CN110714479B - Water-permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel column and construction method thereof - Google Patents
Water-permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel column and construction method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110714479B CN110714479B CN201911059301.0A CN201911059301A CN110714479B CN 110714479 B CN110714479 B CN 110714479B CN 201911059301 A CN201911059301 A CN 201911059301A CN 110714479 B CN110714479 B CN 110714479B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- wall body
- side wall
- rear side
- front side
- filling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
- E02D29/0275—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features cast in situ
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a permeable gravity retaining wall structure embedded with gravel columns and a construction method thereof, wherein the permeable gravity retaining wall structure comprises a concrete wall body, the concrete wall body is divided into a front side wall body, a rear side wall body, a longitudinal wall and a base, and the front side wall body, the rear side wall body, the longitudinal wall and the base are cast into a whole in a cast-in-place mode; the front side wall body and the rear side wall body are connected through a plurality of longitudinal walls arranged at intervals; the space enclosed by the base, the front side wall body, the rear side wall body and the longitudinal wall is filled with the embedded gravel column; filling graded sand filter layer filling soil between the concrete wall and the side slope soil body; and drainage channels are arranged on the front side wall body and the rear side wall body and communicated with the embedded gravel columns and the graded sand filter layer filled with soil. The concrete wall body and the wall rear-level sand gravel layer form a drainage system, a large amount of water can be discharged in a short time, the effect of drainage and pressure reduction is achieved, the side slope soil body is prevented from sliding, the stability is high, and the construction is convenient.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of slope support and slope drainage, in particular to a permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel columns and a construction method thereof.
Background
In the southwest mountain areas of China, the rainfall is very large, and mountain landslides are easy to occur. Gravity type retaining wall keeps self and the slope body stable with the retaining wall dead weight, but because heavy rainfall leads to the slope body water content to increase, very easily leads to gravity type retaining wall unstability, and consequently, gravity type retaining wall's the function of permeating water is especially important. Many retaining walls all can set up the wash port in the wall body and carry out the drainage, but when meetting heavy rainfall, the interior drainage hole of wall body often is difficult to discharge a large amount of water in the short time, moreover because the rainwater is along with a large amount of silt, the wash port very easily takes place the jam.
The invention patent CN108343084A discloses an assembled ecological pervious concrete retaining wall and a preparation method of the wall, and the patent assembles a prefabricated wall, upright posts and a base by adopting an assembled production construction mode, and plants are planted on a concave platform of the wall. This retaining wall construction is simple, and the water permeability is good, but the structure dead weight is light, poor stability, and when heavy rainfall, the soil body is accompanied by a large amount of rainwater behind the wall in addition, and the high slip is taken place to the utmost point probably, and the recess that the retaining wall set up probably is in the jam state at the back, can not in time get rid of the moisture in the unstability soil body. The invention patent CN109972653A discloses a water-permeable double-row retaining wall for urban buildings, wherein a concrete base of the retaining wall is provided with a drain hole, the upper part of the retaining wall is provided with two rows of walls with different heights, the two rows of walls are connected into a trapezoidal hollow body through a rib plate, and a gravel backfill layer is paved at the gap of the walls.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the main object of the present invention is to provide a permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel columns and a construction method thereof. The concrete wall body and the wall rear-level sand gravel layer in the retaining wall structure form a drainage system, so that a large amount of water can be drained in a short time, the effect of drainage and pressure reduction is achieved, and the side slope soil body is prevented from sliding; the retaining wall has the advantages of reasonable structural design, strong stability, convenient construction and good social and economic benefits.
One of the purposes of the invention is to provide a permeable gravity retaining wall structure embedded with gravel columns, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a type of permeating water gravity type retaining wall structure of embedded rubble column, includes concrete wall body, its characterized in that: the concrete wall body is divided into four parts, namely a front side wall body, a rear side wall body, a longitudinal wall and a base, and the front side wall body, the rear side wall body, the longitudinal wall and the base are cast into a whole in a cast-in-place mode; the front side wall body and the rear side wall body are connected through a plurality of longitudinal walls which are arranged at intervals, and the lower parts of the front side wall body, the rear side wall body and the longitudinal walls are fixed on the base; a gravel column is embedded in a space surrounded by the base, the front side wall body, the rear side wall body and the longitudinal wall; the front side retaining wall and the rear side retaining wall are parallel and level, graded sand filter layer filling is adopted between the concrete wall and the side slope soil body for filling, and the grain size of the filling is gradually increased from the side slope soil body to the concrete wall body to form a reverse filter layer; and drainage channels are arranged on the front side wall body and the rear side wall body and communicated with the embedded gravel columns and the graded sand filter layer filled with soil.
