CN111079302A - Low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system and method - Google Patents
Low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system and a method, wherein the system comprises a boiler, a generator, a condenser, a regenerative system, a feed pump turbine, a condensate pump, a deaerator, a shaft seal heater, a high-pressure cylinder, an intermediate-pressure cylinder and a low-pressure cylinder; the heat regenerative system comprises a high-pressure heater system and a low-pressure heater system; and a drainage flow measuring device is arranged on a drainage pipeline of the low-pressure heater system, which is closest to the low-pressure heater, and is used for measuring the drainage flow from the last stage of low-pressure heater to the condenser and calculating the extraction enthalpy of the last stage of low-pressure heater. When the low-pressure cylinder efficiency is measured and calculated, complex iteration about final-stage low-pressure steam extraction enthalpy and low-pressure cylinder steam exhaust enthalpy is not needed, and the calculation workload is greatly reduced; in the calculation process, the balance calculation of input energy and output energy of the whole machine is not needed, the steam-water parameters required by calculation are greatly reduced, and the calculation deviation of the low-pressure cylinder efficiency caused by individual measurement errors is effectively avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of thermal power generation, and particularly relates to a low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system and method.
Background
The real-time control of the low-pressure cylinder efficiency of the unit is important for monitoring the economical efficiency and safety of the unit operation. Whether the low-pressure cylinder efficiency is a pure condensing unit or a heat supply unit, whether the low-pressure cylinder efficiency is a new unit production performance acceptance test or an old unit through-flow modification and other important technical improvement examination tests, the low-pressure cylinder efficiency is determined through strict and complex performance tests with the highest test precision grade. The calculation accuracy requirement of the low-pressure cylinder efficiency is extremely high, the calculation result of the low-pressure cylinder efficiency directly influences the state level of the whole unit, is also a main basis for the project party to carry out expense settlement, and is focused by the test participating parties.
At present, in order to accurately measure and calculate the efficiency of a low-pressure cylinder of a steam turbine, a high-precision performance test is required, the adopted test standard is generally an international standard ASME PTC6-2004 or a national standard GB8117.1-2008, and the part 1 of the thermal performance test procedure of the steam turbine is as follows: method A-high accuracy test of large condensing steam turbine. The test uncertainty of the thermal power generating unit is relatively small, and is respectively 0.25% and 0.3% for the thermal power generating unit, but the test cost for the thermal power generating unit is high. As an industrial test, the cost problem should be considered on the premise of meeting the requirement of test precision.
The most difficult point of the existing calculation method for calculating the efficiency of the low-pressure cylinder is the determination of the steam enthalpy of the last stage or the last two stages and the exhaust enthalpy of the steam turbine. For a condensing unit, the last stage of extraction steam of the low-pressure cylinder and the exhaust steam of the low-pressure cylinder are often wet steam, and the enthalpy value of the low-pressure cylinder cannot be determined by measuring the steam pressure and the temperature. Because the steam humidity measurement accuracy of a large steam turbine is not high, the final-stage extraction and exhaust enthalpy are determined by the conventional calculation method in a multiple iteration mode. However, the whole iteration process is very complicated, and the parameters involved in the calculation process are very many, mainly including all steam-water flows and parameters of the unit and all auxiliary steam flows and parameters, and the measurement workload of the parameters is very huge, and the measurement accuracy is difficult to guarantee at the same time.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system and a low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating method to solve the technical problem.
The invention provides a low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system which comprises a boiler, a generator, a condenser, a heat recovery system, a water feeding pump turbine, a condensate pump, a deaerator, a shaft seal heater, a high-pressure cylinder, an intermediate-pressure cylinder and a low-pressure cylinder, wherein the low-pressure cylinder is connected with the generator through a pipeline; the heat regenerative system comprises a high-pressure heater system and a low-pressure heater system; a drain flow measuring device is arranged on a drain pipeline of the low-pressure heater system, which is closest to the low-pressure heater, and is used for measuring the drain flow from the last stage low-pressure heater to a condenser and calculating the extraction enthalpy of the last stage low-pressure heater; the low-pressure heater system comprises a first low-pressure heater, a second low-pressure heater, a third low-pressure heater and a fourth low-pressure heater, the deaerator, the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater, the third low-pressure heater, the fourth low-pressure heater, a shaft seal heater and the condenser are sequentially connected, and the drainage flow measuring device is arranged on a drainage pipeline between the fourth low-pressure heater and the condenser; and a condensate flow measuring device is arranged on a pipeline between the deaerator and the first low-pressure heater and used for measuring the condensate flow of the first low-pressure heater entering the deaerator.
