CN110658661B - Phase calibration method and system for optical phased array - Google Patents
Phase calibration method and system for optical phased array Download PDFInfo
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- CN110658661B CN110658661B CN201910813846.XA CN201910813846A CN110658661B CN 110658661 B CN110658661 B CN 110658661B CN 201910813846 A CN201910813846 A CN 201910813846A CN 110658661 B CN110658661 B CN 110658661B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/292—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/295—Analog deflection from or in an optical waveguide structure]
- G02F1/2955—Analog deflection from or in an optical waveguide structure] by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering
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Abstract
The invention discloses a phase calibration method and system for an optical phased array. The method comprises the following steps: 1) placing a spatial filter in an observation system of the optical phased array, and adjusting the position of the spatial filter to allow only light emitted by two adjacent antennas of the optical phased array to pass through, and simultaneously block light emitted by the other antennas of the optical phased array; 2) after observing interference fringes generated by light emitted by two adjacent antennas from a far field by using an observation system, adjusting the phases of the two adjacent antennas selected currently until the interference fringes generated by the light emitted by the two adjacent antennas are aligned to the optimal emission direction of the phased array antenna array; 3) moving the spatial filter so that light emitted from a new adjacent antenna formed by one antenna of the two selected adjacent antennas and the adjacent antenna passes through the spatial filter; 4) and (5) repeating the steps 2) to 3), and completing the phase distribution calibration of the whole optical phased array after the phase calibration of any two adjacent antennas in the antenna array.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a phase calibration method and a phase calibration system for an optical phased array, and belongs to the field of optical communication.
Background
Optical communication is a hot topic in the field of contemporary communication technology. On the basis of the research of the traditional microwave phased array, people invent an important novel optical communication system, namely an optical phased array. Compared with the traditional phased array, the working wavelength of the optical phased array is transferred from a microwave frequency band to a near infrared band and even a visible light band, so that the optical phased array has the characteristics of no inertia and quick beam scanning, and has the obvious advantages of small unit module size, high integration level and the like. Therefore, the optical phased array technology has wide prospects in the fields of laser radar, laser communication, free space optical communication and the like.
Optical phased arrays offer advantages and new technical challenges. Because the shape of the optical phased array radiation beam is strictly constrained by the radiation phase of each antenna, in order to realize sufficiently clear and distinguishable beam pointing, the initial phase distribution of the output unit is required to have high accuracy. However, due to the influence of device layout, process errors and other factors, the phase distribution of the optical phased array is difficult to achieve the uniformity required by the system. Therefore, as the integration degree of the optical phased array increases and the scale thereof increases, a phase calibration technique for the optical phased array becomes more and more indispensable.
Most of the conventional phase calibration technologies utilize a gradient descent algorithm to calibrate the phase of the optical phased array on software, that is, firstly, an obtained far field pattern of the optical phased array is used as feedback, then, a control voltmeter iteratively applied to each unit of the optical phased array is continuously adjusted by utilizing the gradient descent algorithm, and finally, the calibrated phase distribution is obtained. The scheme has the advantages that the calibration of the whole optical phased array can be realized without acquiring the accurate phase of each unit through a calibration process; the disadvantages are that: 1. a complex feedback system is required to be built to update the voltmeter in an iterative manner, the effect of the algorithm is closely related to the quality of the feedback system, and the small signals (with low signal-to-noise ratio) emitted by the optical phased array are difficult to calibrate accurately; 2. in principle, the phase of each unit and the output result of the optical phased array are in a nonlinear relation, the gradient reduction method under the condition of a complex large-scale two-dimensional phased array is likely to converge the result into a non-optimal solution, and the calibration effect is not ideal.
The existing known phase calibration technology mostly utilizes a software method to realize calibration of the optical phased array, a feedback system needs to be built for specific implementation, operation is complex, the requirement of calibration precision on the feedback system is high, and the calibration effect on the optical phased array with a large-scale complex structure is not ideal.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the specific requirements of the optical phased array and the technical problems existing in the existing scheme, the invention aims to provide a phase calibration method and a phase calibration system for the optical phased array, which are convenient to operate, short in iteration time and high in alignment precision.
