DS gaseous contaminant analyzer from Sensors, USA, which measures CO and CO by non-dispersive Infrared analysis (NDIR)2THC measurement by hydrogen Flame Ionization Detector (FID), NO and NO measurement by non-dispersive ultraviolet analysis (NDUV)2Electrochemical measurement of O2And (4) content. The instrument needs to be preheated for about 1 hour before use and is stable, and pure N is adopted after preheating2And (4) zeroing is carried out, and standard gas is used for carrying out accuracy and precision calibration, so that the accuracy of the measurement of the instrument is ensured. SemtecAnd the h-DS gaseous pollutant analyzer transmits data to the data acquisition computer through wireless network connection.
The device is also provided with an exhaust flowmeter for measuring the volume flow and the exhaust temperature of the exhaust; the System is provided with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, and the speed of the ship can be calculated according to information such as longitude and latitude of the position of the ship; the system is provided with an atmospheric temperature and humidity meter, and is used for measuring the temperature, the relative humidity, the atmospheric pressure and the like of the atmosphere and correcting the exhaust flow and the NOx emission.
The particulate matter emission analyzer adopts an Electronic Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI), and the device can record the particulate matter concentration in the exhaust gas of the ship in real time, perform statistics and analysis, and measure the Aerodynamic diameter (D) of particlesp) The particle size distribution and concentration of aerosol particles in the particle size range of 7nm to 10 mu m can be detected in real time, and the mass concentration and the number concentration of the engine exhaust particles can be calculated. ELPI transmits data to a data acquisition computer through a standard RS232 interface.
The method comprises the steps of measuring the volume concentration of various exhaust components by a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer and a particulate matter emission analyzer, measuring the total flow of exhaust, the temperature, humidity and pressure of the environment and the like by a flowmeter, finally correcting to obtain the exhaust flow in a standard state, and calculating the mass flow of the exhaust.
And acquiring signals of the rotating speed and the opening degree of the accelerator through data acquisition equipment, and transmitting the signals to a data acquisition computer.
The measured ship emission data and the data such as the engine rotating speed, the ship speed and the like are collated, and the instantaneous data of each measurement parameter are aligned, so that the data precision is ensured. And selecting the time difference between different devices, selecting the device common parameters as a reference, and selecting the device time with the latest starting time as a reference to finish data alignment. The time delay of the gaseous pollutant concentration and the flow rate caused by different sampling positions is used for aligning the gaseous pollutant concentration and the exhaust flow rate by taking the terminal point or the starting point (such as idling or uniform speed) of the section with stable working conditions as a reference. The dry cargo vessel operation is divided into the three typical conditions described above, as shown in fig. 2.
The real-time data acquired by the ship emission test equipment can obtain the emission characteristics of the test ship when the test ship sails in the actual sea area. Fig. 3 and 4 are graphs of instantaneous emissions concentrations of gaseous emissions pollutants and particulate matter as a function of different operating conditions for each of the operating conditions of fig. 2.
The exhaust flow of the ship is obtained through measurement, and the volume concentration of exhaust components measured by the emission testing equipment is combined, so that the emission amount of different emissions can be calculated. The opening of the engine throttle and the engine rotating speed signal are sent to a data acquisition computer through data acquisition equipment, and the instantaneous driving power of the engine is calculated; and (3) according to the GPS test ship navigation speed, obtaining the cruise condition emission factor of the ship according to the calculation method, and as shown in the following tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 Power-based Ship emissions factor
Figure BDA0002373947110000151
TABLE 2 Fuel-based Ship emissions factor
Figure BDA0002373947110000152
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is intended to include such modifications and variations.

