CN110148879B - Method and system for realizing optical pulse frequency multiplication through frequency spectrum control - Google Patents
Method and system for realizing optical pulse frequency multiplication through frequency spectrum control Download PDFInfo
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/10007—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers
- H01S3/10023—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers by functional association of additional optical elements, e.g. filters, gratings, reflectors
- H01S3/1003—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers by functional association of additional optical elements, e.g. filters, gratings, reflectors tunable optical elements, e.g. acousto-optic filters, tunable gratings
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a system for realizing optical pulse frequency doubling through frequency spectrum control, wherein the system comprises a laser, the output end of the laser is connected with an optical comb modulator and is used for injecting seed light into the optical comb modulator to generate initial pulses, the output end of the optical comb modulator is connected with a programmable spectral filter through an optical fiber amplifier, and the control end of the optical comb modulator is connected with the output end of a frequency synthesizer; the programmable spectral filter adopts a phase solution in the phase solution set to perform spectral control on the input pulse; wherein, by a pair of formulas
And solving to obtain a corresponding phase solution set when m frequency multiplication is carried out on the optical pulse.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method and a system for realizing optical pulse frequency multiplication through frequency spectrum control. An electric field equation required to be met by pulse lossless and non-broadening frequency multiplication is obtained through derivation, then a frequency domain phase solution set required by corresponding frequency multiplication times is obtained through analysis and calculation, and a proper frequency domain phase solution is selected to perform spectrum control on the frequency spectrum of the input optical pulse. The optical phase filter can be controlled by software programming to carry out spectrum control on an input spectrum, and further frequency doubling pulses with lossless waveforms and no broadening are obtained at an output end, and the method belongs to the field of optical signal processing.
Background
The optical short pulse with ultra-high repetition frequency has deep application in the fields of high-speed photon sampling, frequency measurement, high-frequency millimeter wave generation and the like. The repetition frequency of the pulse is generally limited by the corresponding driving electrical signal and the cavity length based on the optical pulse generated by the direct modulation and mode locking technology, and the requirement for development in the high repetition frequency direction in the fields cannot be met, so that a high-frequency pulse frequency doubling method with high efficiency, high fidelity and easiness in control is urgently needed in the industry.
In the traditional pulse frequency doubling scheme, a frequency spectrum of an original optical pulse is uniformly divided into N parts in a frequency domain by using a demultiplexer, different delays are applied to each part of the frequency spectrum through physical media such as an optical delay line, and finally the N parts of the frequency spectrum are multiplexed and combined, so that the N frequency doubling of pulse repetition frequency is realized. The significant drawbacks of this solution are two: firstly, for high-frequency input pulses (with repetition frequency of more than 10 GHz), optical delay is difficult to be accurate and stable, delay errors can cause that the input optical pulses are not completely equally spaced in time, and meanwhile, the anti-jamming capability is poor; secondly, because the frequency spectrum occupied by each optical pulse is only 1/N of the original spectrum, the time domain width of the finally output frequency-doubled optical pulse is widened to be N times of the time domain width of the input pulse, so that the time domain pulse width of the optical pulse no longer meets the requirement of the optical short pulse in application. The Chinese patent 'pulse laser time domain frequency doubling device' (with the publication number of CN 104538832A) protects a device based on an improved structure, an input optical pulse is equally divided into N parts on a power domain through an optical fiber splitter, and the optical pulse frequency doubling of a kHz level is realized by using a delay line with millimeter-level precision. The proposal overcomes the defects of pulse broadening, but is also limited by the process precision of the delay line, and the pulse frequency doubling with high repetition frequency above GHz is difficult to realize.
Besides, the pulse frequency doubling scheme also includes a scheme of frequency domain frequency doubling as a frequency doubling means. For example, K.Yiianopoulos et al, K.Yiianopoulos, et al, "Rate multiplication by double-forcing Fabry-Perot filtering," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2003, vol.15, pp: 1294-. The scheme only retains 1/N of optical power, so that very large optical loss is generated, and the preparation process and the working environment of the Fabry-Perot cavity are higher in requirement.
The frequency domain phase filtering scheme may also implement time domain frequency multiplication of the optical pulses. Azana et al, in [ J.Azana and M.A. Multi, "Temporal selection-imaging effects: the invention and application for multiplexing pulse repetition rates," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in quantum Electronics,2001,7(4):728-744], gave a frequency domain phase condition required to achieve time domain doubling of optical pulses based on the Talbot effect analogy in optical diffraction. This particular phase condition defines the physical device to which it corresponds as a fiber or fiber bragg grating having first-order dispersion characteristics.