The phase calibration process is mainly realized by spatial filtering and principle adjustment of coherent fringes. First, a spatial filter device is placed in the observation system of the optical phased array, in a position such that it allows only the light emitted from two adjacent antennas a, b to pass through, while blocking the light emitted by the remaining antennas. Then, a pattern observed from a far field by an observation system can be used for observing obvious interference fringes, and then the phases of the antennas a and b are adjusted by applying voltages to the antennas a and b until the interference fringes generated by the light emitted by the antennas a and b are aligned with the optimal emission direction of the antenna array. The spatial filter device is then moved away from one of the antennas, the other two antennas are passed (ensuring that one antenna is calibrated and the other is not) and the process described above is performed again. Finally, the calibration process is repeated from antenna to antenna, and then from row to column, and after the phases of any two adjacent antennas in the antenna array are aligned by the above process, the phase distribution of the whole optical phased array is completely calibrated finally. The invention provides a phase calibration method for an integrated on-chip optical phased array, which adjusts the interference fringes of antennas pairwise by combining a spatial filtering device and an observation system for the first time, and the method can also be expanded to be used for optical phased arrays in any forms. The observation system needs to have the function of switching between near and far fields or observing the near and far field results at the same time; if the observation system has the function of far-near field switching, the function of the observation system needs to be adjusted to switch the observation system from near field observation to far field observation so as to obtain interference fringes, and the specific implementation method of the interference fringes is determined according to the structure of the observation system and has various forms; if the observation system has the function of simultaneously observing the far-field and near-field results, the far-field interference fringes can be directly observed.
Further, the coherent light source may be generated using a monochromatic laser for providing an input light source for an optical phased array. The optical phased array is connected with a monochromatic laser and used for receiving input laser and respectively inputting the input laser to each antenna, and the optical phased array can control the phase of the laser input to each antenna. In some cases, the coherent light source may also be a wavelength tunable laser, and the laser wavelength may also be changed by various methods such as external modulation of a common laser or various different types of light sources.
Furthermore, the spatial filter used in the calibration process is composed of a diaphragm, and can be replaced by a slit, a pinhole and other devices which can generate a shielding effect on the near-field beam output by the optical phased array.
The invention provides a phase calibration system, which realizes far field observation and near field observation of optical phased array output beams through the phase calibration system, can adjust the position of a spatial filter in the near field observation to realize expected shielding effect, and can observe the movement of coherent fringes of adjacent units in the far field observation to adjust the unit phase. For example, during near field observation, the spatial filter is positioned to allow only light from two adjacent antennas a, b to pass through, and then the phase alignment system is switched to the far field to observe interference fringes produced by the light emitted from a, b. Wherein the phase alignment system is composed of N optical elements such as lenses and polarizers, the number of the optical elements in the phase alignment system is determined by the magnification performance required by the observation system, and other well-established devices such as a microscope can be used for realizing the observation of the optical phased array output beam. As shown in fig. 3, the phase calibration system of the present solution is composed of a spatial filtering device, an observation system and a receiving device, wherein the observation system needs to have the capability of switching far-near field observation or simultaneously performing far-near field observation; and the receiving device is used for judging the interference fringes generated by the emitted light of the two currently selected adjacent antennas to align the optimal emitting direction of the phased array antenna array according to the receiving signals. The invention firstly proposes to combine spatial filtering and near-far field switching to carry out optical phased array phase calibration.
Further, in the calibration measurement step, each pair of adjacent units may be calibrated sequentially, or each group of N adjacent units may be calibrated sequentially, or the units may be calibrated after being grouped in a two-dimensional space.
Further, the optical phased array may be an optical waveguide phased array, a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) optical phased array, or an optical phased array of liquid crystal and electro-optic crystal materials. The phase calibration technology has universality in principle, and the macroscopic scheme of the phase calibration technology has no necessary relation with the specific structure of the optical phased array, so that the interference technology can be applied to the optical phased array of various materials and structures.
Further, the phase calibration technique may be used to calibrate the phase of a one-dimensional array, or a two-dimensional or multi-dimensional array optical phased array.
Further, the optical phased array may be formed by connecting discrete devices through optical waveguides or spaces, or may integrate a plurality of discrete devices and optical waveguides on one or several substrates by using an integration process, or may partially integrate on one or several substrates.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following positive effects:
1. the method directly utilizes the coherent fringe observation mode, avoids the analysis process of the disordered far field pattern caused by analyzing the complex random phase distribution, and optimizes the operability of the phase calibration technology in the actual measurement. For large scale arrays, especially two dimensional arrays, the measurement time required for this approach will be greatly reduced.
2. The problem of local optimal solution caused by using a phase calibration technology based on various algorithms is solved, the adjustment of coherent stripes enables the phases of all units to be in a strict and uniform state in principle, and the accuracy of the phases of all units ensures that the final phase adjustment result is a global optimal scheme for optical phased array calibration. If the method is combined with a correlation calibration algorithm, the algorithm convergence can be stronger.
