CN111088822A - Excavator engine start protection control system and excavator - Google Patents
Excavator engine start protection control system and excavator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111088822A CN111088822A CN202010122474.9A CN202010122474A CN111088822A CN 111088822 A CN111088822 A CN 111088822A CN 202010122474 A CN202010122474 A CN 202010122474A CN 111088822 A CN111088822 A CN 111088822A
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- starting
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
- E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
- E02F9/2246—Control of prime movers, e.g. depending on the hydraulic load of work tools
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an excavator engine starting protection control system and an excavator, wherein the excavator engine starting protection control system comprises a starting main circuit and a starting protection circuit; the starting protection circuit is connected in the starting main circuit, the running of the starting motor is realized by starting the main circuit, the running starting motor drags the engine to run, the secondary suction of the starting motor is avoided by the starting protection circuit, and the 'lifting rod starting' of the excavator is avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a novel hydraulic excavator engine starting protection control system, and belongs to the technical field of hydraulic excavator engine control.
Background
At present, the engine is started mainly by driving a gear ring to drag an outer gear ring of a flywheel of the engine by a starting motor so that the flywheel of the engine reaches the minimum starting rotating speed, then the gear ring of the starting motor is separated from the outer gear ring of the flywheel of the engine, an ECM (electronic control model) of the engine controls an electromagnetic valve of an oil injector, and a piston reciprocates to compress and combust mixed gas in a cylinder so as to start the engine. If the starting motor drives the gear ring to be incapable of being separated from the flywheel outer gear ring or in the normal working state of the engine after the rotating speed of the engine reaches a specific rotating speed, the key switch is rotated to the starting position due to improper operation, so that the motor drives the gear ring to be in contact and meshed with the flywheel outer gear ring again, the starting motor is damaged, and then the engine cannot work normally; therefore, how to develop a safer starting control system becomes the key point of the successive research and development of the industry.
The traditional starting circuit consists of a starting control circuit and a starting main circuit. The starting control circuit consists of a storage battery, a fuse, a key switch and a starting relay; the main starting circuit consists of a storage battery, a pull-in coil and a starting motor, but has the following main defects: 1. after the engine is started, secondary starting is easy to occur due to improper operation, and a starting motor or an engine flywheel is damaged; 2. the operation of 'lifting the rod' is easy to appear when the device is started, and potential safety hazards are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the invention provides a novel engine starting protection control system, which effectively reduces the 'secondary starting' and 'bench rod starting' of a starter and improves the safety protection measures of the system by adding a safety handle, a safety handle starting relay, a starter protection relay and other components in a starting control circuit.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a starting protection control system of an excavator engine comprises a starting main circuit and a starting protection circuit; the starting protection circuit is connected in the starting main circuit, the running of the starting motor is realized by starting the main circuit, the running starting motor drags the engine to run, the secondary suction of the starting motor is avoided by the starting protection circuit, and the 'lifting rod starting' of the excavator is avoided.
Further, the starting main circuit comprises a storage battery, a power supply main switch, a motor coil and a starting motor; wherein the motor coil includes a pull-in coil and a hold-in coil; when the main starting circuit is switched on, the pull-in coil and the holding coil work simultaneously to push out the driving lever of the starting motor, the current of the pull-in coil passes through the main contact of the starting motor to enable the starting motor to rotate at a low speed and push out the driving gear ring of the starting motor to be meshed with the external gear ring of the engine flywheel until the main starting circuit of the starting motor is switched on, the pull-in coil is short-circuited, and the large current passes through the main contact of the starting motor to enable the starting motor to rotate at a high speed.
Furthermore, a circuit breaker is also connected in series in the starting main circuit.
Further, the starting protection circuit comprises a storage battery, a power supply main switch, a key switch, a safety handle starting relay, a starter relay I, a starter relay II, a starter protection relay and a generator; the starter relay I and the starter relay II are connected in series in the starting main circuit and used for switching on and off the starting main circuit; a control loop of a starting relay of the safety handle and a control loop of a starter relay II are controlled by the safety handle; a control loop of a starter relay I is controlled through the static or running state of an engine flywheel; a starter relay II control loop is controlled through the running state of the generator; the power supply control loop is controlled by a key switch signal and a master switch.
Furthermore, an attraction coil of the starter relay I is wound on an iron core coil and forms a closed loop through a rectifier diode; the flywheel of the engine rotates, magnetic flux passing through the closed coil changes, the closed loop generates current, unidirectional current is formed through the rectifier diode, and the pull-in of the starter relay switch is controlled.
Further, the P terminal of the generator is connected with the P terminal of the starter protection relay and grounded, after the engine is started, the generator works, the P terminal of the generator outputs a voltage signal to the starter protection relay, the S terminal of the starter protection relay is blocked from being grounded, the starting control circuit is disconnected, and the starting motor does not work.
Furthermore, an R wiring terminal of the key switch is connected with the safety handle and then connected with an attraction coil of the safety handle starting relay and then grounded; and an ON binding post of the key switch is connected with a switch binding post of the safety handle starting relay and then connected with a coil of the starter relay II, and then connected with an S terminal of the starter protection relay and grounded.
Further, after the key switch is connected to the ON wiring terminal, the positive pole of the power supply is grounded after passing through the fuse, the key switch, the safety handle and the safety handle starting relay coil to form a loop, and the safety handle starting relay switch is closed to form the loop.
Further, after the key switch is connected with the St terminal, the positive electrode of the storage battery is connected with a power terminal + B of the key switch through a wire harness and a fuse, and then connected with a safety handle to start the relay switch, and the starter protects the S terminal of the relay and then is grounded through a coil of the starting relay II to form a loop, and the starter relay II is switched on; meanwhile, the flywheel of the engine is static, the normally closed switch of the starter relay I is closed, a main loop of the starting motor is formed, the starting motor rotates to drive the flywheel to rotate, the switch loops of the starter relay I and the starting relay II are disconnected after the engine is started, the main loop of the starting motor is disconnected, and the starting motor does not work and is separated from the flywheel outer gear ring.
The excavator comprises an engine, and the excavator engine starting protection control system is arranged on the engine.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
by using various electric elements such as the starter relay, the starter protection relay and the like, the starting circuit of the engine is safer and more reliable, the secondary suction of the starting motor is effectively avoided, and the 'lifting rod starting' of the excavator is avoided.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention without limiting the invention. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the present invention;
reference numerals: 1-starting motor, 2-motor coil, 3-power relay, 4-fuse, 5-safety handle, 6-iron core coil, 7-engine flywheel, 8-permanent magnet, 9-rectifier diode, 10-starter relay I, 11-safety handle starting relay, 12-starter relay II, 13-circuit breaker, 14-storage battery A, 15-storage battery B, 16-power main switch, 17-generator, 18-starter protection relay and 19-key switch.
Detailed Description
In order to make the implementation objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. In the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The described embodiments are only some, but not all embodiments of the invention. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic circuit diagram of an excavator engine start protection control system, which is a start protection circuit diagram and a start main circuit diagram respectively. The starting protection control system of the excavator engine mainly comprises a starting motor 1, a motor coil (a pull coil and a holding coil) 2, a power supply relay 3, a fuse 4, a safety handle 5, an iron core coil 6, an engine flywheel 7, a permanent magnet 8, a rectifier diode 9, a starter relay I10, a safety handle starting relay 11, a starter relay II 12, a circuit breaker 13, a storage battery A14, a storage battery B15, a power supply main switch 16, a generator 17, a starter protection relay 18 and a key switch 19.
The main starting circuit is composed of a power main switch 16, a storage battery A14, a storage battery B15, a circuit breaker 13, a starting motor 1 and a motor coil 2 (a pull-in coil and a holding coil); when the main starting circuit is switched on, the pull-in coil and the holding coil work simultaneously to push out the driving lever of the starting motor, the current of the pull-in coil passes through the main contact of the starting motor to enable the starting motor 1 to rotate at a low speed and push out the driving gear ring of the starting motor to be meshed with the external gear ring of the engine flywheel 7 until the main starting circuit of the starting motor is switched on, the pull-in coil is short-circuited, large current passes through the main contact of the starting motor, and the starting motor 1 rotates at a high speed to start the engine.
The starting protection circuit is composed of a power supply main switch 16, a storage battery A14, a storage battery B15, a fuse 4, a key switch 19, a safety handle 5, a safety handle starting relay 11, an engine flywheel 7, an iron core coil 6, a permanent magnet 8, a starter relay I10, a starter relay II 12, a starter protection relay 18 and a generator 17. The starter relay I10 and the starter relay II 12 are connected in series in the starting main circuit and used for switching on and off the starting main circuit; a control loop of a safety handle starting relay 11 and a control loop of a starter relay II 12 are controlled by a safety handle 5; a control loop of a starter relay I10 is controlled through the static or running state of an engine flywheel 7; a starter relay II 12 control loop is controlled through the running state of the generator 17; the power control loop is controlled by a key switch 19 signal and a master switch.
The working principle of the excavator engine starting protection control system is given as follows:
firstly: starting a working principle of a protection circuit:
1. the battery is directly input to the + B terminal of the key switch 19 through the wire harness and the fuse 4.
2. The R terminal of the key switch 19 is connected with the safety handle 5 and then connected with the attracting coil of the safety handle starting relay 11 and then grounded.
3. An ON terminal of the key switch 19 is connected with a switch terminal of the safety handle starting relay 11 and then connected with a coil of the starter relay II 12 and then connected with an S terminal of the starter protection relay 18 and grounded, so that the loop of the pull-in coil of the safety handle starting relay 11 is a precondition for pull-in of the starter relay II 12.
4. The starter relay I10 is wound on an iron core coil 6, a closed loop is formed by a rectifier diode 9 and an attraction coil of the starter relay I10, the switch attraction of the starter relay I10 is controlled, an engine flywheel 7 rotates, magnetic flux passing through the closed loop changes, current is generated in the closed loop, unidirectional current is formed by the rectifier diode 9, and the attraction of the switch of the starter relay I10 is controlled.
5. The P terminal of the generator 17 is connected with the P terminal of the starter protection relay 18 and grounded, after the engine is started, the generator 17 works, the P terminal outputs a voltage signal to the starter protection relay 18, the S terminal is blocked and cannot be grounded, the starting control circuit is disconnected, and the starting motor 1 does not work.
Secondly, the method comprises the following steps: starting the working principle of a main loop:
the positive electrode of the storage battery is grounded through a wire harness, a circuit breaker 13, a switch of a starter relay I10, a switch of a starter relay II 12, a pull-in coil, a holding coil and a main contact of a starting motor.
Firstly, after a key switch is connected to an ON terminal:
the positive pole of the storage battery is grounded after passing through the fuse 4, the key switch 19, the safety handle 5 and the coil of the safety handle starting relay 11 to form a loop, and the switch of the safety handle starting relay 11 is closed to form the loop.
Secondly, after a key switch is connected to the St terminal:
the positive pole of the storage battery is connected with a power supply terminal + B of the key switch 19 through a wire harness and a fuse 4, and then connected with a safety handle to start a switch of the relay 11, and the starter protects an S terminal of the relay 18 and then is grounded through a coil of the starting relay II 12 to form a loop, and the switch of the starter relay II 12 is switched on; meanwhile, the flywheel 7 of the engine is static, the normally closed switch of the starter relay I10 is closed, a main loop of the starting motor is formed, the starting motor 1 rotates to drive the flywheel to rotate, the switch loops of the starter relay I10 and the starting relay II 12 are disconnected after the engine is started, the main loop of the starting motor 1 is disconnected, and the starting motor 1 does not work and is separated from the flywheel outer gear ring.
With continued reference to fig. 1, the above circuit can avoid the occurrence of the secondary starting and lever raising starting states of the starter caused by improper operation, and when implemented, the control devices and detailed processes are as follows:
firstly, avoiding normal operation of an engine, and rotating a key switch to a St position to cause secondary starting of the engine:
the starting protection circuit consists of the following electric elements: the starter comprises a power supply main switch 16, a storage battery A14, a storage battery B15, a fuse 4, a key switch 19, a safety handle 5, a safety handle starting relay 11, a starter relay I10, a starter protection relay 18, an engine flywheel 7, a permanent magnet 8, an iron core coil 6, a starter relay II 12, a starter protection relay 18 and the like.
The storage battery A14 and the storage battery B15 are connected in series to form 24V voltage, the power supply main switch 16 is connected with the negative pole of the storage battery B15 and grounded, the positive pole of the storage battery A14 is communicated with a 'B' binding post of the key switch 19 through a wiring harness and a fuse 4, the key switch 19 is turned ON, 1 'the binding post is communicated with 1 binding post, 2' the binding post is simultaneously turned ON, the power supply electricity passes through an R binding post and the wiring harness of the key switch 19, at the moment, if a 0 binding post in the safety handle 5 is communicated with 1 binding post, a coil closing loop of the safety handle starting relay 11 is formed, and the safety handle starting relay 11 is; the current of the storage battery A14 is switched ON and grounded through an 'ON' terminal of the key switch 19, the safety handle starting relay 11 and an 'S' terminal of the starter protective relay 18, at the moment, a control loop of the starter relay II 12 is formed, and a normally open switch of the starter relay II 12 is closed; meanwhile, the engine flywheel 7 is static, the starter relay I10 is closed, no current flows in a loop, and the starter relay I10 long-closing switch is closed.
The key switch 19 is rotated to connect the 2' terminal with the St terminal, a control loop of the starter relay II 12 is formed, a normally open switch of the starter relay II 12 is closed, at the moment, the positive electrode of the storage battery A14 is directly connected with the motor coil 2 (a pull-in coil and a holding coil) through a wire harness and a breaker 13 and grounded, the starting motor 1 drives the small gear ring to be meshed with the outer gear ring of the engine flywheel 7, and the engine is started.
After starting, the engine flywheel 7 rotates, when the rotating speed of the engine flywheel 7 exceeds a certain numerical value, the iron core coil 6 generates current, the starter relay I10 is disconnected by normal close electric shock, meanwhile, the generator 17 driven by a belt rotates normally and generates electricity, the generator 17 outputs current to the P terminal of the starter protection relay 18, the S terminal is disconnected with the ground terminal GND, the control circuit of the starter relay II 12 is disconnected, the normal open switch of the starter relay II 12 is disconnected, the starting main circuit is disconnected, the starting motor 1 does not work and is separated from the outer gear ring of the engine flywheel 7 rotating at a high speed, and starting is completed.
Secondly, the safety handle is in a disconnected state, the engine can be started, and the 'lifting rod starting' is avoided:
a neutral starting relay 11 control loop is controlled by a safety handle 5 (single-pole single-throw), when an 'O' electric shock and a '1' electric shock of the safety handle 5 are connected, a coil of the safety handle starting relay 11 is grounded to form a closed loop, and a precondition for forming a starting control loop is formed.
The invention also discloses an excavator, which comprises an engine, wherein the engine of the excavator is provided with the starting protection control system, and a starting circuit of the engine is safer and more reliable by using various electric elements such as a starter relay, a starter protection relay and the like, so that the secondary suction of a starting motor in the working process is effectively avoided, and the 'lifting rod starting' of the excavator is also avoided.
Finally, it should be noted that the above examples are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that: modifications to the specific embodiments of the invention or equivalent substitutions for parts of the technical features may be made; without departing from the spirit of the present invention, it is intended to cover all aspects of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides an excavator engine starts protection control system which characterized in that: the starting protection circuit comprises a starting main circuit and a starting protection circuit;
the starting protection circuit is connected in the starting main circuit, the running of the starting motor is realized by starting the main circuit, the running starting motor drags the engine to run, the secondary suction of the starting motor is avoided by the starting protection circuit, and the 'lifting rod starting' of the excavator is avoided.
2. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 1, wherein: the starting main circuit comprises a storage battery, a power supply main switch, a motor coil and a starting motor; wherein the motor coil includes a pull-in coil and a hold-in coil;
when the main starting circuit is switched on, the pull-in coil and the holding coil work simultaneously to push out the driving lever of the starting motor, the current of the pull-in coil passes through the main contact of the starting motor to enable the starting motor to rotate at a low speed and push out the driving gear ring of the starting motor to be meshed with the external gear ring of the engine flywheel until the main starting circuit of the starting motor is switched on, the pull-in coil is short-circuited, and the large current passes through the main contact of the starting motor to enable the starting motor to rotate at a high speed.
3. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 2, wherein: and a circuit breaker is also connected in series in the starting main circuit.
4. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 1, wherein: the starting protection circuit comprises a storage battery, a power master switch, a key switch, a safety handle starting relay, a starter relay I, a starter relay II, a starter protection relay and a generator;
the starter relay I and the starter relay II are connected in series in the starting main circuit and used for switching on and off the starting main circuit;
a control loop of a starting relay of the safety handle and a control loop of a starter relay II are controlled by the safety handle;
a control loop of a starter relay I is controlled through the static or running state of an engine flywheel;
a starter relay II control loop is controlled through the running state of the generator;
the power supply control loop is controlled by a key switch signal and a master switch.
5. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 4, wherein: the pull-in coil of the starter relay I is wound on an iron core coil and forms a closed loop through a rectifier diode; the flywheel of the engine rotates, magnetic flux passing through the closed coil changes, the closed loop generates current, unidirectional current is formed through the rectifier diode, and the pull-in of the starter relay switch is controlled.
6. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 4, wherein: the P terminal of the generator is connected with the P terminal of the starter protection relay and grounded, after the engine is started, the generator works, the P terminal of the generator outputs a voltage signal to the starter protection relay, the S terminal of the starter protection relay is blocked from being grounded, the starting control circuit is disconnected, and the starting motor does not work.
7. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 4, wherein: the R wiring terminal of the key switch is connected with the safety handle and then connected with the attraction coil of the safety handle starting relay and then grounded;
and an ON binding post of the key switch is connected with a switch binding post of the safety handle starting relay and then connected with a coil of the starter relay II, and then connected with an S terminal of the starter protection relay and grounded.
8. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 4, wherein: after the key switch is connected with the ON wiring terminal, the positive pole of the power supply is grounded after the relay coil is started by the fuse, the key switch, the safety handle and the safety handle to form a loop, and the relay switch is started by the safety handle to be closed to form the loop.
9. The excavator engine start protection control system of claim 4, wherein: after the key switch is connected with the St wiring terminal, the positive electrode of the storage battery is connected with a power supply wiring terminal + B of the key switch through a wire harness and a fuse, and then connected with a safety handle to start a relay switch, and after a coil of a starting relay II, an S terminal of a starter protection relay is grounded to form a loop, and a switch of a starter relay II is switched on; meanwhile, the flywheel of the engine is static, the normally closed switch of the starter relay I is closed, a main loop of the starting motor is formed, the starting motor rotates to drive the flywheel to rotate, the switch loops of the starter relay I and the starting relay II are disconnected after the engine is started, the main loop of the starting motor is disconnected, and the starting motor does not work and is separated from the flywheel outer gear ring.
10. An excavator, comprising an engine, characterized in that: the excavator engine start protection control system of any one of claims 1 to 9 is provided on the engine.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010122474.9A CN111088822A (en) | 2020-02-27 | 2020-02-27 | Excavator engine start protection control system and excavator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010122474.9A CN111088822A (en) | 2020-02-27 | 2020-02-27 | Excavator engine start protection control system and excavator |
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| CN111088822A true CN111088822A (en) | 2020-05-01 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202010122474.9A Pending CN111088822A (en) | 2020-02-27 | 2020-02-27 | Excavator engine start protection control system and excavator |
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| DE2363623A1 (en) * | 1972-12-21 | 1974-06-27 | Jeffry Clifford Bucher | REMOTE STARTING DEVICE FOR COMBUSTION MACHINERY |
| EP2063101A1 (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2009-05-27 | Caterpillar Japan Ltd. | Starter motor control circuit |
| CN203008022U (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2013-06-19 | 徐州徐工挖掘机械有限公司 | Intelligent protective safe starting device of hydraulic excavator |
| CN203847307U (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2014-09-24 | 安徽江淮汽车股份有限公司 | Starting circuit of starting engine |
| CN104863772A (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2015-08-26 | 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 | Starter protection circuit and vehicle comprising same |
| CN205876582U (en) * | 2016-08-04 | 2017-01-11 | 陕西汽车集团有限责任公司 | Automatic keep off engine start circuit and vehicle of gearbox |
| CN109372676A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-02-22 | 重庆瑜欣平瑞电子股份有限公司 | Integrated multifunctional universal igniter of gasoline engine |
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2020
- 2020-02-27 CN CN202010122474.9A patent/CN111088822A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2363623A1 (en) * | 1972-12-21 | 1974-06-27 | Jeffry Clifford Bucher | REMOTE STARTING DEVICE FOR COMBUSTION MACHINERY |
| EP2063101A1 (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2009-05-27 | Caterpillar Japan Ltd. | Starter motor control circuit |
| CN203008022U (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2013-06-19 | 徐州徐工挖掘机械有限公司 | Intelligent protective safe starting device of hydraulic excavator |
| CN203847307U (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2014-09-24 | 安徽江淮汽车股份有限公司 | Starting circuit of starting engine |
| CN104863772A (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2015-08-26 | 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 | Starter protection circuit and vehicle comprising same |
| CN205876582U (en) * | 2016-08-04 | 2017-01-11 | 陕西汽车集团有限责任公司 | Automatic keep off engine start circuit and vehicle of gearbox |
| CN109372676A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-02-22 | 重庆瑜欣平瑞电子股份有限公司 | Integrated multifunctional universal igniter of gasoline engine |
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Application publication date: 20200501 |
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