An upper row and a lower row of drainage pipelines are arranged at the bottom of the front side wall body, and the drainage pipelines are inclined towards the direction far away from the side slope soil body; the rear wall body is uniformly provided with a plurality of rows of inclined drain holes from top to bottom, the drain holes are arranged at positions which avoid the positions of the longitudinal walls, and the drain holes in two adjacent rows are arranged in a staggered manner.
The inner diameters of two rows of drainage pipelines arranged at the bottom of the front side wall body are larger than the diameters of drainage holes arranged on the rear side wall body, and the bottom drainage pipelines are flush with the bottom of the gravel column.
Furthermore, local reinforcement is carried out at the longitudinal wall, and the front side wall body is connected with the rear side wall body through the longitudinal wall; the thickness of the longitudinal walls is not less than 0.2m, and the distance between the adjacent longitudinal walls is not more than 1.0 m.
Further, the cross section of the embedded gravel column can be square, rectangular, circular and the like.
Furthermore, the volume weight of the crushed stone used by the crushed stone column is not less than 20kN/m3And the particle size of the broken stones used by the embedded broken stone column is larger than the maximum particle size of the filling of the graded sand-distributing filter layer between the retaining wall and the side slope soil body. The integral stability of the gravity retaining wall structure is guaranteed, and instability is avoided.
Further, the minimum particle size of the filling soil of the graded sand filter layer and the filling soil on the side close to the concrete wall body is larger than the aperture of a drainage channel on the rear wall body; each layer of filling soil in the graded sand filter layer filling soil is separated by geotextile, and the thickness is not less than 0.5 m.
Furthermore, a layer of geotextile is laid on the top of the retaining wall, and a layer of planting soil is laid on the geotextile for carrying out vegetation.
The invention relates to a construction method of a permeable gravity retaining wall structure embedded with gravel columns, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
s1, excavating and leveling a primary side slope according to engineering requirements and design;
s2, wall body moulding is carried out according to the design size and the design position, and reinforcing steel bars are locally arranged at the longitudinal beams.
S3, pouring concrete, and meanwhile arranging two rows of drainage pipelines at the bottom of the front side wall body and drainage holes of the rear side wall body;
s4, filling broken stones in the gaps of the longitudinal walls after the concrete walls are cured to form gravel columns;
s5, arranging geotextile between the retaining wall and the slope soil body and perpendicular to the ground, filling with gravels with different particle sizes, and compacting while filling until the geotextile is flush with the top of the retaining wall;
and S6, laying a layer of geotextile above the retaining wall structure, and laying a layer of planting soil on the geotextile to carry out vegetation.
When the primary side slope is excavated in the step S1, the bottom of the primary side slope is excavated, the buried depth of the base is not less than 0.5m, and the stability, the anti-overturning property and the anti-sliding property of the retaining wall are ensured.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the graded sand filter layer between the concrete wall body and the primary side slope soil body is filled with soil, and is communicated with drain holes uniformly arranged on the rear side wall body, gravel columns filled in the wall and a drain pipe below the front side wall body to form a smooth drain passage, so that not only can the side slope soil be prevented from being separated out along with seepage water, but also the seepage water in the side slope soil body can be quickly discharged through the concrete wall body, the seepage energy of the side slope soil body can be released, and the drainage pressure reduction effect can be achieved.
Secondly, the concrete wall body part is integrally cast in place, and the longitudinal wall part is provided with reinforcing steel bars, so that the integrity of the retaining wall structure is ensured; the gravel column filled between the longitudinal walls ensures the volume weight of the retaining wall and maintains self balance and stability.
And thirdly, the construction of the invention adopts cast-in-place construction, the construction method is mature, the working procedure is simple, and the construction quality is easy to control. The construction method disclosed by the invention is safe and reliable, reduces the labor intensity and the cost, has good structural performance of the retaining wall, and has obvious social and economic benefits.
