CN109983752A - 带有编码dns级信息的网络地址 - Google Patents

带有编码dns级信息的网络地址 Download PDF

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CN109983752A
CN109983752A CN201780068210.6A CN201780068210A CN109983752A CN 109983752 A CN109983752 A CN 109983752A CN 201780068210 A CN201780068210 A CN 201780068210A CN 109983752 A CN109983752 A CN 109983752A
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network address
dns
information
network
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CN109983752B (zh
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哈迪普·辛格·尤博尔
乔治·瓦斯克斯
克雷格·韦斯利·霍华德
安东·史帝芬·雷德林
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Amazon Technologies Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/45—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping
    • H04L61/4505—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping using standardised directories; using standardised directory access protocols
    • H04L61/4511—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping using standardised directories; using standardised directory access protocols using domain name system [DNS]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1408—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic by monitoring network traffic
    • H04L63/1425—Traffic logging, e.g. anomaly detection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/20—Hop count for routing purposes, e.g. TTL
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745—Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • H04L45/7453—Address table lookup; Address filtering using hashing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/04—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks
    • H04L63/0428—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/06—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols the encryption apparatus using shift registers or memories for block-wise or stream coding, e.g. DES systems or RC4; Hash functions; Pseudorandom sequence generators
    • H04L9/0643—Hash functions, e.g. MD5, SHA, HMAC or f9 MAC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/14—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using a plurality of keys or algorithms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/30—Public key, i.e. encryption algorithm being computationally infeasible to invert or user's encryption keys not requiring secrecy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3236—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
    • H04L2101/60—Types of network addresses
    • H04L2101/604—Address structures or formats
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
    • H04L2101/60—Types of network addresses
    • H04L2101/618—Details of network addresses