M.Weiner et al, in [ A.M.Weiner, et al, "Tunable pulse repetition-ratio estimation using phase-only line-by-line pulse mapping," Optics Letters,2007,32(6): 716-. The scheme enables the high-frequency optical pulse frequency multiplication to be controllable through software programming, and greatly reduces the complexity of a frequency multiplication system. However, due to the inherent imperfect characteristics of the programmable spectral filter in physical principle, the programmable spectral filter can generate an amplitude filtering effect while performing frequency domain phase filtering, thereby causing uneven amplitude of the finally output frequency doubling pulse. The severity of this amplitude filtering effect is related to the frequency domain phase characteristics used. The frequency domain phase solutions adopted in all the frequency domain filtering schemes are single and are obtained based on Talbot effect analogy in optical diffraction, so that the adverse effect of amplitude filtering effect on the flatness of output pulses cannot be relieved in practice by changing the phase solutions in principle. One compromise is to actively perform additional frequency domain amplitude filtering as pre-compensation to counteract the undesirable amplitude filtering effect of phase filtering. However, this solution will lose extra optical power, and operating the spectrum in both the phase and amplitude dimensions will increase the complexity of the operation of the frequency doubling system, and reduce the feasibility of implementing frequency doubling of high frequency optical pulses by phase filtering in practical applications.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a set of frequency domain phase solution set with higher flexibility through theoretical derivation, and further can select a proper frequency domain phase solution to carry out frequency domain control on an input optical pulse frequency spectrum, thereby fundamentally and partially or completely overcoming the defects in the prior programmable pulse frequency doubling scheme. Meanwhile, the phase solution set provided by the scheme also provides possibility for widening the type of the lossless pulse frequency doubling device, so that the device is not limited to the traditional first-order dispersion device any more, and the more flexible phase design enables the integrated device to meet the lossless frequency doubling condition, thereby improving the system volume and power consumption.
The time domain E (T) and Fourier series E (ω) of the input pulse sequence to be frequency doubled can be expressed as follows, wherein T represents time, ω represents angular frequency, a (T) is the time domain shape (such as Gaussian) of the single pulse electric field, T (T) is0Time domain repetition period for the pulse:
after Fourier Transform (FT) is carried out on the data, the following data can be obtained:
rewriting a summation into an equivalent double summation, i.e. akIs rewritten as amk+nAnd simultaneously modifying the summation interval to be in the form of m, where m is the desired pulse doubling multiple:
after performing Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT) on the above formula, the electric field time domain e (t) of the input pulse sequence to be frequency doubled is obtained again as follows:
compared with the electric field time domain E (t) of the initial input pulse sequence to be frequency doubled, the shape of the single pulse electric field time domain a (t) is unchanged and is the same as the initial one. In the above formula, the repetition frequency of the whole pulse sequence is also m times of the original repetition frequency, but an extra time domain phase is added. The programmable spectral filter can be used for adding frequency domain phase to an electric field of an input optical pulse sequence to be multiplied, so that the extra time domain phase generated in the equivalent transformation formula is offset, and lossless and broadening-free pulse frequency multiplication is realized.
Adding frequency domain phase to the electric field of the input optical pulse train to be multiplied through a spectral filter, wherein the added phase is cycled with m as a period in order to maintain the non-spread characteristic of the output optical pulse
After the frequency domain phase is added by the frequency spectrum control, the output pulse sequence electric field frequency domain and the time domain after the Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT) can be obtained as follows:
here again, a (t) represents the temporal shape of the electric field of a single pulse, and this equation also demonstrates that the temporal shape of a single pulse does not change during this process. In order to make the output m-times multiplied optical pulse have a flat amplitude, the following equation needs to be satisfied:
mathematically the exponential function has a periodicity, as does the above equation. Therefore, the value of k does not need to traverse all integers in the solving process. It is only necessary to satisfy the following equation:
for any of the m values of k, the above formula should be satisfied. Therefore, m unknowns containing m equations can be obtained
The system of equations of (1). In order to solve the transcendental equation set, the value can be obtained according to the required frequency multiplication factor m, and the method is divided into three situations:
when the required frequency multiplication factor m is a square number (4,9,16 … …), i.e. m is q2(q is a positive integer), the above formula may be rewritten as:
this equation comprises
The m unknowns are solved as follows (expressed in matrix form for convenience of expression):
in the above formula, the frequency domain phase required for realizing lossless and non-broadening optical pulse m frequency multiplication can be quickly obtained through basic matrix multiplication
Phi in the above formula0,φ1,φ2,…,φq-1For arbitrarily selected bias values, any one bias value is generatedIs/are as follows
Can be applied to a programmable spectral filter and realizes lossless and non-broadening optical pulse m frequency multiplication. In addition to programmable spectral filters, some physical devices, including miniaturized integrated devices, may also perform frequency domain phase adjustment on the input optical signal. Therefore, in practical application, proper bias can be designed and selected according to the formula and the specific characteristics of the practical physical device, so that the frequency doubling effect is realized. t is t0The initial time delay can be freely set or directly set to zero. In fact the phase based on the Talbot effect employed in previous schemes is a subset of this solution of the present invention. Therefore, in application, the solution provides great flexibility for the frequency domain phase design and application of lossless and non-spread pulse frequency multiplication.