Claims (1)

1. A method for detecting pollutants in exhaust gas of a ship is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) measuring the exhaust pollutant concentration by a gaseous pollutant emission analyzer and a particulate matter emission analyzer;
2) measuring the exhaust flow of the ship engine through an exhaust flowmeter;
3) calculating an exhaust pollutant emission rate according to (1) and (2); when the pollutants are CO, NOx and SO2HC, and PM, the exhaust emission rate is in g/s; when the pollutant is PN, the discharge rate unit of the PN is #/s, and # is the number discharged per second;
the instantaneous emission quality or quantity of exhaust pollutants is calculated according to equation (1):
Figure FDA0003312008150000011
(1) in the formula:
Figure FDA0003312008150000012
the unit is the discharge rate of the exhaust pollutant i and is g/s or #/s;
Figure FDA0003312008150000013
is the exhaust flow rate and has the unit of L/s; rhoiIs the density of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/L or #/L; ciIs the volume concentration of contaminant i;
the instantaneous emission mass of gaseous pollutants is calculated according to the following formula, assuming a density of 1.293kg/m at 273K and 101.3kPa of the exhaust gas3：
Figure FDA0003312008150000014
Figure FDA0003312008150000015
Figure FDA0003312008150000016
(2) Formula (4) wherein:
Figure FDA0003312008150000017
and
Figure FDA0003312008150000018
the discharge rate of each gaseous pollutant is given in g/s;
CNO、CCOand CHCThe instantaneous wet basis concentration of each gaseous pollutant in the original exhaust gas is expressed in ppm;
kHCtaking values for different fuel types, wherein the diesel, LPG and NG respectively take values of 0.000479, 0.000502 and 0.000516;
Figure FDA0003312008150000019
the unit is kg/h for the instantaneous exhaust flow;
4) calculating the transient oil consumption of the ship engine by using a carbon balance method, wherein the transient oil consumption is shown as a formula (5);
Figure FDA00033120081500000110
(5) in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure FDA00033120081500000111
the unit is the instantaneous flow of the fuel oil and is g/s;
Figure FDA00033120081500000112
is the HC emission rate in g/s;
Figure FDA00033120081500000113
is the emission rate of CO in g/s;
Figure FDA00033120081500000114
is CO2The discharge rate of (a) in g/s; mC、MCOAnd
Figure FDA00033120081500000115
c, CO and CO respectively2The molar mass of (a); rCWF、RCWFHCRespectively taking carbon balance coefficients of fuel and main engine exhaust gas, and taking the carbon balance coefficients to be 0.862;
5) the method comprises the following steps of acquiring the rotating speed and the opening degree of an accelerator of an engine through an engine rotating speed sensor and an engine accelerator opening degree sensor, and calculating the current driving power of the running ship, wherein the rated power of the engine and the rated rotating speed have the following relation:
Figure FDA0003312008150000021
(6) in the formula, PpThe rated power of the ship engine is kW; n ispThe rated rotating speed of the ship engine is r/min; cpIs a parameter related to the rated rotating speed and the rated power of the engine and is a constant;
calculating the load rate l of the engine by detecting the opening of the engine throttleiThe relationship between the instantaneous power of the ship and the engine speed is as follows:
Figure FDA0003312008150000022
(7) in the formula, PiInstantaneous driving power of a ship engine is in kW; n isiThe unit is the instantaneous rotating speed of the ship engine and is r/min; liIs the load factor;
6) calculating the unit power emission of the exhaust pollutants according to the formulas (1) and (7), for CO, NOx and SO2HC and PM in g/kW.h; for PN, # is the unit power discharge number, and the unit is #/kW.h;
the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003312008150000023
(8) in the formula: m ispiOf the pollutant iThe unit power discharge quality or quantity is g/kW.h or #/kW.h;
7) calculating the emission of fuel consumption per unit mass of exhaust pollutants for CO, NOx and SO according to the formulas (1) and (5)2HC and PM in g/kg; for PN, # is the number of particles discharged per unit mass of fuel consumption, and the unit is #/kg; the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003312008150000024
(9) in the formula: m isfiThe emission quality or quantity of the fuel consumption per unit mass of the pollutant i is g/kg or #/kg;
Figure FDA0003312008150000025
the unit is the instantaneous flow of the fuel oil and is g/s;
8) transmitting longitude and latitude information in the ship navigation process to an industrial control computer through a positioning data receiving terminal to obtain the ship position, the instantaneous speed, the navigation direction and the course change rate; calculating an emission factor based on the sailing mileage according to the instantaneous speed of the ship; the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003312008150000026
(10) in the formula: m isiThe unit is the unit of the emission quality or quantity of the sailing mileage of the pollutant i, and the unit is g/km or #/km; viThe unit is km/h which is the instantaneous speed of the ship;
9) calculating average emission factor of a section of navigation interval
Figure FDA0003312008150000031
(11) In the formula: m isaveThe unit power, unit mass fuel consumption or unit mileage of the exhaust pollutant i in a certain working condition intervalThe unit of the discharge factor is g/kW.h or #/kW.h, g/kg or #/kg, g/km or #/km; t is t1、t2Is the starting time of the working condition interval; m isinstIs the instantaneous discharge rate of the exhaust gas pollutant i, and represents mpi、mfiOr mi。
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