    • H04L2101/659—Internet protocol version 6 [IPv6] addresses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1458—Denial of Service

Abstract

描述了使得DNS服务能够将信息编码到由DNS服务通告的网络地址中的系统和方法。由DNS服务编码的信息可包括例如所述网络地址所对应的内容集合的标识符(例如，域名)以及验证所述网络地址的有效性的有效性信息，诸如数字签名。在接收到与所述网络地址通信的请求时，与所述网络地址相关联的目的地设备可对所述网络地址内的编码信息进行解码以帮助处理所述请求。在一些实例中，所述编码信息可用于识别恶意的网络传输，诸如形成网络攻击的一部分的传输，潜在地不依赖于其他数据，诸如单独的映射或数据传输的内容。

Description

带有编码DNS级信息的网络地址
通过引用任何优先权申请来并入
在与本申请一起提交的申请数据表中确定了外国或本国优先权要求的任何和所有申请，这些申请根据37CFR 1.57据此通过引用并入。
背景技术
一般而言，计算设备利用通信网络或一系列通信网络来交换数据。公司和组织操作计算机网络，所述计算机网络将多个计算设备互连以支持操作或向第三方提供服务。计算系统可位于单个地理位置或位于多个不同的地理位置(例如，经由私有或公共通信网络互连)。具体地，数据中心或数据处理中心(在本文中通常称为“数据中心”)可包括多个互连的计算系统，以便向数据中心的用户提供计算资源。数据中心可以是代表组织操作的私有数据中心或者代表公众或为了公众的利益操作的公共数据中心。
服务提供者或内容创建者(诸如企业、艺术家、媒体分发(distribution)服务等)可采用一系列互连的数据中心来向用户或客户端递送内容(诸如网站、web内容或其他数字数据)。这些互连的数据中心有时被称为“内容递送网络”(CDN)或内容递送系统。现有的路由和寻址技术可使得与内容递送系统相关联的多个数据中心能够向客户端计算设备提供类似或相同的内容。在一些实例中，提供内容集的每个数据中心可称为存在点(“POP”)。内容递送系统可在广泛的区域内(或在全世界)维护POP，以使得系统能够有效地服务于来自多种位置的客户端的请求。
为了提供对内容的访问，服务器计算设备通常与网络地址相关联，使得能够通过网络路由与服务器计算设备通信的请求。这些网络地址通常由根据定义的协议而格式化的一系列位形成，所述协议诸如互联网协议(IP)版本四(IPv4)或版本6(IPv6)。因为网络地址对人类来说可能难以辨识和记住，所以CDN可以利用用于将人类可读标识符解析到对应网络地址中的解析系统。这种解析系统的一个示例是域名系统(DNS)，其用于将域名解析到对应的网络地址中。
一般来说，DNS服务和CDN独立地并且根据不同的协议操作。例如，来自客户端计算设备的DNS请求通常经由DNS协议通过多个DNS部件路由到DNS服务，其中经由DNS协议返回与域名相对应的网络地址。当获得网络地址时，客户端计算设备然后可以与跟网络地址相关联的服务器计算设备通信(例如，经由超文本传送协议或“HTTP”)。因此，DNS解析和与网络地址通信的相应过程通常在逻辑上是不同的，使得获得对网络地址处的内容的请求的服务器计算设备不知道促进了所述请求的先前DNS解析(如果有的话)。
附图说明
图1是描绘说明性逻辑网络的框图，所述逻辑网络包括多个访问计算设备102和内容提供者104，以及包括DNS服务和多个POP的内容递送系统110；
图2是描绘可以实现图1的DNS服务的服务器的一个实施例的说明性配置的框图；
图3A是描绘图1的访问计算设备与DNS服务之间的交互以便将分发标识符解析到包含编码的DNS级信息的网络地址中的框图；
图3B是描绘图1的访问计算设备与POP之间的交互以便经由包含编码的DNS级信息的网络地址提供与分发标识符相对应的内容的框图；并且
图4是用于将DNS级信息编码到网络地址中的格式的说明性可视化。
具体实施方式
一般而言，本公开的各方面涉及利用特别格式化的网络地址，以促进在内容递送系统上检索和传输内容。更具体地，本公开的各方面使得域名系统(DNS)服务能够生成和使用网络地址，所述网络地址包括至少在客户端计算设备请求将标识符(诸如域名)解析到对应的网络地址中时可用于DNS服务的编码信息。此类信息在本文中通常可称为“DNS级信息”或“DNS级数据”，并且可包括例如客户端计算设备请求解析的域名、安全性信息(诸如传送安全性层[“TLS”]或与域名关联的安全套接层[“SSL”]证书)、有效性信息(诸如存留时间或“TTL”信息)或DNS服务处可用的其他信息。具体地，DNS服务可以对由DNS服务通告的网络地址(例如，包括在由DNS服务提供的DNS记录内)内的所有或部分此类DNS级信息进行编码，并且因此使得此类DNS级信息可用于接收与网络地址通信的请求的路由器或其他计算设备。以这种方式，这些路由器或其他计算设备可以获得对DNS级信息的访问，否则所述DNS级信息将不会在寻址到网络地址的传统请求中被传送到路由器或其他计算设备。使用此类信息可实现此类路由器或其他计算设备的更有效的操作。例如，路由器或计算设备可直接从请求的网络地址获得请求涉及的域名，而不依赖于外部信息或映射。作为另一个示例，路由器或计算设备可基于编码到网络地址中的有效性信息来确定是否应当认为与网络地址通信的请求有效。如果请求无效(例如，由于TTL过期)，则请求可被处置为错误的或潜在恶意的，从而使得路由器或计算设备能够根据网络地址确定有效性，可能无需参考关于请求的外部信息。因此，本公开的各方面显著增加基于网络地址可用于计算设备或路由器的信息量，并且使得此类路由器或计算设备能够通过利用这种最新可用的信息来更有效地处置网络通信。
例如，可通过托管众多实体的内容的内容递送系统来利用本公开的各方面。这种内容递送系统可用于向客户端计算设备提供对内容递送系统代表第三方内容提供者或内容分发服务本身的运营商托管的多种不同组内容的访问。这样的内容集通常可称为“分发”，并且可对应于特定网站(例如，与特定域名相关联)或其他网络可访问服务。内容递送系统通常使得分发在计算设备(合法的或恶意的)可以向其传输信息请求的一个或多个网络地址(例如，互联网协议或“IP”地址)处可用。传统上，此类网络地址在它们传达的信息量方面非常有限，因为网络地址通常被格式化以识别网络上的一个或多个目的地计算设备，并且在一些情况下帮助将请求路由到这些目的地计算设备。然而，由于在某些格式(诸如IPv4)下可能的网络地址数量有限，因此通常利用相同的网络地址来提供多个内容集(例如，网站)。因此，相同的IPv4地址可以识别许多不同分发的端点，所述分发可以彼此相关联或可不相关联。此类情境呈现了许多困难。例如，在特定网站遭受拒绝服务(“DOS”)攻击的情境下，用于实现攻击的数据分组可以被寻址到与许多不同网站相关联的网络地址，从而使得难以或不可能仅基于恶意数据分组被寻址到的网络地址来确定受到攻击的特定网站。先前的专利申请(诸如标题为“IDENTIFYING TARGETS OF NETWORK ATTACKS(识别网络攻击的目标)”并且于2015年7月31日提交的美国专利申请号14/815,863，所述申请的全部内容据此通过引用并入)旨在通过例如为网站提供唯一或基本上唯一的网络地址集来解决此类缺点。