When the required frequency multiplication multiple m is a multiple of a square number, i.e. m is pq2(p, q are positive integers), there are the following solutions (expressed in matrix form for convenience of expression):
wherein phi0,φ1,φ2,…,φq-1For arbitrarily selectable phase offsets, generated by taking any one of the offsets into account
Can be applied to a programmable spectral filter and realizes lossless and non-broadening optical pulse m frequency multiplication. Likewise, the design choice may be made herein based on the specific physical characteristics of the actual device. t is t0The initial time delay can be freely set or directly set to zero. s is taken to be any positive integer coprime with m. This solution provides a great degree of flexibility for frequency domain phase design for lossless, non-stretched pulse frequency doubling.
When the required frequency multiplication factor m is other value, the following solutions are provided:
wherein, t0The initial time delay can be freely set or directly set to zero. s is taken to be any positive integer coprime with m.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following positive effects:
1. the method provides more flexible and wide lossless and broadening-free pulse frequency doubling phases, widens the device range meeting the phase condition, and provides feasibility for lossless broadening-free pulse frequency doubling with improved integration level and reduced cost.
2. Compared with the traditional scheme of performing frequency domain phase filtering on the spectrum by utilizing a programmable spectrum filter and simulating a specific phase form in the Talbot effect to perform lossless frequency doubling, the method can greatly reduce the adverse effect caused by the phase-amplitude filtering interaction effect in the traditional scheme by selecting a more gentle phase, and improve the quality of output frequency doubling pulses, including flatness and optical power.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an optical pulse frequency doubling structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a time domain diagram of the input pulse (15GHz repetition frequency) obtained by the experiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a time domain diagram of a double frequency output pulse (30GHz repetition frequency) obtained by the experiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a time domain diagram of the tripled output pulse (45GHz repetition frequency) obtained by the experiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a time domain diagram of the frequency quadrupled output pulses (60GHz repetition frequency) obtained by the experiment, wherein:
(a) is a conventional phase scheme, (b) is the phase scheme of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a frequency domain plot of the experimentally obtained quadrupled output pulses (60GHz repetition frequency), wherein:
(a) is a conventional phase scheme, (b) is the phase scheme of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a frequency domain diagram of octave output pulses (80GHz octave) obtained by experiments of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The principle of the solution of the invention is shown in fig. 1. The stable high-power laser outputs continuous seed light, and the seed light is injected into an optical comb modulator to generate initial pulses, wherein the optical comb modulator is formed by arranging a lithium niobate phase modulator in a Fabry-Perot cavity, and the Fabry-Perot cavity is realized by plating high reflective films on two end faces of the lithium niobate modulator. The repetition frequency of the output pulse of the optical comb modulator is determined by the frequency of the frequency synthesizer controlling the repetition frequency, so that the repetition frequency can be adjusted within a certain range. Because the insertion loss of the optical comb modulator is large, the output optical signal is amplified by the erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier to generate an optical pulse signal to be frequency doubled, and the optical pulse signal is sent to the programmable spectral filter. And (4) calculating and selecting a proper phase solution by using the phase solution set derived in the past, and performing spectrum manipulation on the input pulse through a spectrum filter. For a programmable spectral filter, a suitable phase solution is one in which the phase change speed is uniform, such as a quadruple phase solution, and the absolute value of the [0, π/2, π, π/2 … ] change speed is always π/2, which is more uniform than the [0, π/4, π, π/4 … ] change speed. The photoelectric detector is used for detecting the frequency doubling effect, converting the light pulse into an electric pulse and leading the electric pulse to a high-speed oscilloscope for observation.