The invention also provides a method for measuring and calculating the efficiency of the low-pressure cylinder by applying the low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system, which comprises the following steps:
based on the hydrophobic flow measured by the hydrophobic flow measuring device, the steam inlet flow of the fourth low-pressure heater can be obtained by combining the heat balance calculation of the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater and the third low-pressure heater, and the enthalpy value of the steam extraction of the section of the fourth low-pressure heater is further determined through the energy balance.
Further, the method further comprises:
and calculating the steam inlet flow of the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater and the third low-pressure heater based on the condensate flow and the steam side and water side parameters of the low-pressure heaters.
Further, the method further comprises:
and determining the end point enthalpy of the expansion line of the exhaust steam entering the condenser based on the continuous expansion line and the exhaust steam pressure between the steam entering the intermediate pressure cylinder and the exhaust steam of the fourth low-pressure heater section.
Further, the method further comprises:
and determining the exhaust enthalpy of the low pressure cylinder based on the expansion line end point enthalpy, the exhaust dryness and the exhaust loss.
By means of the scheme, the low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system and the method have the following technical effects:
1) when the low-pressure cylinder efficiency is measured, complex iteration about final-stage low-pressure steam extraction enthalpy and low-pressure cylinder steam exhaust enthalpy is not needed, and the calculation workload is greatly reduced;
2) in the calculation process, the balance calculation of input energy and output energy of the whole machine is not needed, the steam-water parameters required by calculation are greatly reduced, and the calculation deviation of the low-pressure cylinder efficiency caused by individual measurement errors is effectively avoided.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly understood and to implement them in accordance with the contents of the description, the following detailed description is given with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a low-pressure-cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system of the invention.
Reference numbers in the figures:
1 is 1 # Gaojia; 2 is No. 2 Gaojia; 3 is No. 3 Gaojia; 4 is a deaerator; 5 is No. 5 low addition; no. 6 is No. 6 low addition; 7 is No. 7 low plus; 8 is No. 8 low addition; 9 is a high-pressure cylinder; 10 is a middle pressure cylinder; 11 is a low-pressure cylinder; 12 is a boiler; 13 is a generator; 14 is a condenser; 15 is a condensate pump; 16 is a shaft seal heater; 17 is a hydrophobic flow measuring device; 18 is a condensate flow measuring device; 19 is a feed pump turbine.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the present embodiment provides a low pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system, which includes a boiler 12, a generator 13, a condenser 14, a regenerative system, a feed pump turbine 19, a condensate pump 15, a deaerator 4, a shaft seal heater 16, a high pressure cylinder 9, an intermediate pressure cylinder 10, and a low pressure cylinder 11; the heat regenerative system comprises a high-pressure heater system and a low-pressure heater system; a drain flow measuring device is arranged on a drain pipeline of the low-pressure heater system, which is closest to the low-pressure heater, and is used for measuring the drain flow from the last stage low-pressure heater to the condenser and calculating the efficiency of the low-pressure cylinder; the low-pressure heater system comprises a first low-pressure heater (No. 5 low plus 5), a second low-pressure heater (No. 6 low plus 6), a third low-pressure heater (No. 7 low plus 7) and a fourth low-pressure heater (No. 8 low plus 8), a deaerator 4, the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater, the third low-pressure heater, the fourth low-pressure heater, a shaft seal heater 16 and a condenser 14 are sequentially connected, and a drainage flow measuring device 17 is arranged on a drainage pipeline between the fourth low-pressure heater and the condenser 14; and a condensate flow measuring device 18 is arranged on a pipeline between the deaerator 4 and the first low-pressure heater and used for measuring the condensate flow of the first low-pressure heater entering the deaerator 4.
In the embodiment, the hydrophobic flow measuring device 17 is installed on a section of straight pipe section between the No. 8 low-pressure steam trap and the condenser, the No. 8 low-pressure steam inlet flow can be obtained by measuring the flow and combining with the 5-7 low-pressure heat balance calculation, and the enthalpy value of the No. 8 low-pressure steam extraction can be determined through the energy balance, namely the enthalpy value of the No. 8 low-pressure steam extraction in the wet steam area can be determined without an iteration mode.
The water side condensate flow of the low-pressure heater is measured by a condensate flow measuring device 16 which is arranged between the No. 5 low-pressure heater and the deaerator, and the steam inlet flow of the No. 5-7 low-pressure heater is calculated based on the condensate flow and the steam side and water side parameters of the heater.
The end enthalpy (ELEP) of the expansion line entering the condenser exhaust steam is determined based on the continuous expansion line and the exhaust steam pressure between the steam entering the intermediate pressure cylinder and the No. 8 low pressure steam extraction section.
The low-pressure cylinder exhaust enthalpy, i.e., useful energy end enthalpy (UEEP), is determined based on the expansion line end enthalpy, exhaust dryness, and exhaust loss.