本申请提供了尤其是对上述问题的附加或替代解决方案。具体地，本公开的实施例可利用一个或多个编码规则来将DNS级数据(诸如DNS请求所针对的域名)编码到网络地址中。因此，接收寻址到网络地址的数据传输的路由器或其他计算设备可以对网络地址本身进行解码，以获得编码的DNS级数据。说明性地，将DNS级数据编码到网络地址中可使得路由器或其他计算设备能够根据数据分组被寻址到的网络地址来确定在生成数据分组之前的DNS请求内包含什么域名。有利地，因此可在DNS解析之后确定DNS级数据，而不依赖于与DNS服务的独立或附加通信，并且不依赖于数据分组本身的内容(特别是在网络攻击的情况下，所述数据分组可能是残缺的)。例如，计算设备可确定传输到给定网络地址的恶意数据分组是特定域名的DNS解析的结果，并且因此可以进一步确定与域名相关联的分发是网络攻击的目标。然后，计算设备可采取缓解动作来减少或消除网络攻击的负面影响。
因为本公开使得能够将DNS级信息编码到网络地址中，所以本公开的实施例可特别适合于关于具有大地址空间的网络地址格式的实现。这种网络地址格式的一个示例是IPv6格式，它利用128位网络地址。IPv6格式内的大量潜在网络地址(特别是与IPv4格式相比)可使得能够对DNS级信息进行编码，而不会对网络地址的传统识别和路由功能产生负面影响。
虽然以上提供了使得能够将域名编码到网络地址中的示例，但是根据本公开可以附加地或替代地将其他DNS级信息编码到网络地址中。例如，DNS服务可以在网络地址内编码“提示信息”，这使得路由器或其他计算设备(例如，POP内的服务器)能够更有效地服务于与网络地址通信的请求。说明性地，提示信息可包括与请求所针对的域名相关联的安全性证书(例如，以及SSL或TLS证书)的标识符。因此，当计算设备接收到与包括编码的提示信息的网络地址通信的请求时，计算设备可以对提示信息进行解码，确定由提示信息识别的安全性证书，并且与客户端计算设备建立安全通信信道。在一些情况下，在网络地址内编码提示信息可以减少或消除由(例如，CDN的)路由器或其他计算设备来维护网络地址到相关联的安全性证书的映射、或检查数据分组的识别相关安全性证书的信息(例如，HTTP分组内的“主机报头”)的需要。因为对网络地址内的提示信息的解码可能需要比分组检查或使用对外部映射的查找更少的处理能力或存储器使用，所以使用提示信息可以减少路由器或其他计算设备所使用的计算资源。
提示信息的附加示例可包括从其接收DNS解析请求的设备(例如，访问计算设备、由这个访问计算设备使用的DNS解析器等)的网络地址或其他信息。在一些实例中，CDN的部件可使用此类信息来确定如何处置源自初始DNS解析请求的后续访问内容的请求。例如，在访问内容的请求导致CDN的POP处的“高速缓存未命中”的情况下(例如，在访问计算设备请求未存储在POP处的内容的情况下)，POP可被配置成从另一个服务器(有时称为“原始服务器”)检索所请求的信息。在内容在多个原始服务器处可用的情况下，在一些实例中，POP可使用提示信息来选择适当的原始服务器。例如，在内容请求被寻址到具有识别特定地理或网络位置(例如，作为发起对应DNS请求的区域)的提示信息的网络地址的情况下，POP可选择这个地理或网络位置附近的原始服务器从中获得相关内容。
在一些实施例中，DNS级信息还可包括由DNS服务编码到网络地址中的有效性信息。当此类有效性信息被编码到网络地址中，并且客户端计算设备尝试与跟网络地址相关联的目的地计算设备(例如，POP内的服务器)通信时，这个目的地计算设备可在启动与客户端计算设备的通信之前验证所述有效性信息。以这种方式，DNS服务和目的地计算设备可协同工作以确保访问目的地计算设备的所有客户端计算设备都是DNS服务的合法用户。这种协作例如可帮助减轻网络攻击。例如，一些类型的DoS攻击通过指示第一设备使用DNS服务将攻击目标的域名解析为IP地址、并且然后指示大量附加设备将恶意数据分组传输到所述IP地址来起作用。这些附加设备不直接与DNS服务交互，而是重复由第一设备维护的IP地址信息。因此，将有效性信息嵌入专用于第一设备的IP地址内可使得攻击目标(或其他计算设备)能够区分第一设备和附加设备，从而大幅减少攻击流量的量。
此外，在一些实例中，网络攻击是“非重新解析”，使得攻击目标的域名解析到网络地址中仅发生一次(或很少发生)。因此，对攻击目标的DNS记录的改变(例如，改变攻击目标的网络地址)可用于将合法流量重定向到新的网络地址，同时恶意流量继续流向已失效的网络地址。为了减少这种恶意流量的影响，一些系统可修改路由器或其他计算设备的配置以停止针对已失效的网络地址的流量的处理。这种停止有时被称为“黑洞化(blackholing)”已失效的网络地址，并且通常涉及在接收计算设备或中间网络设备处删除或“丢弃”寻址到已失效网络地址的分组。传统的黑洞网络地址的创建通常涉及跨网络传播新的路由信息(例如，路由表，诸如转发信息库或“FIB”)，即将附加流量引入到网络中并且因此可利用重要的计算资源的过程。通过将有效性信息包含到网络地址中，黑洞化可以自动化，而无需跨网络分发新的路由信息。相反，网络上的每个设备可被配置成使得具有无效的有效性信息的任何分组被路由器或其他计算设备自动丢弃。在一些实例中，生成或验证有效性信息的协议可随时间的推移而修改，诸如以每小时为基础。因此，在修改有效性信息之后继续的网络攻击，在不将域名重新解析到对应的有效网络地址中的情况下，将导致数据分组被传输到无效的网络地址，并且此类数据分组可以自动丢弃在网络内。因此，在网络地址内包含有效性信息可使得计算设备能够容易且有效地区分合法流量和非法流量。
虽然以上提供了DNS级信息的说明性示例，但是根据本公开的实施例编码的网络地址可包括附加的或替代的DNS级数据。例如，在一些实例中，DNS服务可以将唯一的“请求标识符”编码到响应于DNS请求而提供的每个网络地址中，以便唯一地识别源自DNS请求的内容请求。此后，可从DNS服务和CDN的对应POP两者收集数据，以便确定DNS请求与后续内容请求之间的相关性。例如，CDN可确定给定的DNS请求导致对DNS请求中引用的网络地址的n个内容请求。因此，本文提供的DNS级数据的示例本质上是说明性的。
