CN111157401A - Data research method for maximum dry density test after granular grading and scaling - Google Patents
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Abstract
A data research method for a maximum dry density test after size grading and reduction of particle materials adopts a removal method, an equivalent substitution method, a similar grading method and a mixing method to reduce the size according to the standard requirements, and the maximum particle diameters of the substituted grading and reduction after the size reduction are respectively 20mm, 40 mm and 60 mm. Carrying out a maximum dry density test on each substitute-grade ingredient by adopting a vibration table method, and combining a fractal theory to obtain a method for normalizing the relationship between the maximum dry density and the grading and fine particle content, fitting the relationship between the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension of the grading before the test, the content of particles smaller than 5mm and the maximum particle size, and deducing the maximum dry density of the prototype-grade ingredient; and summarizing a relational expression between the particle crushing fractal dimension and the fractal dimension of the grading before the test, the particle content less than 5mm and the maximum particle size according to the influence of a scale method on the variation amplitude of the particle size distribution curve before and after the substitute material test, and pushing out the particle crushing fractal dimension of the filled prototype-grade batching.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a data research method for a maximum dry density test after grain size grading and scaling.
Background
Ultra-high earth-rock dams of 200m and above face key technical issues such as deformation control and deformation coordination, which place higher and very urgent demands on understanding the mechanical properties of coarse materials such as the main damming material rock fill. At present, the allowable maximum particle size of an indoor large-scale triaxial or direct shear test instrument is 60mm, which is far smaller than the control particle size of a coarse particle material mined by a control blasting technology on site, namely 600-1600 mm, so that the indoor test needs to be carried out by reducing the size. Due to the size difference between the field prototype-grade ingredient and the indoor test substitute, the difference of the physical and mechanical properties of the field prototype-grade ingredient and the indoor test substitute is often caused, and the difference is called the scale effect.
The problem of how to control the compactness of a substitute material is firstly encountered in the research of the shrinkage effect of the coarse granules, and the control indexes reflecting the compactness of the coarse granules at present comprise porosity ratio or porosity, dry density, relative density, structural porosity ratio [2] and the like. However, the dry density value of the coarse granules needs to be accurately obtained no matter which index is adopted. The minimum dry density is less important than the maximum dry density. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an intensive study on the scale effect of the maximum dry density of the coarse particles.
Many scholars have studied the scale effect of the maximum dry density of coarse granules by using laboratory tests, and currently, the study mainly focuses on two aspects: firstly, the size relation of the maximum dry density obtained under the conditions that the maximum dry density changes along with the maximum particle size under a certain scaling method or under different scaling methods under the same compaction power is qualitatively researched, and the research results are more in this respect; secondly, the relationship between the maximum dry density and the gradation under the same compaction function is quantitatively researched, and the maximum dry density of the appearing field prototype gradation ingredients is obtained through calculation. This aspect is relatively fruitless. It should be noted that the quantitative description of the gradation in the above study still depends on the gradation curve, and although the parameter unevenness coefficient and curvature coefficient of the gradation curve can reflect the gradation to some extent, they are not accurate.
Due to the fact that the fractal theory can quantitatively describe the complexity degree of geometric shapes and space filling capacity, in recent years, some scholars apply the fractal theory to the research of geotechnical materials and obtain better results. Research has shown that: coarse grains in different grain size ranges all show certain fractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension can quantitatively and accurately describe the gradation of the coarse grains compared with the uncertainty of gradation represented by the uneven coefficient and the curvature coefficient.
However, currently, only few researchers have conducted studies on the relationship between the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension, and the existing related studies have neglected the effect of the content of particles smaller than 5mm and the maximum particle size on the maximum dry density. In fact, the same fractal dimension can correspond to a plurality of different grading with particle content less than 5mm under different maximum particle sizes, so that the maximum dry density of the field prototype grading is obviously unreasonable and unscientific to be obtained only according to the relationship between the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension.