And solving the appropriate phase, writing the phase into the programmable spectral filter, and controlling the frequency domain phase of the input optical pulse by using a Python code, wherein the frequency domain phase actually applied by the programmable spectral filter is required to continuously approach the preset frequency domain phase by adopting an iterative method because the optical filter per se has crosstalk at each frequency point. Unlike the conventional scheme, the frequency domain phase of each frequency point is not changed after being adjusted. Since the spectrum is generally a symmetrical structure and the energy is concentrated in the center, the phase adjustment should be performed first from the frequency point in the center of the spectrum. When the frequency domain phase of each frequency point is adjusted, starting with 0.02rad as increment, and if the suppression ratio performance of the system output frequency doubling pulse is better, continuing to increase; otherwise the increment is decreased. The adjustment takes plus and minus 0.15rad as upper and lower limit thresholds.
When the whole frequency doubling system is stableWhen the device works regularly, m frequency-doubled light pulse and m/T can be observed through a high-speed oscilloscope and a frequency spectrograph respectively0The power spectrum with the highest value at frequency.
The experimental system produced a time domain plot of the input pulses as shown in fig. 2, using an input pulse repetition frequency of 15 GHz. When the programmable spectral filter works in a frequency doubling mode and a frequency tripling mode respectively according to the phase solution in the invention, time domain diagrams monitored by the high-speed oscilloscope in the structure diagram 1 are respectively shown in fig. 3 and fig. 4, the output of 30GHz and 45GHz repeated frequency pulses is respectively realized, meanwhile, the pulse width is not widened, and the variation amplitude of the peak value of the pulse is respectively 1.3 percent and 1.5 percent. The residual non-flat characteristics result from spontaneous emission noise of the erbium doped fiber amplifier, the finite spectral width of the input pulse and the residual error of the spectral filter.
When the programmable spectral filter works in the quadruple frequency mode according to the specific phase [0, pi/4, pi/4 … ] of the traditional scheme and the phase solution [0, pi/2, pi/2 … ] selected in the invention, the time domain diagrams monitored by the spectrometer in the structure diagram 1 are respectively shown in fig. 5(a) and 5(b), the pulse width is not widened, and the change amplitude of the peak value of the pulse peak is 6.2% and 2.2%. Comparing the two figures, it can be seen that, due to the amplitude-phase interaction effect in the programmable spectral filter, the flatness characteristics of the amplitude of the frequency doubling pulse generated by the specific phase in the conventional scheme are poor, and the influence caused by the crosstalk effect can be significantly reduced by performing spectral manipulation by using the phase solution in the invention, so that the flatness is improved by nearly three times.
The difference between different schemes can be observed from the angle of the frequency domain through the frequency spectrograph, and when the frequency spectrograph works in the quadruple frequency mode, the frequency domain obtained after the time domain waveform monitored by the high-speed oscilloscope in the structure diagram 1 is subjected to FFT operation is shown in fig. 6(a) and 6 (b). The highest positions in the frequency spectrum are all positioned at quadruple frequency 60 GHz. And the limited spectral width of the input pulse and the self amplitude-phase crosstalk of the programmable spectral filter introduce the crosstalk of frequency points of 15GHz, 30GHz and 45GHz in the frequency spectrum. The stray crosstalk at other frequency points is due to the background noise of the electrical module of the high-speed oscilloscope itself. And subtracting the maximum power value of frequency points at three positions of 15GHz, 30GHz and 45GHz from the power at the frequency of 60GHz to obtain the rejection ratio of the frequency doubling system. The higher the rejection ratio, the better the flatness performance of the representative output pulse. Comparing the two figures, it can be seen that the rejection ratio for a particular phase of the conventional scheme and the phase solution of the present invention is 22.5dB and 28.2dB, respectively. The invention improves the rejection ratio by 5.7dB by changing the phase solution in principle.
When the programmable spectral filter works in octave mode according to the phase solution of the invention, the repetition frequency of the input pulse is reduced to 10GHz due to the limited bandwidth of the oscilloscope, and the high-speed oscilloscope in the structure diagram 1 is changed into a frequency spectrograph, and the monitored frequency domain diagram is shown in fig. 7. As can be seen from the frequency domain plot, the system achieves an output of 80GHz repetition frequency pulses. Changing the value of the offset to phi1＝[-π/4,-π/8,0,π/8,π/4]In these 5 cases, the suppression ratio of octave system monitoring results are 8.5dB to 15.3dB, where phi1The corresponding suppression ratio is highest when the ratio is-pi/4, which is higher than the specific phase (corresponding to phi) in the traditional scheme1Pi/8) represents that the quality characteristic of the output pulse after frequency multiplication is better and flatter.
The flatness of the output frequency doubling pulse can also be improved by performing additional frequency domain amplitude manipulation on the pulse as pre-compensation. However, because the optical filter can only attenuate and cannot provide gain, a part of optical power is lost by the improvement means, and the advantage of lossless pulse frequency multiplication through phase spectrum manipulation is reduced. Even if the scheme of frequency domain amplitude filtering pre-compensation is adopted to obtain higher quality pulses, the phase solution provided by the invention can reduce the number of times of compensation and the amplitude size compared with the traditional scheme, thereby reducing the optical power loss and the complexity of system operation.