Drawings
In order to make the object, technical scheme and beneficial effect of the invention more clear, the invention provides the following drawings for explanation:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C of FIG. 1;
the attached drawings are annotated: 1, side slope soil body; 2, a front side wall body; 3, a rear wall body; 4, a base; 5, longitudinal walls; 6 embedding gravel columns; 7, a drain hole; 8 water drainage pipelines; filling soil in the 9-grade sand filter layer; 10, geotextile; 11, planting soil; and (5) vegetation is carried out.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments are illustrative of the invention only and are not limiting upon the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel columns comprises a concrete wall body, wherein the concrete wall body is divided into four parts, namely a front side wall body 2, a rear side wall body 3, a longitudinal wall 5 and a base 4, and the front side wall body 2, the rear side wall body 3, the longitudinal wall 5 and the base 4 are cast in situ to form a whole; the front side wall body 2 and the rear side wall body are connected through a plurality of longitudinal walls which are arranged at intervals, and the lower parts of the front side wall body, the rear side wall body and the plurality of longitudinal walls are fixed on the base 4; the space enclosed by the base, the front and rear side walls and the longitudinal wall is filled with the embedded gravel column 6; the front side retaining wall is parallel and level with the upper part of the rear side retaining wall.
Filling graded sand filter layer filling 9 between the concrete wall body and the side slope soil body 1, wherein the grain diameter of the filling is gradually increased from the side slope soil body 1 to the retaining wall direction to form a reverse filter layer, and the minimum grain diameter of the filling on the side close to the concrete wall body is larger than the pore diameter of the drain hole 7; each layer of filling soil is separated by geotextile, and the thickness of each layer is not less than 0.5 m. The bottom of the graded sand filter layer is higher than the bottom of the embedded gravel column, and the outer thickness of the base wall is slightly thinner than that of the inner wall.
An upper row and a lower row of drainage pipelines 8 are arranged at the bottom of the front side wall body 2, the drainage pipelines 8 are inclined to the direction far away from the side slope soil body 1, the slope angle of the front edge of the front side wall body is preferably 60-75 degrees, the cross section of the front side wall body is a right trapezoid, and the bottom edge of the trapezoid connected with the base is longer;
the rear side wall body 3 is evenly provided with a plurality of rows of inclined drain holes 7 from top to bottom, the drain holes are arranged at positions which avoid the position of the longitudinal wall, a plurality of drain holes in the transverse direction on the rear side wall body form one row, the drain holes 7 in the two adjacent rows are arranged in a staggered mode, the drain holes 7 are slightly inclined outwards of the wall body, and the drain holes 7 are made of PVC pipes.
The inner diameters of two rows of drainage pipelines 8 arranged at the bottom of the front side wall body 2 are larger than the diameter of a drainage hole 7 arranged on the rear side wall body 3, and the upper end of the bottom drainage pipeline 8 is flush with the bottom of the embedded gravel column 6.
Local reinforcement is carried out at the longitudinal walls 5, the thickness of each longitudinal wall 5 is not less than 0.2m, and the distance between every two adjacent longitudinal walls 5 is not more than 1.0 m.
The cross section of the embedded gravel column 6 can be square, rectangular, circular and the like.
The volume weight of the crushed stone used by the embedded crushed stone column 6 is not less than 20kN/m3And the particle size of the used gravels is larger than the maximum particle size of the filling 9 of the grade 1 sand distribution filter layer between the concrete wall and the side slope soil body.
A layer of geotextile 10 is laid on the top of the concrete wall and the filling of the graded sand filter layer, a layer of planting soil 11 is laid on the geotextile, and vegetation 12 is arranged on the planting soil.
During construction of the retaining wall structure, the bottom of the side slope soil body 1 is excavated, and the buried depth of the substrate is not less than 0.5 m.
The invention provides a construction method of a permeable gravity retaining wall structure embedded with gravel columns, which specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, excavating and leveling a side slope soil body 1 according to engineering requirements and design;
s2, performing wall body molding according to the design size and position, and locally arranging reinforcing steel bars at the longitudinal wall 5;
s3, pouring concrete, and arranging an upper row of drainage pipelines 8 and a lower row of drainage pipelines 8 at the bottom of the front side wall body 2 and drainage holes 7 of the rear side wall body 3 at the same time;
s4, after the concrete wall is cured, filling gravels in the gaps of the longitudinal walls 5 to form embedded gravel columns 6;
s5, arranging geotextile between the rear side wall body 3 and the side slope soil body 1 in a vertical manner, simultaneously filling with gravels with different particle sizes, and tamping while filling until the filling is level to the top of the concrete wall body;
s6, laying a layer of geotextile 10 above the concrete wall and the filling 9 of the graded sand filter layer, laying a layer of planting soil 11 on the geotextile, and planting vegetation 12.