Meanwhile, when the original-grade ingredients are scaled down by the current indoor test, the minimum particle sizes of the substitute ingredients and the original-grade ingredients on site are often the same, and the grading of the substitute ingredients and the original-grade ingredients are not strictly similar due to the factors such as the minimum particle sizes, a certain error exists, the error is called a truncation error, and the maximum dry density has the maximum particle size correlation, namely: for coarse particles with the same parent rock property and different maximum particle sizes, even under the condition that the fractal dimension of gradation before the test is the same, the maximum dry density obtained after compaction still has difference. Therefore, when the primary gradation density is estimated from the results of the laboratory test, the influence of the content of particles smaller than 5mm and the maximum particle diameter cannot be ignored.
On the other hand, the damming coarse aggregate has obvious particle crushing phenomenon in the filling process, and the particle crushing causes the change of gradation, thereby changing the physical and mechanical properties, so that the difference of the particle crushing degree of the substitute material obtained by different scaling methods in the compacting process and the change rule of the gradation before and after the particle crushing need to be deeply researched, and further the particle crushing condition and the change rule of the gradation of the original grade ingredient are estimated. At present, relevant researchers have not been reported.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art, provides a data research method for a maximum dry density test after size reduction of a particle size gradation, provides a method for normalizing the relationship between the maximum dry density and the gradation and the content of fine particles, establishes a relational expression between the maximum dry density and fractal dimension D1, the content of P5 and the maximum particle size, and calculates the maximum dry density of a prototype-grade batching.
The invention adopts the technical scheme for solving the technical problems that: the method for researching the data of the maximum dry density test after the grain size grading and scaling comprises the following steps:
firstly, reducing the size of a certain gradation coarse aggregate by adopting 4 different reducing methods such as an elimination method, an equivalent substitution method, a similar gradation method and a mixing method according to the standard requirements, wherein the maximum particle diameters of substituted gradation ingredients after reducing the size are respectively 20mm, 40 mm and 60 mm;
secondly, carrying out a maximum dry density test on each substitute grade of ingredients by adopting a vibration table method, and obtaining a method for normalizing the relation between the maximum dry density and the grade and the fine particle content based on test results and combining a fractal theory;
and thirdly, fitting the relationship between the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension of the gradation before the test, the content of the particles smaller than 5mm and the maximum particle size, and calculating the maximum dry density of the prototype-grade batching.
In the third step, according to the influence of the scale reduction method on the variation amplitude of the particle size distribution curve before and after the substitute material test, the relation between the particle crushing fractal dimension and the fractal dimension of the grading before the test, the particle content less than 5mm and the maximum particle size is summarized, and the particle crushing fractal dimension of the grading after filling is calculated.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention discloses a data research method for a maximum dry density test after particle grading and scaling, provides a method for normalizing the relationship between the maximum dry density and grading and the content of fine particles, and establishes the maximum dry density and fractal dimension D1The content of P5 and the maximum particle size, calculating the maximum dry density of the prototype-grade ingredients, and summarizing the fractal dimension D of the broken particles2Fractal dimension D of grading before test1P5 content and maximum particle diameter dmaxThe fractal dimension D of the broken particles of the prototype-grade burdening is calculated according to the relation between the two2。
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a rockfill material design grading curve according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows exemplary ρ d of the present inventionmaxA schematic of the relationship to ξ;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the variation curve of the sample gradation before and after the test according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows the present inventionBest mode for carrying out the invention2Schematic of the relationship with ζ.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated below:
with reference to the accompanying drawings: the method for researching the maximum dry density test after the grain size grading and scaling in the embodiment is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
firstly, reducing the size of a certain gradation coarse aggregate by adopting 4 different reducing methods such as an elimination method, an equivalent substitution method, a similar gradation method and a mixing method according to the standard requirements, wherein the maximum particle diameters of substituted gradation ingredients after reducing the size are respectively 20mm, 40 mm and 60 mm;
secondly, carrying out a maximum dry density test on each substitute grade of ingredients by adopting a vibration table method, and obtaining a method for normalizing the relation between the maximum dry density and the grade and the fine particle content based on test results and combining a fractal theory;
and thirdly, fitting the relationship between the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension of the gradation before the test, the content of the particles smaller than 5mm and the maximum particle size, and calculating the maximum dry density of the prototype-grade batching.
In the third step, according to the influence of the scale reduction method on the variation amplitude of the particle size distribution curve before and after the substitute material test, the relation between the particle crushing fractal dimension and the fractal dimension of the grading before the test, the particle content less than 5mm and the maximum particle size is summarized, and the particle crushing fractal dimension of the grading after filling is calculated.
The maximum dry density test is carried out in a Y5070 type vibrating table testing machine, the frequency and the amplitude are respectively 50Hz and 64mm, dry-method sample preparation is adopted in the test, the vibration time of each sample is 8min, and the samples adopt the same compaction function. The test material is rockfill material of a dam shell of a double-estuary core-wall rockfill dam, the parent rock of the rockfill material is similar to spot-shaped black mica potassium granite, the rock is gray, consists of two parts of spot crystals and a matrix, has a spot-shaped structure and a block-shaped to flake-shaped structure, and the part of the rock has a streamline structure formed by directionally arranging the spot crystals. The average design grading of the prototype rockfill material adopted by the sample grading is shown in figure 1, the maximum grain size is 600mm, the non-uniformity coefficient Cu is 19.8, and the curvature coefficient Cc is 1.4.
The prototype grading is scaled by 4 methods, namely, a removal method, an equivalent substitution method, a similar grading method and a mixing method, and the serial numbers are TC, DT, XJ and HH. Maximum particle size d of the substitute material scaled down by each method max60, 40 and 20mm respectively and as a number index for distinction. Sample No. HH having a maximum particle diameter of 60mm as reduced by mixing60Other samples are numbered similarly. According to the regulations, the maximum dry density is measured by adopting a vibration table method, 2 groups of parallel tests are carried out on each test, and the soil material number and the test results are shown in table 1. Here, in the results of the tests, the contents of particles smaller than 5mm before and after the test of each sample were represented by the contents of P5 and P5, respectively.
In order to quantify the gradation of coarse particles, the particle size fractal dimension D is used as an index for gradation quantification. Meanwhile, in order to distinguish the fractal dimension of gradation before and after the crushing of the particles, the fractal dimension of gradation before the test is recorded as D1The fractal dimension of gradation after the end of the test is called the fractal dimension of particle crushing and is recorded as D2。
The fractal characteristics of the coarse granules can be researched by adopting a logarithmic particle mass-particle size fractal model, namely:
in the formula: r is less than diThe particle size of (a); m (r < d)i) Is less than the particle diameter diThe particle mass of (a); mTIs the total mass of all particles; dmaxIs the maximum particle size; d is the fractal dimension.
The curve corresponding to the formula (1) in the double logarithmic coordinates is called a granularity fractal curve, the slope obtained by linear fitting is 3-D, and the fractal dimension D under each stage of configuration can be further solved. Fractal dimensions D1 and D2 and corresponding correlation coefficients obtained by linear fitting of particle size fractal curves of the samples before and after the test are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 achievement of maximum dry density scale effect test for coarse pellets
Table 1 The test results of sale effect on maximum dry density ofcoarse-grained soil
It has been shown that the maximum dry density of the coarse particles is closely related to the fractal dimension of the gradation before the test, the particle content of less than 5mm and the particle diameter.
In order to further study the quantitative relationship between the maximum dry density of the coarse granules and the above influencing factors, the method comprises
ξ＝D1lg(dmax)lg(100×P5)，
Wherein d ismaxIs the maximum particle size. The data in Table 1 are used to collate p of the rockfill materiald maxZeta relationship, as shown in FIG. 2 (a). At the same time, to indicate ρ of coarse particlesd maxZeta relation is universal, the maximum dry density test result of the sand gravel material is used for sorting rho of the soil materiald maxZeta relationship, as shown in FIG. 2 (b).
As can be seen in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b), p for two kinds of coarse particlesd maxZeta relation, all points have good normalization,
the maximum dry density of the samples of different grading is located in the vicinity of a curve and pd maxζ increases with ζ in a non-linear increasing trend.
As can be seen in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b), p for two kinds of coarse particlesd maxZeta relation, all points have good normalization, maximum dry density of different grading samples is near a curve, and rhod maxNon-linearly increasing trend with ξ increase rho for two coarse pelletsd maxThe zeta-relationship can be fitted using a 4 th order polynomial as shown in fig. 2(a) and fig. 2(b), respectively. Then there is the following formula:
ρd max＝a1ξ4+a2ξ3+a3ξ2+a4ξ+a5(2)
in the formula: for the rockfill material of the double-river mouth rockfill dam adopted in the text, parameter a1＝-2.4×10-3，a2＝4.16×10-2，a3＝-2.468×10-1，a4＝6.08×10-1，a5＝1.5512。
The maximum particle size of the primary material (design-grade material) of the rockfill material of the double-estuary rockfill dam is 600mm, the fractal dimension D1 is 2.47, the P5 content is 6% (corresponding to ξ being 5.34), the maximum dry density of the compaction function of the primary material under laboratory conditions is 2.143g/cm3 instead of formula (2), and is smaller than the maximum dry density (2.187g/cm3) of the primary material obtained by a field rolling test.
In order to study the influence of the reducing method on the crushing of coarse particles in the compaction process, the test data are collated, and grading change curves before and after the substitute material test with dmax of 60, 40 and 20mm under different reducing methods are plotted, as shown in fig. 3. Meanwhile, the difference Δ D (Δ D ═ D) of fractal dimensions of gradation before and after the test1-D2) Can reflect the average change situation of the gradation before and after the test, and the delta D of each substitute material is shown in the table 1.
As can be seen from fig. 3 and table 1, under the same compaction function, the variation range of the gradation of the substituted material before and after the test is reduced by the equivalent substitution method, the mixing method, the elimination method and the similar gradation method. As can be seen from Table 1, the Δ D obtained by equivalent alternative scaling is in the range of 0.289-0.972, and the Δ D obtained by the similar grading method is in the range of 0.026-0.059, which are greatly different from each other.
Research has shown that the breaking strength of coarse particles is mainly closely related to the number of contact points of the particles, and the fewer the contact points are, the more stress concentration is easily generated, and the more remarkable the particle breaking is. After the equivalent substitution method is adopted, the P5 content of each substitution material is 6%, the fine particles are less, the particle contact points are less, the coarse particles are easy to contact, and therefore the particle crushing phenomenon is obvious. And the P5 content of each substitute material is higher after the similar grading method is scaled.
Poly, d max60, 40 and 20mThe P5 content of the m substitute is 32%, 41% and 57%, the coarse and fine particle filling relation is good, more fine particles are arranged around the coarse particles, more contact points are arranged, stress concentration is not easy to generate, and particle breakage is relatively small. It can be seen that the reduction method (particle size distribution) and the P5 content have a significant effect on the breakage of the coarse particles.
Fig. 3 and table 1 also show that the particle size variation range of the substitute material after the equivalent alternative method scale reduction is gradually increased along with the increase of the maximum particle size, and the substitute materials of the other 3 scale reduction methods scale reduction are gradually decreased along with the increase of the maximum particle size.
As can be seen from Table 1, d is reduced by equivalent substitutionmaxThe 60mm substitute had a Δ D of 0.289, relative to DmaxThe reducing widths of the substitute materials with the diameters of 40 mm and 20mm are 48.4 percent and 236.3 percent, and the reducing widths are larger. Equal amount of
The P5 content of each substitute material is equal after the substitute method is reduced in size, the grading of the substitute material gradually tends to the original grading along with the increase of the maximum particle size, the particle filling relation is gradually compact, the contact points of the particles are more, and the particles are less prone to being broken. This is probably the main reason why the particle size of the substitute material gradually increases with the increase of the maximum particle size after the equivalent substitution method is scaled down.
The P5 content of the substitute material obtained by reducing the sizes of other 3 reducing methods is gradually reduced along with the increase of the maximum particle size, the contact point number of the particles is gradually reduced, the possibility of stress concentration is increased, and the particle crushing phenomenon is enhanced accordingly.
From the foregoing analysis, it can be seen that the particle size reduction of the coarse particles during compaction is closely related to the size distribution, the fine content and the particle diameter, therefore, the quantitative relationship between particle size reduction and the above-mentioned influencing factors can be described by the relationship between the fractal dimension D2 of particle size reduction and parameter ξ in section 32ξ relationship, as shown in FIG. 4, finding D2ξ are well linear and can be fitted with the following equation:
D2＝b1ξ+b2(3)
in the formula: for the rockfill of the double-river mouth rockfill dam adopted in the inventionMaterial, parameter b1＝8.683×10-2，b22.028. The particle crushing fractal dimension D of the prototype-grade burdening can be calculated according to the formula (3)2。
For the original-grade ingredient of the rockfill material of the double-estuary rockfill dam, the parameter ξ is 5.34, the particle crushing fractal dimension D2 obtained by substituting formula (3) after the original-grade ingredient test is 2.493, the delta D of the original-grade ingredient is 0.023, the reduction of corresponding values of substitute materials with dmax of 60, 40 and 20mm obtained by reducing the scale by an equivalent substitution method is larger and is 1157%, 1756% and 4126% respectively, which shows that the original-grade ingredient has good filling relation, is easy to compact and not easy to generate particle crushing, and the original-grade ingredient is reasonable.
For a certain gradation of coarse granules, 4 different scaling methods such as a removal method, an equivalent substitution method, a similar gradation method and a mixing method are adopted to scale according to the standard requirements. The maximum particle size of the substitute grade batch after the reduction is 20, 40 and 60mm respectively. Carrying out a maximum dry density test on each substitute grade ingredient by adopting a vibration table method, and discussing the relationship between the maximum dry density of coarse particles and the grade, the content of fine particles and the particle diameter based on the test result and combining with a fractal theory; the particle crushing rule of the coarse particles in the compaction process is researched, and the following main conclusions are obtained:
(1) provides a method for normalizing the relationship between the maximum dry density and the gradation and the fine grain content, and establishes the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension D1P5 content and maximum particle size, from which the maximum dry density of the prototype grade batch can be derived. The maximum dry density of the original-grade ingredients under the compaction function of laboratory conditions is calculated to be 2.175g/cm3 by using the formula, the maximum dry density obtained by a large compaction test under the same compaction function is 2.180g/cm3, the two are basically identical, and the rationality of the formula is verified;
(2) through the comparative analysis of the particle size distribution curves before and after the test of the substituted material after the reduction of the scales by different reduction methods, the grading change before and after the test of the substituted material by the equivalent reduction method is the largest, the elimination method is the second time, the mixing method is the second time, and the similar grading method is the smallest under the same compaction function. Wherein, the delta D obtained after the equivalent substitution method is reduced is in the range of 0.289-0.972, and the delta D obtained by the similar grading method is in the range of 0.026-0.059;
(3) summarizing a particle crushing fractal dimension D2Fractal dimension D of grading before test1P5 content and maximum particle diameter dmaxThe fractal dimension D of the broken particles of the prototype-grade burdening can be obtained according to the relation between the two2。
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of the claims.
Claims (2)
1. A method for researching data of a maximum dry density test after grain size grading and scaling is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) reducing the size of a certain gradation coarse aggregate by adopting a removal method, an equivalent substitution method, a similar gradation method and a mixing method according to the specification requirements by 4 different reducing methods, wherein the maximum particle sizes of the substituted gradation ingredients after reducing the size are respectively 20mm, 40 mm and 60 mm;
(2) carrying out a maximum dry density test on each substitute grade ingredient by adopting a vibration table method, and obtaining a method for normalizing the relation between the maximum dry density and the grade and the fine particle content based on the test result and combining a fractal theory;
(3) and fitting the relationship between the maximum dry density and the fractal dimension of the gradation before the test, the content of the particles smaller than 5mm and the maximum particle size, and calculating the maximum dry density of the prototype-grade batching.
2. The method of studying data of a maximum dry density test after pellet grading and scale as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (3), according to the influence of a scaling method on the variation range of the particle size distribution curve before and after the substitute material test, a relational expression between the particle crushing fractal dimension and the fractal dimension of the grading before the test, the particle content less than 5mm and the maximum particle size is summarized, and the particle crushing fractal dimension of the filled prototype-grade batching is calculated.
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