In addition, the frequency domain phase solution provided by the invention can be applied to the time domain and the related application thereof according to the duality of time and frequency. The phase modulator is used for controlling the phase in the time domain to carry out time domain phase filtering, and a first-order dispersion medium is used for assisting, so that the frequency multiplication or frequency division of the pulse can be realized. Compared with the traditional specific phase form based on the Talbot effect, the phase solution provided by the invention can be more flexible in device selection, and the requirements on device characteristics, such as analog bandwidth and the like, are reduced.
The above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and not to limit the same, and a person skilled in the art can modify the technical solution of the present invention or substitute the same without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention should be determined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A system for realizing optical pulse frequency multiplication through frequency spectrum manipulation is characterized by comprising a laser for generating seed light, wherein the output end of the laser is connected with an optical comb modulator and used for injecting the seed light into the optical comb modulator to generate initial pulses; the programmable spectral filter adopts a phase solution in the phase solution set to perform spectral control on the input pulse; wherein, by a pair of formulas
Solving is carried out to obtain m frequency domain phases
I.e. the phase of the frequency domain required for the multiplication of the m optical pulses
Phase of frequency domain
For phase solution set corresponding to m times of the optical pulse, m is the frequency multiplication factor, t0For initial delay of light pulse, T0Is the time domain repetition period of the optical pulse.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein when the multiplication factor m is a square number, i.e., m-q2When q is a positive integer, by aligning the matrices
Solving to obtain m
When the multiple of frequency multiplication m is the multiple of the square number, i.e. m equals pq2When p and q are positive integers, by aligning the matrices
Solving to obtain m
When the frequency multiplication multiple m is other value, the frequency multiplication multiple m is obtained through a formula
Solving to obtain m
Wherein s is any positive integer coprime to m.
3. A system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the frequency domain phase of the input optical pulse is controlled by writing a solution of the selected phase into the programmable spectral filter by using an iterative method to make the frequency domain phase actually applied by the programmable spectral filter continuously approximate the preset frequency domain phase; wherein the frequency domain phase of each frequency point is not changed after being adjusted.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the phase adjustment is performed from the frequency point in the center of the spectrum, the adjustment of the frequency domain phase at each frequency point is performed by a set increment, and if the suppression ratio of the system output frequency doubling pulse is better than the performance, the increment is continuously increased; otherwise the increment is decreased.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the set increment is 0.02rad, and the adjustment is to a threshold of plus or minus 0.15 rad.
6. A method for realizing optical pulse frequency doubling through frequency spectrum manipulation is characterized in that seed light generated by a laser is injected into an optical comb modulator to generate initial pulses, and optical signals output by the optical comb modulator are amplified by an optical fiber amplifier and then input into a programmable spectral filter; then the programmable spectral filter adopts a phase solution in the phase solution set to perform spectral control on the input pulse; wherein, by a pair of formulas
Solving is carried out to obtain m frequency domain phases
I.e. the phase of the frequency domain required for the multiplication of the m optical pulses
Phase of frequency domain
For phase solution set corresponding to m times of the optical pulse, m is the frequency multiplication factor, t0For initial delay of light pulse, T0Is the time domain repetition period of the optical pulse.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein when the multiplication factor m is a square number, i.e., m-q2When q is a positive integer, by aligning the matrices
Solving to obtain m
When the multiple of frequency multiplication m is the multiple of the square number, i.e. m equals pq2When p and q are positive integers, by aligning the matrices
Solving to obtain m
When the frequency multiplication multiple m is other value, the frequency multiplication multiple m is obtained through a formula
Solving to obtain m
Wherein s is any positive integer coprime to m.
8. A method as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the frequency domain phase of the input optical pulse is controlled by writing the selected phase solution into the programmable spectral filter in such a way that the frequency domain phase actually applied by the programmable spectral filter is continuously approximated to the preset frequency domain phase by an iterative method; wherein the frequency domain phase of each frequency point is not changed after being adjusted.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the phase adjustment is performed from the frequency point in the center of the spectrum, the phase adjustment is performed in the frequency domain at each frequency point, the adjustment is performed by setting an increment, and if the suppression ratio performance of the system output frequency doubling pulse is better, the increment is continuously increased; otherwise the increment is decreased.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the set increment is 0.02rad, and the adjustment is to a threshold of plus or minus 0.15 rad.
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