According to the invention, the longitudinal walls are filled with the gravels, so that the water permeability is good, and the blockage is avoided; a graded sand filter layer is adopted between the concrete wall and the primary side slope, so that water and soil loss is prevented, and the water body is more favorably flowed out; the front and rear side wall bodies are provided with drainage channels, which is more favorable for drainage; the permeable gravity retaining wall structure and the wall back-level sand gravel layer form a drainage system, a large amount of water can be discharged in a short time, the effect of drainage and pressure reduction is achieved, and the side slope soil body is prevented from sliding; the retaining wall has the advantages of reasonable structural design, strong stability, convenient construction and good social and economic benefits.
This application can be used to hydraulic power factors such as most rainfall to induce slope geological disaster prevention and control, and the seepage flow water of hillside body can be effectively discharged through retaining wall structure, avoids the calamity to take place.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, which are illustrative and not restrictive, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Nothing in this specification is said to apply to the prior art.
Claims (4)
1. The utility model provides a type of permeating water gravity type retaining wall structure of embedded rubble column, includes concrete wall body, its characterized in that: the concrete wall body is divided into four parts, namely a front side wall body, a rear side wall body, a longitudinal wall and a base, and the front side wall body, the rear side wall body, the longitudinal wall and the base are cast into a whole in a cast-in-place mode; the front side wall body and the rear side wall body are connected through a plurality of longitudinal walls which are arranged at intervals, and the lower parts of the front side wall body, the rear side wall body and the longitudinal walls are fixed on the base; a gravel column is embedded in a space surrounded by the base, the front side wall body, the rear side wall body and the longitudinal wall; the front side retaining wall and the rear side retaining wall are parallel and level, graded sand filter layer filling is adopted between the concrete wall and the side slope soil body for filling, and the grain size of the filling is gradually increased from the side slope soil body to the concrete wall body to form a reverse filter layer; drainage channels are arranged on the front side wall body and the rear side wall body and are communicated with the embedded gravel column and the graded sand filter layer filling; the rear side wall body is linear, and the cross section of the front side wall body is a right trapezoid;
an upper row and a lower row of drainage pipelines are arranged at the bottom of the front side wall body, and the drainage pipelines are inclined towards the direction far away from the side slope soil body; a plurality of rows of inclined drain holes are uniformly formed in the rear wall body from top to bottom, the drain holes are arranged at positions which avoid the positions of the longitudinal walls, and the drain holes in two adjacent rows are arranged in a staggered manner; the inner diameters of two rows of drainage pipelines arranged at the bottom of the front side wall body are larger than the diameters of drainage holes arranged on the rear side wall body, and the bottom drainage pipelines are flush with the bottom of the gravel column;
the volume weight of the crushed stone used in the embedded crushed stone column is not less than 20kN/m3The minimum particle size of the broken stone is larger than the aperture of a drainage channel on the rear side wall body;
local reinforcement is arranged at the longitudinal wall, and the front side wall body is connected with the rear side wall body through the longitudinal wall; the thickness of the longitudinal walls is not less than 0.2m, and the distance between the adjacent longitudinal walls is not more than 1.0 m;
the minimum grain diameter between the graded sand filter layer filling and the concrete wall body adjacent side filling is larger than the pore diameter of a drainage channel on the rear side wall body; each layer of filling soil in the graded sand filter layer filling soil is separated by geotextile, and the thickness is not less than 0.5 m.
2. The water permeable gravity type retaining wall structure with embedded gravel columns of claim 1, wherein: one layer of geotextile is laid at the top of the retaining wall structure, one layer of planting soil is laid on the geotextile, and vegetation is planted on the planting soil.