By the measuring and calculating system and the method, when the efficiency of the low-pressure cylinder is measured and calculated, complex iteration about the final-stage low-pressure steam extraction enthalpy and the low-pressure cylinder steam exhaust enthalpy is not needed, and the calculation workload is greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the balance calculation of the input energy and the output energy of the whole machine is not needed in the calculation process, so that steam-water parameters required by calculation are greatly reduced, and the calculation deviation of the low-pressure cylinder efficiency caused by individual measurement errors is effectively avoided.
The specific calculation process is as follows:
(1) calculation of steam-water flow in high-and medium-pressure parts
Firstly, the steam flow entering each high-pressure heater is obtained by taking the flow of condensed water at the inlet of the deaerator as a reference, iterative calculation of the water supply flow and heat balance calculation of the high-pressure heaters. And combining with the measurement or calculation of the auxiliary flow, obtaining the steam-water flow of the whole high-medium pressure part, including the main steam flow, the high-pressure cylinder exhaust flow, the medium-pressure cylinder steam inlet flow and the medium-pressure cylinder exhaust flow.
(2) Low pressure partial vapor flow calculation
The flow of condensed water entering the deaerator is obtained through measurement, the steam inlet amount of each heater is calculated step by step backwards starting from the low-pressure heater with the highest pressure and the highest pressure, and the steam inlet amount and the hydrophobic amount of each heater can be directly calculated until the steam is extracted to be the wet steam in front of the heater. By means of the measuring and calculating system, the total flow of the drainage water added at the final stage can be measured through the flow measuring device. The last-stage low-addition steam extraction quantity can be obtained by subtracting the penultimate hydrophobic flow from the flow, and the last-stage low-addition steam enthalpy value can be obtained by using an energy balance equation.
And continuously obtaining the exhaust steam flow of the low pressure cylinder according to the calculation result of the steam extraction amount of each heater of the low pressure cylinder and the auxiliary flow measurement or calculation.
(3) Determination of the end enthalpy (ELEP) of an expansion line
The steam is a continuous expansion working process after entering the intermediate pressure cylinder and then enters the condenser, the theoretical expansion line of the steam is a smooth curve, but actually, a section of communicating pipe is needed between the steam exhaust of the intermediate pressure cylinder and the steam inlet point of the low pressure cylinder, so that pressure drop is generated certainly, and the section is short, so that the steam can be approximated to an adiabatic process. Therefore, the actual expansion line of the steam entering from the intermediate pressure cylinder to the steam exiting from the low pressure cylinder is not an ideal smooth curve, which poses certain difficulties in calculation. Meanwhile, due to the influences of steam leakage in the cylinder, pressure loss of a steam extraction pipeline and arrangement of steam extraction measuring points, measured parameters cannot truly reflect the state value of the turbine stage, and accordingly, the drawn expansion line deviates from the actual situation. The other method is to adopt the steam inlet point of the low-pressure cylinder as the starting point of the expansion line, but under the condition that the pressure drop of the communicating pipe is small and the steam extraction parameters of each stage are normal, the fitting of the expansion line is still recommended to be carried out on the inlet point of the middle-pressure cylinder. The present embodiment employs a manner of determining the expansion line from the intermediate pressure cylinder steam admission point and the final stage steam extraction point. And (4) extending the expansion line to the exhaust pressure to determine the end enthalpy ELEP of the expansion line.
(4) Determination of exhaust enthalpy (UEEP) for low pressure cylinder
First, the dryness of the expansion line end point is calculated based on the ELEP and the exhaust steam pressure
Wherein h is the end enthalpy of the expansion line, hwSaturated water enthalpy, h, at exhaust pressuresIs the saturated steam enthalpy at the exhaust pressure.
Then, calculating the specific volume v of the exhausted steam:
ν=vsX (2)
wherein, vsIs the dry saturated steam specific volume at the actual exhaust pressure.
And determining the volume flow of the exhaust steam according to the mass flow of the exhaust steam, and further calculating the exhaust steam loss sigma. The low-pressure cylinder exhaust enthalpy (UEEP) is then:
UEEP=ELEP+0.87σX (3)
(5) low pressure cylinder efficiency calculation
The low-pressure cylinder efficiency corresponding to the UEEP point comprises the performance of the low-pressure cylinder with steam exhaust loss, and is generally used as an index for checking the low-pressure cylinder, namely:
wherein H1Is the inlet enthalpy of the low pressure cylinder, H1sIs lowThe cylinder enters the isentropic enthalpy.
Taking a certain 300MW wet cooling unit as an example, the calculation process of the method is explained through a specific calculation example. The unit is a high-medium pressure combined cylinder unit, the main steam pressure is 16.67MPa, the main reheat steam temperature is 537 ℃, and the exhaust steam pressure is 0.00539 MPa.
(1) Calculation of steam-water flow in high-and medium-pressure parts
According to the calculation method provided by the embodiment, the steam-water flow of the high-pressure part and the medium-pressure part is calculated firstly, and the calculation result is as follows:
item | Unit of | Numerical value |
No. 1 high-pressure steam inlet flow | t/h | 72.068 |
No. 2 high-pressure steam inlet flow | t/h | 73.721 |
No. 3 high-pressure steam inlet flow | t/h | 40.188 |
Steam inlet flow of deaerator | t/h | 59.322 |
Steam inlet flow of steam turbine of water supply pump | t/h | 34.721 |
Main steam flow | t/h | 974.000 |
Water supply flow | t/h | 974.000 |
High pressure cylinder exhaust flow | t/h | 807.298 |
Steam inlet flow of intermediate pressure cylinder | t/h | 807.298 |
Exhaust steam flow of intermediate pressure cylinder | t/h | 719.941 |
(2) Low pressure partial vapor flow calculation
By the measuring and calculating system provided by the embodiment, the drain total flow of the final stage low-pressure heater can be measured by the drain flow measuring device. The last-stage low-addition steam extraction quantity can be obtained by subtracting the penultimate hydrophobic flow from the flow, and the last-stage low-addition steam enthalpy value can be obtained by using an energy balance equation. And continuously obtaining the exhaust steam flow of the low pressure cylinder according to the calculation result of the steam extraction amount of each heater of the low pressure cylinder and the auxiliary flow measurement or calculation. The calculation results are as follows:
(3) determination of the end enthalpy (ELEP) of an expansion line
The present example adopts a manner of determining the expansion line from the steam inlet point of the intermediate pressure cylinder and the steam extraction point of the final stage. The end point enthalpy ELEP can be determined by extending the expansion line to the exhaust pressure, and the ELEP is calculated to be 2325.644 kJ/kg.
(4) Determination of exhaust enthalpy (UEEP) for low pressure cylinder
According to the calculation method provided in the summary of the invention, the calculation results are as follows:
item | Unit of | Numerical value |
Dryness of the end point of the expansion line | 0.902 | |
Specific volume of exhaust | m3/kg | 23.681 |
Loss of exhaust steam | kJ/kg | 52.325 |
Exhaust enthalpy of low pressure cylinder | kJ/kg | 2366.699 |
By inquiring the thermal equilibrium diagram of the steam turbine, the designed exhaust enthalpy of the low pressure cylinder is 2364.3kJ/kg, and compared with the calculation result of the embodiment, the difference value of 2.399kJ/kg is 0.101 percent of relative error.
(5) Low pressure cylinder efficiency calculation
Using the calculated UEEP, the low cylinder efficiency was calculated to be 88.18%, the design low cylinder efficiency was 88.46%, and the relative error was 0.32%.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, many modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The low-pressure cylinder efficiency measuring and calculating system is characterized by comprising a boiler, a generator, a condenser, a heat recovery system, a water feeding pump turbine, a condensate pump, a deaerator, a shaft seal heater, a high-pressure cylinder, a medium-pressure cylinder and a low-pressure cylinder; the heat regenerative system comprises a high-pressure heater system and a low-pressure heater system; a drain flow measuring device is arranged on a drain pipeline of the low-pressure heater system, which is closest to the low-pressure heater, and is used for measuring the drain flow from the last stage low-pressure heater to a condenser and calculating the extraction enthalpy of the last stage low-pressure heater; the low-pressure heater system comprises a first low-pressure heater, a second low-pressure heater, a third low-pressure heater and a fourth low-pressure heater, the deaerator, the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater, the third low-pressure heater, the fourth low-pressure heater, a shaft seal heater and the condenser are sequentially connected, and the drainage flow measuring device is arranged on a drainage pipeline between the fourth low-pressure heater and the condenser; and a condensate flow measuring device is arranged on a pipeline between the deaerator and the first low-pressure heater and used for measuring the condensate flow of the first low-pressure heater entering the deaerator.
2. A method for measuring low cylinder efficiency using the low cylinder efficiency measuring system according to claim 1, comprising:
based on the hydrophobic flow measured by the hydrophobic flow measuring device, the steam inlet flow of the fourth low-pressure heater can be obtained by combining the heat balance calculation of the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater and the third low-pressure heater, and the enthalpy value of the steam extraction of the section of the fourth low-pressure heater is further determined through the energy balance.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
and calculating the steam inlet flow of the first low-pressure heater, the second low-pressure heater and the third low-pressure heater based on the condensate flow and the steam side and water side parameters of the low-pressure heaters.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
and determining the end point enthalpy of the expansion line of the exhaust steam entering the condenser based on the continuous expansion line and the exhaust steam pressure between the steam entering the intermediate pressure cylinder and the exhaust steam of the fourth low-pressure heater section.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
and determining the exhaust enthalpy of the low pressure cylinder based on the expansion line end point enthalpy, the exhaust dryness and the exhaust loss.
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