3. The calibration error is small, and the calibration error caused by a complex alignment process is reduced due to the characteristic that the interference fringes are easy to observe. In addition, the coherent fringe is only determined by the phase difference of each adjacent unit, and is independent of the array scale and the phased array structure, so the scheme has good general applicability.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the optical phased array of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the phase calibration system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a specific implementation form of the optical phased array phase calibration system scheme in the invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of phase calibration according to the present invention;
(a) the far field distribution before phase calibration, (b) the far field distribution after phase calibration,
(c) the influence of the calibration error on the scale of 8 × 8, and (d) the influence of the calibration error on the scale of 32 × 32.
Detailed Description
The scheme of the present invention is described in further detail below.
Far field electric field distribution U (theta) of optical phased arrayx,θy) Influenced by the phase and the electric field of the phased array radiating unit, the phase and the electric field can be expressed as the Fourier transform form of the near-field electric field distribution E (x, y), and the far-field and near-field conversion formula can be expressed as
Wherein, for a uniform optical phased array with scale of M × N, its near-field electric field distribution E (x, y) can be expressed as
Wherein, only when in the above formula
The items satisfy the following relationship (
And
is a fixed value) of the time period,
the integral result of the far field light intensity of the whole optical phased array can be reduced to the form of the following formula
From the above derivation, it can be concluded that clearly distinguishable radiation beams can be observed in the far-field image as long as the initial radiation electric fields of the adjacent row elements and the adjacent column elements maintain the same phase difference. However, due to the influence of the phased array structure and process errors, the phases of the element radiation beams are often randomly non-uniform fixed values, which requires an additional phase shift to calibrate the phases to the required conditions. Therefore, the present invention only needs to calibrate the phase difference of each adjacent unit, and can completely calibrate the optical phased array satisfying the above principle regardless of the specific material and structure.
Figure 2 shows a specific embodiment of the present invention: the monochromatic laser is used as a coherent light source, the generated coherent light is coupled into an optical phased array, random and stable near-field beams are radiated by an antenna, and the optical phased array can be switched to a far-field (Fourier) plane for observation in an observation system. The adjustable spatial filter device is inserted into the observation system, so that only near-field beams of two adjacent antennas can pass through the observation system, and coherent fringes are generated in a far-field receiving plane. Since the coherent fringe in this case is determined only by the phase difference between two adjacent antennas, the fringe can be moved to a specific position by adding a phase shift. When the two antennas are calibrated, the other two antennas of the moving spatial filter pass through (ensuring that one antenna is calibrated and the other is not), and the above process is executed again. The above process is repeated continuously to calibrate any two adjacent antennas (no matter the rows and columns) in the array antenna, and the phase of all the antennas is calibrated. The above is a specific implementation manner, wherein the specific implementation manner may be various under the condition that basic functions of each module and step are guaranteed to be unchanged. The method comprises the following specific steps:
for the coherent light source part, an external monochromatic laser can be used for generating coherent light sources to be coupled into the optical phased array device, and the coherent light sources can also be integrated in the optical phased array device, so that the loss generated by the coupling of the external light sources is avoided.
For an observation system, a standard 4f system can be used for easily realizing far-field and near-field switching of observation beams, a simple system consisting of movable single lenses can be used for far-field and near-field observation, and when the observation quality requirement is high or special requirements are met, more lens groups or complex equipment can be added to meet the design and construction of an observation light path.
For spatial filtering, diaphragms, apertures or slits may be used to pass the radiation beams of adjacent antennas while filtering out the radiation waves of other antennas. Of course, more complex spatial filtering arrangements may be employed for some special requirements, such as antenna grouping filtering. The packet filtering approach can further shorten the time of the whole calibration process, but can reduce the calibration accuracy.
The calibration effect of the present solution is described next. The test example of the present invention performed a series of calibration processes using a silicon-based waveguide optical phased array (antenna pitch 40 μm × 10 μm) as a calibration object. The chaotic but fixed far field pattern produced by the optical phased array before calibration is shown in fig. 4(a), and the far field planar reception pattern after calibration is shown in fig. 4 (b). It can be seen that the calibration process has a significant improvement on the shaping of the mainlobe beam, and through fine measurement, the sidelobe suppression ratio (defined as the ratio of the highest peak of the mainlobe to the secondary peak of the sidelobe in the same maximum field of view) after calibration is improved by 8.1dB compared with that before calibration. After repeated tests are carried out on a plurality of silicon-based waveguide optical phased arrays with the same structure, similar results can be obtained. The silicon-based waveguide optical phased array is just one specific implementation example in the scheme, and the calibration process of the invention is not limited by the structure and the material of the phased array in principle, so the scheme can be applied to the initial phase calibration of various types of optical phased array and has strong universality.
For an optical phased array of size M × N, the number of iterations required for a conventional gradient descent iterative algorithm is 10, for example, assuming that the phase of each antenna has 10 random statesMNIn the scheme, the iteration times are (NM-1), the iteration times are greatly reduced, and the operability is strong. In addition, the maximum value of the calibration error of a single antenna observed in the process of testing the invention is 0.3 pi, and the error of the level has small influence on the performance of the whole optical phased array system and is within an acceptable range. As shown in fig. 4(c) and 4(d), the influence of the error on the system performance becomes smaller as the array size continues to increase. Therefore, the invention has small calibration error and wide application range.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. A method of phase calibration for an optical phased array, comprising the steps of:
1) placing a spatial filter in an observation system of the optical phased array, and adjusting the position of the spatial filter to allow only light emitted by two adjacent antennas of the optical phased array to pass through, and simultaneously block light emitted by the other antennas of the optical phased array;
2) after observing interference fringes generated by light emitted by two adjacent antennas from a far field by using an observation system, adjusting the phases of the two adjacent antennas selected currently until the interference fringes generated by the light emitted by the two adjacent antennas are aligned to the optimal emission direction of the antenna array;
3) moving the spatial filter so that light emitted by a new adjacent antenna formed by one of the two selected adjacent antennas and the adjacent antenna passes through the spatial filter while light emitted by the rest of the antennas of the optical phased array is blocked;
4) and (5) repeating the steps 2) to 3), and completing the phase distribution calibration of the whole optical phased array after the phase calibration of any two adjacent antennas in the antenna array of the optical phased array.
2. The method of phase calibration for an optical phased array as claimed in claim 1, wherein the observation system is an observation system having near-field and far-field switching, and the functions of the observation system are adjusted as necessary to switch between near-field observation and far-field observation.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the observation system is an observation system having a function of simultaneously observing far and near field results.
4. A phase calibration method for an optical phased array as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the phases of two adjacent antennas are adjusted by applying a voltage to the two selected adjacent antennas until interference fringes produced by the light emitted therefrom are aligned with the optimum direction of emission of the antenna array.
5. The method of phase calibration for an optical phased array of claim 1, wherein the optical phased array is an optical waveguide phased array, a micro-electromechanical systems optical phased array, an optical phased array of liquid crystal material, or an optical phased array of electro-optic crystal material.
6. A phase calibration system for an optical phased array comprising a spatial filter, an observation system and receiving means; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the spatial filter is arranged in the observation system and is used for allowing the light emitted by two adjacent antennas of the optical phased array to pass through and blocking the light emitted by the other antennas of the optical phased array;
the observation system is arranged between the optical phased array and the receiving device and is used for near-field observation and far-field observation; wherein adjusting the position of the spatial filter to allow only light emitted from two adjacent antennas to pass is done by near field observation; observing interference fringes generated by light emitted by two adjacent antennas through far field observation, and then adjusting the phase of the two currently selected adjacent antennas according to the coherent fringes observed by the far field to ensure that the interference fringes generated by the light emitted by the two currently selected adjacent antennas are aligned to the optimal emission direction of the antenna array;
and the receiving device is used for judging whether interference fringes generated by the light emitted by the two currently selected adjacent antennas are aligned to the optimal emitting direction of the antenna array or not according to the received signals.
7. A phase calibration system for an optical phased array as claimed in claim 6, wherein said optical phased array is connected to a monochromatic laser for receiving laser light outputted from the monochromatic laser and then inputting the received laser light to each antenna separately.
8. The phase calibration system for optical phased arrays as claimed in claim 6, wherein said observation system is an observation system with far-near field switching or an observation system with the function of simultaneously observing far-near field results.
9. A phase calibration system for optical phased arrays according to claim 6, wherein the optical phased array is formed by discrete devices connected by optical waveguides or space, or by integrating multiple discrete devices and optical waveguides on one or more substrates using an integration process.
10. The phase calibration system for an optical phased array of claim 6, wherein the optical phased array is an optical waveguide phased array, a micro-electromechanical systems optical phased array, an optical phased array of liquid crystal material, or an optical phased array of electro-optic crystal material.
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| CN114391200A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-04-22 | 深圳市速腾聚创科技有限公司 | Phased array phase calibration method, device, storage medium and system |
| CN112630753B (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2023-05-23 | 上海交通大学 | Correction system and correction method for optical phased array chip |
| CN113242099B (en) * | 2021-03-19 | 2022-11-15 | 天津科畅慧通信息技术有限公司 | Phased array antenna installation parameter calibration method based on gradient descent algorithm |
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