3. A construction method of the water permeable gravity type retaining wall structure of claim 2, comprising the following construction steps:
s1, excavating and leveling a primary side slope according to engineering requirements and design;
s2, performing wall body molding according to the design size and position, and locally arranging reinforcing steel bars at the longitudinal wall;
s3, pouring concrete, and meanwhile, arranging drainage channels at the bottom of the front side wall body and the rear side wall body;
s4, after the concrete wall is cured, filling gravels in the gaps of the longitudinal walls to form embedded gravel columns;
s5, arranging geotextile between the concrete wall and the side slope soil body in a vertical manner, filling with gravels with different particle sizes, and compacting while filling until the geotextile is flush with the top of the concrete wall body;
and S6, laying a layer of geotextile above the retaining wall structure, and laying a layer of planting soil on the geotextile to carry out vegetation.
4. The construction method according to claim 3, wherein: when the primary side slope is excavated in the step S1, the bottom of the primary side slope is excavated, and the buried depth of the base is not less than 0.5 m.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911059301.0A CN110714479B (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2019-11-01 | Water-permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel column and construction method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911059301.0A CN110714479B (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2019-11-01 | Water-permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel column and construction method thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110714479A CN110714479A (en) | 2020-01-21 |
| CN110714479B true CN110714479B (en) | 2020-08-25 |
Family
ID=69213695
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911059301.0A Active CN110714479B (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2019-11-01 | Water-permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel column and construction method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN110714479B (en) |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH1150478A (en) * | 1998-06-08 | 1999-02-23 | Ikegami Shoten:Kk | Filtering ground method |
| CN102493485B (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2014-01-01 | 重庆大学 | Method for building slope protection retaining wall during filling |
| CN209384250U (en) * | 2018-01-05 | 2019-09-13 | 烟台三维岩土工程技术有限公司 | A kind of anti-filter drainage system based on side slope protection |
| CN108691317A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-10-23 | 武汉大学 | The compound retaining wall of antifouling type reinforcement pervious concrete and its construction method |
| CN109056786A (en) * | 2018-08-15 | 2018-12-21 | 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 | Face upward inclined road shoulder wall water drainage behind the wall system and construction method |
| CN109653242A (en) * | 2019-01-16 | 2019-04-19 | 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 | Composite foundation reinforcement arch box type barrier wall structure and construction method |
| CN110387904B (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2021-01-22 | 顾青林 | Ecological composite retaining wall structure and construction method thereof |
-
2019
- 2019-11-01 CN CN201911059301.0A patent/CN110714479B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN110714479A (en) | 2020-01-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN109610435B (en) | Loess high fill valley foundation drainage structure and laying method thereof | |
| CN111549799A (en) | Comprehensive control system applied to gravel soil slope | |
| CN111622240B (en) | Trapezoidal toe-added drainage slide-resistant pile and construction method thereof | |
| CN210857182U (en) | Roadbed drainage structure | |
| CN113006097A (en) | Permeable water-intercepting anti-skid structure for treating giant landslide and construction method thereof | |
| CN109826065B (en) | High-fill roadbed protection system and construction method thereof | |
| CN210002425U (en) | structure of seepage roadbed side slope drainage system | |
| CN210177294U (en) | Mountain area highway subgrade | |
| CN102425175B (en) | Reinforcement protective structure of large spoil disposal area in mountainous area | |
| CN103334450B (en) | Construction method of pile precast slab retaining wall with drainage ditch | |
| CN204356788U (en) | Flexibility subtracts swollen ecological revetment structure | |
| CN212405094U (en) | High water content clay fill foundation drainage system | |
| CN110055983B (en) | Fast-assembling component formula protective structure of refuse dump side slope | |
| CN110172884B (en) | Mountain highway subgrade and construction method | |
| CN210368865U (en) | Multistage dissipation of mud-rock flow structure of blocking | |
| CN110714479B (en) | Water-permeable gravity retaining wall structure with embedded gravel column and construction method thereof | |
| CN110714478B (en) | Water-permeable grille type gravity ecological retaining wall structure | |
| CN102561368B (en) | Pre-compacted reinforced soil block flexible supporting structure | |
| KR101081564B1 (en) | Using flexible pipes leaking vertical green terraced retaining wall | |
| CN211523439U (en) | Drainage device suitable for fill road bed | |
| CN212052857U (en) | Concrete buttress formula retaining wall structure permeates water | |
| CN212026135U (en) | Slope protection structure of waterfront footpath | |
| CN109403356B (en) | Side slope supporting structure | |
| CN114032910A (en) | Narrow foundation pit ramp structure and unearthing method using same | |
| CN208152189U (en) | A kind of rainwater ecological exhaust system |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |