CN111154880B - Bladder cancer body fluid biopsy biomarker and application thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a group of body fluid biomarkers for assisting in diagnosing bladder cancer, wherein the biomarkers are SNP loci rs1485891776, rs3764324 and/or rs 1488782245. The invention can make the diagnosis of bladder cancer more convenient and easier by the research and the application of the SNP genotype diagnostic reagent and the diagnostic kit, and lays a foundation for the clinician to quickly and accurately master the state of illness of the patient and for the evaluation of clinical treatment effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cancer marker, in particular to a bladder cancer body fluid biopsy biomarker and application thereof.
Background
Bladder cancer is the 9 th common malignant tumor with incidence rate second to lung cancer and 13 th death. Most histological types of bladder cancer are urothelial cancer, which can be classified as either non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) or Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC). About 75% of newly diagnosed patients are NMIBC, with a high recurrence rate, 90% of 5-year survival rates, 50% of MIBC patients with 5-year survival rates and 50% metastasis, and only 5% of 5-year survival rates. There is currently no clinically ideal therapy for high-grade invasive bladder cancer, and available methods include radical cystectomy and chemotherapy, but the prognosis is poor. The gold standard for diagnosing bladder cancer is cystoscopy and histopathological biopsy, but cystoscopy is traumatic inspection, has great harm to patients, easily causes complications such as pain and hematuria, is high in cost, and is difficult to realize early diagnosis of tumors and real-time monitoring of curative effect, so that the clinical application of the cystoscopy is limited. Bladder tumor gene abnormalities are generally found by histopathological biopsy, but due to tumor heterogeneity, partial tissue biopsies may not represent the most aggressive subpopulation. Urine cytology, which is a non-invasive method for detecting bladder cancer, is a diagnostic method commonly used in clinic, but has the disadvantages of strong subjectivity, insufficient sensitivity to tumors with low malignancy, dependence on operation, and the like. The above methods have their own limitations, and therefore, the search for specific detection markers for bladder cancer is urgent.
In recent years, with the continuous and intensive research on liquid biopsy, a new direction is provided for the research on tumors, and it is found that liquid biopsy has important significance in the research on tumors, and liquid biopsy takes body fluid (especially blood or urine) of a cancer patient to detect Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), circulating free DNA (cfdna) (including circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA), exosomes and other specific tumor markers in the body fluid and makes early diagnosis on the cancer, so that the liquid biopsy can rapidly become the focus of clinical attention because the disease status of the cancer patient can be monitored in real time, has the advantages of being noninvasive, easy to repeat and the like, and can detect gene changes related to tumor targeted therapy or therapy resistance, can dynamically evaluate specific molecular markers, and has potential application prospect in the aspects of establishing an individual treatment scheme, monitoring curative effect, judging prognosis and the like of tumors in future liquid biopsy. And the blood sample and the urine sample are noninvasive and relatively easy to obtain, so that the research has more clinical application value.
CTCs were first proposed by Ashwort in 1869, and are now commonly defined as tumor cells that are shed from solid tumors or metastases, also known as tumor micrometastases or circulating epithelial cells, that enter the patient's peripheral blood by self-shedding or diagnostic procedures. A small fraction of CTCs that enter the peripheral blood and are not recognized by the body's immune system and are cleared can form tiny cancer plugs by adhesion and aggregation, invade blood vessels, penetrate the basement membrane, and form metastases in distant organs. Malignant tumor metastasis is a significant cause of death in tumor patients, and the results of more and more molecular biological and clinical studies indicate that tumor metastasis is likely to have already occurred in the early stages of tumorigenesis. At present, the discovery and diagnosis of tumors still rely on imaging examination and traditional tumor marker monitoring clinically, and the metastasis or recurrence of the tumors is difficult to discover at an early stage and the curative effect is difficult to reflect in time. Many research results in recent years prove that CTCs in peripheral blood play an important role in tumor metastasis, and the detection technology has important significance in early detection of tumor micrometastasis, evaluation of prognosis and curative effect and individualized treatment of tumors. Studies have shown that CTCs can be detected in peripheral blood of malignant digestive tumors of epithelial origin, such as pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer, and the number, morphology and dynamic changes of CTCs can reflect the progression and therapeutic effect of tumors.
Circulating free DNA (cfdna), also called free DNA, refers to DNA fragments that are free from cells in circulating plasma or serum, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid. The content is very rare and is usually double-stranded, the fragment is shorter, is about between 160 and 180bp, and is derived from normal or tumor cells. Wherein the DNA released by tumor cells from a tumor patient due to unprogrammed death is circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). It is generally believed that apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells are often phagocytosed by giant saliva cells or other scavenger cells, and that macrophages that have engulfed tumor cells may actively release digested DNA. Many tumor patients have higher ctDNA content than healthy individuals and studies have shown that a patient carrying 100g of tumor, about 3 x 1010 tumor cells, has up to about 3.3% of the tumor cells released into the peripheral blood per day. As can be seen, quantitative detection of ctDNA is an indicator to reflect the presence and severity of tumors. A series of convenient, quick, sensitive, specific and minimally invasive molecular biological detection means are provided for early diagnosis, prognosis monitoring, tracking and follow-up of clinical tumors and the like through quantitative detection and characteristic gene detection of ctDNA of tumor patients.
Due to the fact that the content of ctDNA in blood plasma or blood serum is rare, the technical requirement for detecting the ctDNA is high, and the problems that absolute quantification cannot be realized due to poor accuracy of common detection methods such as a spectrophotometry method and a real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the like are solved, the ctDNA is quantitatively detected by using digital PCR (digital PCR) which is established in recent years, and the digital PCR is an absolute quantification technology. At present, the quantitative detection of ctDNA in plasma of patients by using digital PCR is only reported at home and abroad, and a method for quantitatively detecting ctDNA in plasma by using digital PCR is established in laboratories, so that the method is stable, reliable and repeatable.
At present, ctDNA noninvasive detection is a clinical research hotspot, and genome variation and related clinical analysis of ctDNA are very significant in early screening, medication and prognosis of tumors. The research of ctDNA as a tumor marker is still in an initial stage, so far, the research of tumor types is few, the research of genome variation in ctDNA is few, and the research report of bladder cancer is not seen in China. The ctDNA genome variation is more specific than tissues, and the ctDNA can be directly separated from blood and urine samples, and by virtue of the characteristic of short half-life period in body fluid, the ctDNA can reflect dynamic change of tumors in real time and can also eliminate the defect of tumor heterogeneity in tissue detection, so the ctDNA can be used as a bladder cancer body fluid biopsy biomarker and also provides a new target for gene therapy. The project aims to screen ctDNA genome variation with clinical application value in bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis, open up a new way for researching a new molecular marker of liquid biopsy gene mutation in noninvasive diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring of bladder cancer, and provide experimental basis and theoretical research data for further clarifying pathogenesis of bladder cancer.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention discloses an application of a biomarker for assisting in diagnosing bladder cancer in preparing a product for assisting in detecting or diagnosing bladder cancer, which is characterized in that the biomarker is selected from SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of the following groups: rs1485891776, rs3764324 or rs 1488782245.
Preferably, the biomarker is rs 1485891776.
Preferably, the biomarker is rs 3764324.
Preferably, the biomarker is rs 1488782245.
Preferably, the biomarker is a combination of rs1485891776, rs3764324 and rs 1488782245.
Preferably, the product comprises primers for amplifying the SNP sites.
Preferably, the primer sequence is:
the invention also provides application of a primer for detecting the following SNP sites in preparing a kit for auxiliary detection or diagnosis of bladder cancer, wherein the SNP is selected from the following groups: rs1485891776, rs3764324 or rs 1488782245.
Preferably, wherein the primer sequences are as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-6.
Preferably, wherein the kit further comprises dNTPs, double distilled water, Taq enzyme.
Also provided is a use method of the kit, which is characterized in that:
(1) collecting a blood sample of an individual to be detected;
(2) extracting circulating tumor DNA;
(3) and performing PCR amplification by using a primer aiming at the SNP locus, analyzing an amplification product, and determining the type of the SNP locus.
Preferably, wherein the step of extracting circulating tumor DNA is as follows:
A. separation and preservation of plasma
Plasma was separated and stored using a two-step centrifugation: collecting a sample by using a vacuum anticoagulation blood collection tube, slightly reversing and uniformly mixing the blood collection tube for 8 times in time after collection, carrying out low-temperature cooling and low-speed centrifuge at 4 ℃, centrifuging the blood collection tube for 15min by 1600g, recovering supernatant plasma, transferring the recovered supernatant plasma to a 2.0mLEP tube, placing the tube on an ice box in advance, numbering the tube, placing the tube on the ice box in a cooled low-speed centrifuge, centrifuging the tube for 10min by 16000g, recovering the supernatant plasma, sending the supernatant plasma to 2.0mL EP tubes on the ice box in batches, and rapidly storing the tube to a refrigerator at-80 ℃ after numbering until free DNA is extracted;
ctDNA purification and extraction
a. Adding 20 mu L of proteinase K storage solution and 200 mu L of the same plasma sample into two 1.5mL centrifuge tubes respectively, then adding 200 mu L of buffer solution respectively, and carrying out vortex oscillation for 15 seconds and then carrying out water bath for 10min at 56 ℃;
b. adding 320 mu L of absolute ethyl alcohol into the two tubes, and uniformly mixing;
c. placing a nucleic acid purification column in a 2mL centrifuge tube, adding one tube of mixed liquor in the step 2, centrifuging at 12000rpm for 30s, then discarding filtrate, returning to the same purification column, adding the other tube of mixed liquor in the step 2, then discarding filtrate again and returning to the purification column, adding 500 mu L of absolute ethyl alcohol-containing eluent into the purification column, repeating the centrifugation, then discarding filtrate, adding 700 mu 1 of eluent into the column, repeating the centrifugation, discarding filtrate, then returning to the nucleic acid purification column, and centrifuging at 14000rpm for 1 min;
d. reserving a nucleic acid purification column, putting the nucleic acid purification column into a 1.5mL centrifuge tube provided by the kit, adding 25-30 mu 1Buffer TE preheated at 56 ℃ into the middle of a purification column membrane, standing for 1 minute at room temperature, and then centrifuging for 30s at 12000 rpm;
e. the purification column is discarded, and the eluted plasma free nucleic acid can be immediately used for PCR or RT-PCR detection, or stored at-20 ℃ for later use.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention develops a novel bladder cancer body fluid biopsy biomarker, and no report on the biomarker is available before. The invention provides a new way for quickly diagnosing the bladder cancer.
(2) The invention takes the ctDNA as a detection object, has the advantage of high sensitivity, and the ctDNA can be detected at more than 10 pg. By adopting the bladder cancer detection method, 5-10mL of peripheral blood is extracted, and prediction of bladder cancer is rapidly completed through mutation analysis of ctDNA, so that the whole detection process is non-invasive and has no negative influence on patients.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of clinical case specimen detection and analysis according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a ROC plot of 3 SNP sites of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1 screening for genomic variations in circulating tumor DNA of bladder cancer
The screening process is shown in figure 1, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1) screening for circulating tumor DNA genomic variations
Collecting samples:
100 blood samples of bladder cancer patients with different pathological types at different stages before, after and after treatment are collected, and clinical data of the patients are recorded in detail, wherein the clinical data comprise age, sex, histopathological type, classification, laboratory examination, various imaging examinations, disease progression, other disease conditions and the like. Histological classification the bladder cancer was histopathologically classified using the 2016 classification standard of WHO urinary system and male reproductive organ tumor classification (4 th edition): urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
78 blood samples of non-cancer normal persons matched in age and sex with the bladder cancer case group were collected at the same time.
Extraction of circulating tumor DNA:
the optimized extraction steps are as follows:
A. separation and preservation of plasma
Plasma was separated and stored using a two-step centrifugation: the method comprises the steps of collecting a sample by using a vacuum anticoagulation blood collection tube, slightly reversing and uniformly mixing the blood collection tube for 8 times after collection, carrying out low-temperature cooling low-speed centrifuge at 4 ℃, centrifuging the blood collection tube for 15min by 1600g, recovering supernatant plasma, transferring the supernatant plasma to a 2.0mLEP tube, placing the tube on an ice box in advance for numbering, placing the tube on the ice box in a cooled low-speed centrifuge, centrifuging the tube for 10min by 16000g, recovering the supernatant plasma, sending the supernatant plasma to 2.0mL EP tubes on the ice box in batches, and rapidly storing the tube to a refrigerator at-80 ℃ after numbering until free DNA is extracted.
ctDNA purification and extraction
a. mu.L of proteinase K stock and 200. mu.L of the same plasma sample were added to two 1.5mL centrifuge tubes, respectively, followed by 200. mu.L of buffer VL containing Carrier rRNA, vortexed for 15 seconds and then incubated at 56 ℃ for 10 min.
b. Add 320. mu.L of absolute ethanol to both tubes and mix well.
c. Placing a nucleic acid purification column in a 2mL centrifuge tube, adding one tube of mixed liquor in the step 2, centrifuging at 12000rpm for 30s, then discarding filtrate, returning to the same purification column, adding the other tube of mixed liquor in the step 2, then discarding filtrate again and returning to the purification column, adding 500 mu L of bufferWA containing absolute ethyl alcohol into the purification column, repeating the centrifugation, then discarding filtrate, adding 700 mu 1 of bufferWA into the column, repeating the centrifugation, returning to the nucleic acid purification column after discarding the filtrate, and centrifuging at 14000rpm for 1 min.
d. The nucleic acid purification cartridge was retained, and placed in a 1.5mL centrifuge tube provided in the kit, and 25 to 30. mu.1 Buffer TE preheated at 56 ℃ was added to the middle of the membrane of the purification cartridge, and after standing at room temperature for 1 minute, centrifuged at 12000rpm for 30 seconds.
e. The purification column is discarded, and the eluted plasma free nucleic acid can be immediately used for PCR or RT-PCR detection, or stored at-20 ℃ for later use.
③ primary screening of circulating tumor DNA gene variation:
amplifying the circulating tumor DNA extracted in the steps, performing second-generation sequencing, detecting genome variation, analyzing data, and screening out gene mutation with obvious difference with a control group.
Fourthly, verification of the circulating tumor DNA gene variation:
and (3) verifying the primarily screened ctDNA genome variation one by using a digital PCR technology. The digital PCR technology is a new nucleic acid detection and quantification method, and adopts the strategy of 'divide-and-conquer', a standard PCR reaction is distributed into a plurality of nano-grade reactors, each reactor contains 0, 1 or a plurality of copied target molecules, single-molecule template PCR amplification is carried out, after the amplification is finished, the counting statistics and analysis are carried out on the fluorescence signals of each reactor, and finally the template copy number in the original sample is calculated according to the Poisson distribution principle and the number and proportion of positive reactors. The detection mode has more excellent sensitivity, specificity and accuracy than the traditional PCR, and can realize absolute quantification in a real sense.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS18.0 software, using PASS software to calculate the amount of clinical samples needed for diagnosis and prognosis, using one-way anova for group comparisons, and using Spearman rankcoefficient test for correlation analysis.
As a result: carrying out deep processing and bioinformatics sequence comparison on the second generation data to determine that 70 SNP sites with significantly different genotype distribution frequencies in a bladder cancer group and a health control group are preferred sensitive sites, selecting 8 verified mutation sites for genotype frequency distribution analysis after later-stage digital PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technical verification, and finding 3 SNP sites with attention after analysis: site 1: mutation site rs1485891776(G > a) located on TERT gene, site 2: mutation site rs1488782245(C > T) located on NRK gene; position 3: the mutation site rs3764324(T > A) located on FUS gene. Wherein, the frequency of the A allele at the locus rs1485891776 is obviously higher in case groups than in normal control groups (P is 0.006), Logistic regression analysis shows that compared with GG genotypes, after correction by factors such as age, sex and the like, the risk of the individuals carrying the variation AA and AG genotypes suffering from bladder cancer is obviously increased, and the risk of the individuals carrying the A allele suffering from bladder cancer is 1.51 times that of the individuals carrying the G allele (95% CI is 1.13-1.75, and P is 0.008). The frequency of the C allele at locus rs1488782245 is significantly higher in case groups than in normal control groups (P ═ 0.009), Logistic regression analysis shows that individuals carrying variant CC and CT genotypes are at a significantly increased risk of bladder cancer compared to TT genotypes, and individuals carrying the C allele are at a 1.47-fold higher risk of bladder cancer than those carrying the G allele (95% CI is 1.04-1.65, P ═ 0.002). The frequency of the A allele at the locus rs3764324 is obviously higher in case groups than in normal control groups (P is 0.01), and Logistic regression analysis shows that compared with TT genotype, after correction by factors such as age and sex, the risk of the individuals carrying the variant AA genotype is obviously increased, and the risk of the individuals carrying the A allele suffering from bladder cancer is 1.35 times that of the individuals carrying the T allele (95% CI is 1.38-2.15, and P is 0.007).
Example 2 evaluation of the clinical value of genomic variations in circulating tumor DNA of bladder cancer
To verify the reliability of the 3 mutation sites, the following experiments were performed using case samples different from those in example 1:
1. circulating tumor DNA of 58 other patients with bladder cancer is extracted as a sample, products of 3 SNP sites are obtained by adopting conventional PCR amplification, and the amplified products are purified and sequenced. The following primers were used for amplification:
TABLE 1 primer sequences
The PCR reaction system is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2PCR amplification System
| Components | Concentration of | Volume of |
| 5×Buffer | 5× | |
| Upstream primer | 10uM | 3.0μL |
| Downstream primer | 10uM | 3.0μL |
| Form panel | 2.0μL | |
| dNTPs | 2.5mM | 0.8μL |
| HotStar polymerase | 0.2μL | |
| ddH2O | Make up to 20. mu.L |
The PCR amplification procedure was: pre-denaturation at 95 deg.C for 10min, denaturation at 94 deg.C for 15s, annealing at 58 deg.C for 15s, extension at 72 deg.C for 30s, performing 30 cycles, final extension at 72 deg.C for 30min, storing at 4 deg.C, and standing overnight at-20 deg.C for freezing.
2. Sequencing
After the PCR amplification is finished, taking 5 mu L of amplification product, carrying out 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, carrying out electrophoresis for 30min, dyeing for 20min, then placing the gel block in a gel imager for observation, and preliminarily judging whether the amplified fragment is correct or not according to the condition of comparing the size of the Marker fragment. And further purifying the amplification product meeting the requirements, and loading and sequencing.
3. Data analysis
Analyzing the result after sequencing by using SPSS software, drawing an ROC curve and calculating and analyzing the area under the curve, wherein the comparison of all indexes AUC adopts Z test of a single variable, and the difference is considered to have statistical significance when P is less than 0.05; the Cut-off value of each index is determined by adopting a functional method, the diagnosis threshold value represented when the maximum value of 'sensitivity + specificity' is taken is the Cut-off value, and the clinical diagnosis performance evaluation indexes (sensitivity and specificity) are calculated according to the value and the gold standard (pathological diagnosis result). And (3) carrying out COX regression multi-factor model analysis on the person with P <0.05 in the one-factor variance analysis by adopting a Kalpan-Meier survival analysis method.
As a result, it was found that: the areas under the curves calculated from the ROC curve are AUC rs 1488782245: 0.822, AUC rs 3764324: 0.869, AUC rs 1485891776: 0.913, the diagnostic performance of the three was significantly superior to the AUC (p is 0.006) of the common bladder cancer serum tumor markers CA19-9 and CK19 (wherein AUC isCA19-9：0.782，AUCCK19: 0.809), rs 1485891776. Three SNP sites are used for diagnosis at the same time, so that higher sensitivity and specificity are endowed for diagnosis.
EXAMPLE 3 SNP kit for auxiliary diagnosis of bladder cancer
Based on the primer set obtained in example 2, the kit for bladder cancer of the present invention, which includes specific primers for amplifying the 3 SNP sites, and common reagents required for the corresponding PCR technology, such as: dNTPs, MgCl2, double distilled water, Taq enzyme, etc., which are commonly used reagents well known to those skilled in the art, and in addition, standards and controls (e.g., genotyping standards and blanks, etc.) may be present. The kit has the value that only peripheral blood is needed without other tissue samples, mutation sites are detected through the simplest and most specific primer pairs, and bladder cancer is judged in an auxiliary manner, so that the kit is stable, convenient and accurate to detect, and the sensitivity and specificity of disease diagnosis are greatly improved, so that the kit can be put into practice to help guide diagnosis.
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Claims (8)
1. Use of a reagent for the detection of a bodily fluid biomarker in a blood sample for aiding the diagnosis of bladder cancer in the manufacture of a product for aiding the detection or diagnosis of bladder cancer, wherein the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of the following SNPs: rs1485891776, rs3764324 or rs 1488782245.
2. The use of claim 1, wherein the biomarker is rs 1485891776.
3. The use of claim 1, wherein the biomarker is a combination of rs1485891776, rs3764324 and rs 1488782245.
4. The use of claim 1, wherein said product comprises primers for amplifying said SNP sites.
5. The use of claim 4, wherein the primer sequence is:
6. the application of a primer for detecting SNP sites in a blood sample in preparing a kit for auxiliary detection or diagnosis of bladder cancer is characterized in that the SNP is selected from the following: rs1485891776, rs3764324 or rs 1488782245.
7. The use of claim 6, wherein the primer sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1-6.
8. The use of claim 7, wherein said kit further comprises dNTPs, double distilled water, Taq enzyme.
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