为了能够在网络地址内编码和解码信息，DNS服务和目的地计算设备(例如，与DNS记录内识别的网络地址相关联的设备，所述DNS记录将域名或其他标识符映射到网络地址)可各自维护指示如何将信息编码在网络地址内的一个或多个规则。例如，规则可指定网络地址的哪些位表示不同类型的DNS级信息，以及如何表示这种信息。说明性地，规则可指定网络地址的最后16位表示与网络地址相关联的分发的标识符(例如，分发的域名或其他唯一标识符)。规则可进一步指定网络地址的倒数第二个16位表示网络地址的有效性信息、提示信息等。对于编码在网络地址内的每种类型的信息，规则可指定如何编码这种信息。例如，可通过根据散列算法处理域名来对域名进行编码，以产生对应位数的散列值。此后，散列值可包括在网络地址中作为编码的域名。在一些实例中，可根据密码散列算法诸如安全散列算法族的算法(例如，SHA-2或SHA-3)或消息摘要算法族的算法(例如，MD6)来对信息进行编码。例如，可通过将某个输入集合(例如，编码在网络地址内的其余字段的值、当前时间、客户端计算设备的标识符等)传递通过密码散列以产生摘要、并且然后利用私钥对所述摘要进行加密以产生可包含在有效性信息中的数字签名来生成有效性信息。利用密码散列和经由私钥编码以产生数字签名的过程有时被称为“公钥密码术”或“非对称密码术”。这个过程在本领域中是已知的，且因此本文将不再详细描述。然而，在应用于本公开的实施例的情况下，使用公钥密码术来生成包含在网络地址中的数字签名可提供实质性的确定性，即任何有效的网络地址(例如，具有可验证的数字签名)是通过与能够访问对应私钥的DNS服务的交互获得的。
在一些实例中，可对网络地址的全部或一部分进行加密，以避免向未授权方传达信息或修改信息。例如，可根据公钥加密来对DNS级数据(例如，包括数字签名值)进行加密。说明性地，DNS服务可利用与内容服务器相关联的公钥来对网络地址的DNS级数据(或网络地址的任何给定部分)进行加密，并且内容服务器在接收到寻址到网络地址的数据时，可利用对应的私钥来对所述部分进行解密并利用DNS级数据(或由所述部分表示的其他数据)来提供所请求的信息。作为进一步的说明，CDN的路由器可利用对应的私钥来对数据被寻址到的网络地址进行解密，并且利用解密值来路由CDN上的所述数据。DNS级数据(或网络地址中表示的其他值)的加密可有益于防止授权实体获得CDN内利用的实际网络地址的知识(例如，在解密的网络地址表示内容服务器的网络地址的情况下)，或者获得编码在网络地址内的DNS级数据的知识。在一些实施例中，数字签名和网络地址信息的加密可结合使用，以提供网络地址的机密性、完整性和真实性。为了确保寻址到加密网络地址的数据的可路由性，可将此类网络地址的一部分(例如，路由前缀)保留为加密的。
在一些实例中，可将网络地址格式化以使得能够更改用于将信息编码在那些网络地址内的规则。例如，可分配网络地址的一个或多个位来表示版本标识符，其指示网络地址的格式。在从客户端计算设备接收到与网络地址通信的请求时，目的地设备可检查版本标识符以确定对应的规则，其指示如何将DNS级信息编码在网络地址内。因此，DNS服务和对应的CDN可周期性地更改网络地址的编码规则，或者在一些实例中同时利用多种不同的编码格式。在一个实施例中，DNS服务和CDN可识别与在网络攻击中被针对的较高可能性相关联的“高风险”分发，并且为这些分发的网络地址提供一组不同的编码规则。这些规则例如可包括更强的有效性信息，或者可比其他非高风险分发的网络地址更快地更改。在一些实例中，规则可指定类似或相同的信息编码格式，但是可改变在这种编码中使用的其他参数。例如，规则可指定用于编码网络地址的特定公钥/私钥对。编码在网络地址内的版本信息可使得DNS服务和CDN能够确定已经编码给定网络地址所遵循的规则。
虽然以上描述一般涉及各自维护用于编码网络地址的规则的知识的DNS服务和对应的目的地设备(例如，作为CDN的一部分)，但是本公开的一些实施例可利用不同的服务来维护此类规则。说明性地，可以向CDN的DNS服务和目的地设备两者提供对网络地址编码服务的应用编程接口(API)的访问，使得DNS服务和目的地设备可以向网络地址编码服务传输请求，以生成给定分发的网络地址或从网络地址解码DNS级信息。使用这种网络地址编码服务例如可简化在DNS服务与目的地设备之间同步规则的要求。
虽然本文关于内容分发系统提供了示例，但是本申请的实施例可关于操作来向客户端计算设备提供离散的内容集合的任何计算设备网络来实现。此外，虽然关于内容分发网络作为整体提供了一些示例，但是本申请的实施例也可全部或部分地由内容递送系统的离散部分实现。因此，本文提供的示例本质上旨在是说明性的，而非穷举性的。
如本领域技术人员根据以上描述将理解的，本文公开的实施例实质上增加了计算系统(诸如内容递送系统)处置网络通信的能力。具体地，本文公开的实施例通过直接在网络地址内提供提示信息、减少或消除由路由或目的地设备单独维护此类信息的需要来实现更有效的路由或通信处置。此外，本文公开的实施例使得能够基于传输的网络地址并且不管传输的内容如何，来识别传输所针对的特定内容集合(分发)。更进一步地，本文公开的实施例使得能够在网络地址内包含有效性信息(诸如数字签名)，以帮助区分合法通信与无效且潜在恶意的通信。因此，目前公开的实施例通过使得内容递送系统或其他联网设备能够更有效地路由和处置通信、更有效地识别和删除恶意通信、以及即使在接收到大量非法请求时也继续为合法客户端请求服务来表示此类计算系统的功能的改进。此外，目前公开的实施例解决了计算系统内固有的技术问题；具体地，计算系统处理基于网络的请求的能力有限，传统网络路由技术在路由与网络地址通信的请求时对外部信息的依赖，以及由通常使用的网络通信协议引起的DNS服务与目的地网络设备之间的关联解除。这些技术问题通过本文描述的各种技术解决方案来解决，包括在DNS服务处将DNS级数据编码在网络地址内、在目的地设备处对此类信息进行解码、以及使用此类信息来处置与网络地址通信的请求。因此，本申请总体上表示对现有网络系统和计算系统的实质性改进。
当结合附图时，本公开的前述方面和许多伴随的优点将变得更容易理解，因为通过参考以下内容可以更好地理解这些方面和优点。
图1是描绘说明性逻辑网络100的框图，所述逻辑网络包括经由网络106与内容递送系统110通信的多个访问计算设备102和多个内容提供者104。如图1所示，内容递送系统110包括DNS服务112，所述DNS服务使得访问计算设备102能够将内容递送系统110上的分发标识符(例如，域名)解析到网络地址中。内容递送系统110还包括提供对内容递送系统110上的分发的内容的访问的一个或多个存在点(POP)。虽然访问计算设备102和内容提供者104在图1中被示出为一个群组，但是访问计算设备102和内容提供者104可以是在地理上远离的，并且独立拥有或操作。例如，访问计算设备102可表示访问内容递送系统110的各种全球、大陆或区域位置中的众多用户。此外，内容提供者104可表示与内容递送系统110相关联以便向访问计算设备102提供内容(诸如网站、多媒体或其他数字的网络可递送内容)的众多相关方或不同方。因此，图1内的访问计算设备102和内容提供者104的分组旨在表示逻辑分组，而不是物理分组。类似地，内容递送系统110的每个部件可位于地理上不同的区域内。例如，内容递送系统110内的DNS服务112和POP 124可以是在全球、大陆或区域上不同的，以便为内容递送系统110提供广泛的地理存在。
网络106可以是任何有线网络、无线网络或它们的组合。另外，网络106可以是个人局域网、局域网、广域网、电缆网络、卫星网络、蜂窝电话网络或它们的组合。在图1的示例环境中，网络106是全球网(GAN)，诸如互联网。计算机通信领域的技术人员众所周知经由其他上述类型的通信网络进行通信的协议和部件，并且因此无需在本文中更详细地描述。虽然访问计算设备102、内容提供者104和内容递送系统110中的每一个被描绘为具有到网络106的单个连接，但是访问计算设备102、内容提供者104和内容递送系统110的各个部件可在不同的点连接到网络106。因此，通信时间和能力可在图1的部件之间变化。
访问计算设备102可包括能够与内容递送系统110通信的任何数量的不同计算设备。例如，各个访问计算设备可对应于膝上型或平板计算机、个人计算机、可穿戴计算机、服务器、个人数字助理(PDA)、混合PDA/移动电话、移动电话、电子书阅读器、机顶盒、摄像机、数字媒体播放器等。此外，访问计算设备102可包括由内容递送系统110的合法客户端利用的设备以及由恶意方用来在内容递送系统110上进行基于网络的攻击(诸如DoS攻击)的设备。
内容提供者104可包括由已经向内容递送系统110提供内容以便随后传输到客户端计算设备(其可包括一个或多个访问计算设备102)的实体拥有或操作的任何计算设备。例如，内容提供者104可包括托管网站、流式音频、视频、或多媒体服务、数据分析服务或其他网络可访问服务的服务器。虽然在图1中说明性地示出为网络附接的计算设备，但是内容提供者104可以另外或可替代地经由非联网通信信道(例如，经由数据的物理递送)向内容递送系统110提供内容。
内容提供者104提供给内容递送系统110的内容可全部或部分地托管在POP 120中。每个POP 120可包括被配置成向访问计算设备102提供内容的多种计算设备。具体地，每个POP 120可包括与网络地址相关联的一个或多个内容服务器122，访问计算设备102可以向所述网络地址寻址从内容递送系统110获得内容的请求。每个POP120还可包括可以存储这种内容的数据高速缓存126。因为每个数据高速缓存126的存储空间量可能是有限的，所以POP 112的内容服务器122可被配置成检测“高速缓存未命中”(即访问计算设备102请求的数据在数据高速缓存126中不可用的实例)，并且从另一设备(例如，内容提供者104或图1中未示出的其他数据存储区)检索此类数据。因此，内容服务器112可在逻辑上被视为“边缘”设备，在内容递送系统110上提供内容的第一级高速缓存。POP 120内的内容服务器112用于获得和提供内容的一般操作在本领域中是已知的，且因此本文将不再详细描述。根据本公开的实施例，每个POP 120还可包括解码规则数据存储区124，其被配置成存储指示DNS级数据如何被编码到网络地址中的一个或多个规则。如以下将描述的，此类规则可指示网络地址的表示不同类型的DNS级信息的特定位，以及编码此类信息的算法或编码方式。
每个POP 120可以与多个网络地址相关联，访问计算设备102可通过所述网络地址经由网络106对POP 120进行寻址。在一个实施例中，每个网络地址是互联网协议版本6(IPv6)地址。例如，每个POP 114可与网络地址的一个或多个特定“块”相关联，诸如IPv6地址的“2001:db8::/48”块(以无类别域间路由或“CIDR”符号表示，如本领域常见的那样)。此外，每个POP 120可被配置成提供多个内容集合，每个集合可与特定的内容提供者104相关联。一般来说，这些离散的内容集合在本文中可称为“分发”。每个分发可表示通常可从POP114或内容递送系统110获得的特定网络可访问服务，诸如网站。如下所述，编码有DNS级信息的网络地址可包括第一部分，有时称为路由前缀，其对应于与POP 120相关联的网络地址的块。因此，预期经由网络106传输到这些网络地址的通信将到达与路由前缀相关联的POP120。此类网络地址的一个或多个剩余位(例如，除了路由前缀之外)可以用于指定从其请求内容的内容递送系统110的分发，以及内容服务器112可用来处置与网络地址通信的请求的其他信息。
图1的说明性内容递送系统110还包括DNS服务112，其被配置成使得访问计算设备102能够将分发的人类可读网络标识符(诸如域名或URL)解析到编码有DNS级信息的网络地址(诸如IP地址)中，访问分发的内容的请求可以传输到所述网络地址。具体地，DNS服务112包括一个或多个DNS服务器114，每个DNS服务器包括一个或多个处理器、存储器和数据存储设备，它们共同被配置成从访问计算设备102接收对与分发相关联的特定域名的请求。作为响应，DNS服务器112可进一步被配置成提供与POP 120内的一个或多个计算设备相关联的一个或多个网络地址，在所述网络地址处可获得这个分发的内容。根据本公开的实施例，此类网络地址可包括编码的DNS级信息(例如，至少在请求时在DNS服务112处可用的信息)。此后，访问计算设备114可经由网络地址与POP 120通信以访问分发。在一个实施例中，可将与内容分发系统110上的内容的标识符(“分发标识符”，其可对应于例如域名或统一资源标识符[“URI”])相对应的网络地址包括在由DNS服务112预先生成的DNS记录内，并且存储在DNS记录数据存储区119内。说明性地，一个或多个DNS服务器114可基于编码规则数据存储区116中包括的一个或多个规则来生成DNS记录，所述规则指定编码有DNS级信息的网络地址的格式，以及关于网络地址应当对应的分发的信息。此类信息可存储在例如分发数据存储区118中，并且可包括可以访问分发的一个或多个POP120的前缀信息、分发的提示信息(例如，适用于分发的安全性证书的标识符、从其接收对应DNS请求的解析器的标识符或这个解析器的位置等)、适用于分发的规则的标识符等。例如，DNS服务112可识别与可以访问分发的POP 120相关联的前缀，以便确定分发的网络地址的第一部分。DNS服务112还可利用一个或多个规则来确定与分发的标识符相对应的位组、与分发的提示信息相对应的位组、与网络地址的有效性信息相对应的位组、以及与一个或多个规则的版本标识符相对应的位组。然后，DNS服务112可将前缀、用于标识符的位组、用于提示信息的位组、用于有效性信息的位组、以及用于版本标识符的位组连结以产生呈根据一个或多个规则(例如，IPv6)指定的适用格式的网络地址。然后，DNS服务器112可将使得分发的标识符与所生成的网络地址相关联的DNS记录存储在DNS记录数据存储区119内。当从访问计算设备102获得解析分发的标识符的请求时，DNS服务器112可检索与标识符相对应的DNS记录(例如，识别映射到标识符的一个或多个网络地址)，并将DNS记录返回到访问计算设备102。在一些实例中，DNS服务器112可周期性地(例如，每小时)生成用于分发的DNS记录。在其他实例中，响应于来自访问计算设备102的解析分发标识符的请求，DNS服务器112可“即时”生成用于分发的DNS记录。这种即时记录生成可能是有益的，例如，以允许在生成网络地址期间使用特定于请求的信息。例如，在一些实例中，DNS服务器114可使用与解析请求相关联的区域标识符(例如，解析请求所源自的地理或逻辑区域的标识符)作为对用于生成网络地址的有效性信息的算法的输入，使得仅在此类请求源自同一区域的情况下，POP 120才响应与网络地址通信的请求。
DNS服务112的编码规则数据存储区116、分发数据存储区118和DNS记录数据存储区119，以及POP 120的解码规则数据存储区124和数据高速缓存126可对应于任何持久性的或基本上持久性的数据存储装置，诸如硬盘驱动器(HDD)、固态驱动器(SDD)、网络附接存储装置(NAS)、磁带驱动器或它们的任何组合。
如上所述，虽然通常参考DNS服务器112和POP 120来描述将DNS级数据编码到网络地址中或从网络地址中解码，但是在一些实施例中，DNS服务器112和POP 120中的任一个或两者可利用外部地址编码服务(图1中未示出)将DNS级数据编码到网络地址中或从网络地址中解码。例如，地址编码可包括一个或多个服务器，其被配置成提供可接收请求的API或其他接口，以便将DNS级数据编码到分发的网络地址中，或者从网络地址中解码DNS级数据。根据本公开的实施例，此类服务器可与规则数据存储区通信，并且利用来自这种数据存储区的规则来编码或解码网络地址。
本领域的技术人员将理解，内容递送系统110可具有比图1所示的部件更少或更多的部件。另外，内容递送系统110可包括各种web服务和/或对等网络配置。因此，图1中对内容递送系统110的描绘应当被视为说明性的。例如，在一些实施例中，内容递送系统110的部件(诸如DNS服务器112)可由在托管计算环境中实现的一个多个虚拟机来执行。托管计算环境可包括一个或多个快速供应和释放的计算资源，所述计算资源可包括计算、网络和/或存储设备。托管计算环境也可称为云计算环境。
DNS服务器112、编码规则数据存储区116、DNS记录数据存储区119、分发数据存储区118、内容服务器122、解码规则数据存储区124和数据高速缓存126中的任何一个或多个可体现在多个部件中，每个部件执行相应的DNS服务器112、编码规则数据存储区116、DNS记录数据存储区119、分发数据存储区118、内容服务器122、解码规则数据存储区124和数据高速缓存126的实例。实现DNS服务器112、编码规则数据存储区116、DNS记录数据存储区119、分发数据存储区118、内容服务器122、解码规则数据存储区124和数据高速缓存126中的任何一个的服务器或其他计算部件可包括网络接口、存储器、处理单元和计算机可读介质驱动器，所有这些部件可通过通信总线彼此通信。网络接口可通过网络106和/或其他网络或计算机系统提供连接。处理单元可与包含程序指令的存储器来回通信，处理单元执行所述程序指令以便操作相应的DNS服务器112、编码规则数据存储区116、DNS记录数据存储区119、分发数据存储区118、内容服务器122、解码规则数据存储区124和数据高速缓存126。存储器通常可包括随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、其他持久性存储器和辅助存储器和/或任何非暂时性计算机可读介质。
图2描绘了可实现DNS服务112的DNS服务器114或本文描述的其他部件的服务器200的体系结构的一个实施例。图2中描绘的服务器200的一般体系结构包括可用于实现本公开的各方面的计算机硬件和软件部件的布置。如图所示，服务器200包括处理单元204、网络接口206、计算机可读介质驱动器207、输入/输出设备接口220、显示器222和输入设备224，所有这些部件可通过通信总线彼此通信。网络接口206可提供到一个或多个网络或计算系统(诸如图1的网络106)的连接。因此，处理单元204可经由网络从其他计算系统或服务接收信息和指令。处理单元204还可与存储器210来回通信，并且进一步经由输入/输出设备接口220为任选显示器222提供输出信息。输入/输出设备接口220还可接受来自任选输入设备224(诸如键盘、鼠标、数字笔等)的输入。在一些实施例中，服务器200可包括比图2所示的部件更多(或更少)的部件。例如，服务器200的一些实施例可省略显示器222和输入设备224，同时通过一个或多个替代通信信道(例如，经由网络接口206)提供输入/输出能力。
存储器210可包括处理单元204执行以实现一个或多个实施例的计算机程序指令。存储器210通常包括随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)和/或其他持久性或非暂时性存储器。存储器210可存储操作系统214，所述操作系统提供计算机程序指令以供处理单元204在服务器200的一般管理和操作中使用。存储器210还可包括用于实现本公开的各方面的计算机程序指令和其他信息。例如，在一个实施例中，存储器210包括用户界面软件212，其生成用于例如经由导航界面(诸如安装在计算设备上的web浏览器)在计算设备上显示的用户界面(和/或其指令)。此外，存储器210可包括一个或多个辅助数据存储区(诸如数据存储区226)或与之通信，所述辅助数据存储区可对应于任何持久性或基本上持久性的数据存储装置，诸如硬盘驱动器(HDD)、固态驱动器(SDD)、网络附接存储装置(NAS)、磁带驱动器或它们的任何组合。说明性地，数据存储区226可对应于编码规则数据存储区116、DNS记录数据存储区119、分发数据存储区118或它们的任何组合。
除了用户界面模块212之外，存储器210还可包括可以由处理单元204执行的地址编码软件216。在一个实施例中，地址编码软件216实现本公开的各个方面，例如，包括编码有DNS级信息的网络地址的DNS记录的生成。
参考图3A和图3B，将描述用于在内容递送系统110上生成和使用编码有DNS级信息的网络地址的一组说明性交互。具体地，图3A描绘了用于生成将分发标识符映射到编码有DNS级信息的网络地址的DNS记录的说明性交互，以及用于将这种DNS记录传输到访问计算设备102A的说明性交互。图3B描绘了用于处置来自访问计算设备102A的对编码有DNS级信息的网络地址的通信请求的说明性交互。为了便于说明，将参考请求访问内容递送系统110上的单个分发的单个访问计算设备102A并且参考这个分发的单个网络地址来描述图3A和图3B的交互。然而，在一些实施例中，关于多个访问计算设备102A(访问一个或多个分发)、多个分发、给定分发的多个网络地址或它们的任何组合，可能发生类似的交互。
图3A的交互开始于(1)，其中DNS服务112加载用于将分发的DNS级信息编码到网络地址中的编码规则。说明性地，可以从编码规则数据存储区116加载此类规则。在一些实例中，所加载的规则在时间或分发上通常可以是静态的或恒定的。在其他实例中，基于特定的分发(例如，作为高风险或非高风险分发)、基于一天中的时间(例如，改变网络地址格式以防止被未授权设备知晓)或基于其他标准，所加载的规则可不同。此处，在(2)处，DNS服务112根据所获得的规则将DNS级数据编码到网络地址中。说明性地，DNS服务112可确定由规则指定的DNS级信息的一个或多个字段，根据规则中指定的算法生成与每个字段相对应的数据，并且根据规则内指定的排序将这种数据连结以产生网络地址。此后，在(3)处，DNS服务112可生成将分发的标识符(诸如域名)映射到编码有DNS级数据的网络地址的DNS记录，并将DNS记录存储在DNS记录数据存储区119中。
将参考图4描述关于生成具有编码的DNS级数据的网络地址的其他细节，这个图是具有编码的DNS级数据的网络地址的潜在格式的说明性可视化或图形描绘。具体地，图4描绘了128位网络地址的说明性格式，其可以符合例如IPv6格式。为了便于描绘，图4的128位网络地址被分成8个逻辑位群组，每个逻辑位群组对应于128位网络地址中的16位。编码网络地址内的DNS级数据的每个字段可由给定位群组内的位值表示。例如，如图4所示，网络地址的前48位可用于表示路由前缀。每个路由前缀可以例如与一个或多个POP 120相关联，使得寻址到具有给定前缀的任何网络地址的网络分组将经由网络106被路由到分配了所述前缀的对应POP 120。说明性地，路由前缀的长度和内容可由网络106中的参与者共同商定，且因此DNS服务112可被配置成维护此类前缀而不会将DNS级数据编码到前缀中。如图4所示，网络地址的剩余位的全部或一部分(例如，除了路由前缀之外)可用于表示编码的DNS级信息。例如，位群组8(网络地址的最后16位)可用于唯一地识别与网络地址相关联的分发。说明性地，在内容递送系统110上的每个分发与可表示为16位或更少位的唯一标识符相关联的情况下，根据图4的格式编码的网络地址可直接表示位群组8内的该唯一标识符。在内容递送系统110上的每个分发与可以或可以不表示为16位或更少位的唯一标识符(例如，任意长度的域名)相关联的情况下，根据图4的格式编码的网络地址可将这个唯一标识符表示为通过使唯一标识符传递通过散列函数而生成的散列值。用于表示分发标识符的特定位数可以例如随着根据给定格式下支持的不同分发标识符的数量以及根据给定编码方案的不同标识符之间的冲突概率而变化。在接收到与网络地址通信的请求时，接收设备(例如，内容服务器122)可基于网络地址的最后位群组来识别请求所针对的分发。根据图4的说明性格式可包括在网络地址内的附加DNS级信息包括由位群组4表示的规则标识符、由位群组5表示的有效性信息、以及由位群组6表示的提示信息。说明性地，表示规则标识符的群组4中的位可识别描述图4所示的网络地址编码格式的规则(例如，标识符“0001”)，并且可以用于从其他潜在的格式中识别根据图4所示的网络地址编码格式编码的网络地址。因此，在接收到与网络地址通信的请求时，接收设备(例如，内容服务器122)可根据群组4中的位来识别网络地址的格式(例如，以使得接收设备能够获得指定如何将其他DNS级数据编码到网络地址中的规则)。表示有效性信息的群组5中的位可表示基于DNS服务112的私钥以及输入集合生成的数字签名，所述输入集合可包括例如网络地址的其他位群组的值。因此，在接收到与网络地址通信的请求时，接收设备(例如，内容服务器122)可通过确认数字签名(例如，使用对应的加密公钥来解密数字签名并将所得的值与同一输入集合的独立散列进行比较)来验证网络地址的有效性。表示提示信息的群组6和7中的位可表示通知接收设备如何处置与网络地址通信的请求的信息，诸如用于创建与访问计算设备102的安全通信信道的安全性证书的标识符。因此，在接收到与网络地址通信的请求时，接收设备(例如，内容服务器122)可检索与提示信息相对应的安全性证书，并且使用这种证书来与访问计算设备102建立安全通信。提示信息的附加示例可以包括例如从其接收到与编码的网络地址相对应的DNS请求的解析器的标识符或网络地址、这个解析器的位置等。
虽然图4中示出了具有编码的DNS级信息的网络地址的一种潜在格式，但其他格式是可能的并且是根据本公开所设想的。例如，根据IPv6协议，可将多于48位包括在路由前缀内，或者可将附加位群组(例如，位群组4)用作子网前缀。此外，用于识别每种类型的DNS级数据的特定位可根据不同的潜在格式而变化。虽然为了便于描述，这些位在图4中示出为16位群组，但是可使用任何数量的位来识别每种类型的DNS级数据。例如，少于16或32位可能足以分别存储规则标识符或提示信息(例如，在旨在支持少于65,536个总规则标识符或232个提示信息值的实例中)。可以使用多于16位来存储有效性信息(例如，根据期望的安全性强度)或分发标识符(例如，根据所支持的标识符的数量以及在利用散列函数的情况下发生冲突的可能性)。可以利用任何数量的算法(包括多种已知的散列算法)来确定表示给定DNS级数据的位值。因此，编码到网络地址中的DNS级数据的大小、内容和布置可变化。
如上所述，可对网络地址的全部或一部分进行加密。例如，可根据公钥加密(使用公钥)来对如图4所示的位群组4至8中的任何一个或多个的值进行加密以表示加密的位群组，并且可返回包括至少一个加密位群组的网络地址。此后，可利用对应的私钥来对加密位群组的值进行解密，以确定所述位群组的未加密的值。说明性地，DNS服务器112可被配置成在DNS响应内提供包括至少一个加密位群组的网络地址，并且内容递送系统110的一个或多个路由器可被配置成在接收到寻址到包括加密位群组的网络地址的数据分组时对所述位群组进行解密。在一个实施例中，路由器可在内容递送系统110内转发数据分组(例如，利用未加密的网络地址)之前证实或验证网络地址的完整性(例如，使用编码到网络地址中的有效性信息，诸如数字签名)。以这种方式，在内容递送系统110内利用的网络地址可对内容递送系统110外部的设备保密(或者没有内容递送系统110利用的私钥)。虽然可以如上所述对DNS级信息进行加密，但是可以另外或可替代地对由网络地址传送的其他数据进行加密。例如，在网络顺序地、随机地或经由另一个分发机制分配网络地址的情况下，此类网络地址的全部或一部分可以在DNS响应中提供之前进行加密，并且接收设备(例如，内容服务器112、路由器等)可被配置成在接收到寻址到加密网络地址的数据分组时对所述网络地址进行解密。
回到图3A的交互，一旦创建了用于分发的DNS记录，DNS服务112就可用于从访问计算设备102A获得解析分发的标识符的请求，如(4)处所示。虽然图3A中将这个请求示出开始于访问计算设备102A并且终止于DNS服务112，但是所述请求可以根据众所周知的DNS传输协议来传输，且因此可以在到达DNS服务112之前传递通过任何数量的中间设备(例如，DNS解析器)。因此，DNS服务112可不直接知道访问计算设备102A的身份。
在(5)处，响应于请求，DNS服务112可返回引用编码有DNS级数据的网络地址的DNS记录。类似于交互(4)，虽然这个响应被示出为开始于DNS服务112并且终止于访问计算设备102A，但是所述响应可以根据众所周知的DNS传输协议来传输，且因此可以在到达访问计算设备102A之前传递通过任何数量的中间设备(例如，DNS解析器)。在接收到DNS记录时，访问计算设备102A然后可将网络数据传输到DNS记录中引用的网络地址，如将参考图3B所描述的。
虽然参考图3A描述了一组简化的交互，但是在本公开的实施例下可发生附加的或替代的交互。例如，在一些实例中，DNS服务112可维护用于分发的多个DNS记录(例如，每个记录包括与不同POP120相关联的网络地址)，并且根据负载平衡或流量整形算法(例如，循环法)来分发DNS记录。作为另一个示例，在一些实例中，响应于解析分发标识符的请求，DNS服务112可操作来即时生成或修改DNS记录。例如，DNS服务112可至少部分地基于请求的属性(诸如从其接收请求的地理或逻辑区域)生成网络地址的有效性数据。作为另一个示例，在一些实例中，DNS服务112可将DNS记录的TTL值修改为对应于一定的时间长度，直到DNS服务112被配置成生成与DNS记录相关联的分发的网络地址的新的有效性数据。以这种方式，在访问计算设备102A符合DNS记录的TTL值的情况下，可预期这些设备考虑在内容递送系统110由于有效性信息的改变而将记录中的网络地址视为无效时或之前到期的DNS记录。因此，即使在请求解析相同的分发标识符时，不同的访问计算设备102也可从DNS服务112获得不同的DNS记录，并且图3A的交互的排序和内容本质上应当被视为说明性的。
参考图3B，将描述用于处置来自访问计算设备102A的对编码有DNS级信息的网络地址的通信请求的说明性交互。为了便于参考，图3B的交互与图3A的交互按顺序编号；然而，在一些实例中，图3A和图3B的交互可单独地发生(例如，在网络攻击的情况下，其中多个访问计算设备102A可将数据传输到通过不同访问计算设备102A的DNS请求获得的网络地址)。
图1的交互开始于(6)，其中访问计算设备102A将访问分发的内容的请求传输到包括编码的DNS级数据的网络地址(例如，如从DNS服务112获得的DNS记录中所引用的)。请求可经由网络路由到与网络地址内的路由前缀相关联的POP 120，在所述POP中，可根据内容服务器122(例如，如根据POP 120的负载平衡所选择的)来处理请求。具体地，在(7)处，POP120可从解码规则数据存储区124加载用于网络地址的一个或多个解码规则。在一些实例中，所加载的规则通常可以是静态的，并且POP 120可加载当前的一组解码规则。在其他实例中，POP 120可加载与由编码网络地址的位表示的版本标识符相对应的一组规则(例如，其中在没有规则本身的情况下，表示版本标识符的编码网络地址的位是可识别的，诸如通过在一组潜在规则中将位定位在公共位置)。
在(8)处，POP 120可根据解码规则对来自网络地址的DNS级数据进行解码。例如，POP 120可利用解码规则来确定与请求相关联的分发标识符、提示信息和有效性信息。说明性地，可通过检查与DNS级数据相对应的一组位来获得每种类型的DNS级数据，如在解码规则中所识别的。在一些实例中，可根据解码规则的算法进一步处理一组位，以便将所述位变换为POP 120可用的格式(例如，通过反转特定类型的DNS级数据的编码)。
在(9)处，POP 120可至少部分地基于包括在向其传输请求的网络地址内的有效性信息来证实访问内容的请求。例如，有效性信息可包括网络地址的生成时间和网络地址的TTL值两者(或者包括网络地址的DNS记录)。因此，接收设备可对生成时间值和TTL值进行解码，并且利用这些值来确定网络地址是否应当被认为是有效的(例如，其中如果生成时间值加上TTL值不满足或超过当前时间，则网络地址可被视为无效的。作为另一个示例，在有效性信息是基于网络地址的剩余位的加密散列生成的数字签名的情况下，POP 120可使用网络地址的这些剩余位生成对应的散列并使用DNS服务112的公钥生成表示数字签名的解密的解密值，并且验证解密的值和生成的散列相匹配。在一些实施例中，可在网络地址内指定用于生成数字签名的公钥/私钥对(例如，通过识别来自预先建立的列表的公钥/私钥对的版本标识符)。在其他实例中，用于生成数字签名的公钥/私钥对可由DNS服务112和POP 120单独商定。例如，DNS服务器112、POP 120或第三部件(图3A-3B中未示出)可周期性地生成或选择新的公钥/私钥对以供DNS服务112和POP 120使用，并且POP 120可在生成新的公钥/私钥对后的阈值时间段(例如，匹配由DNS服务112提供的DNS记录的TTL值)之后，将具有根据先前的公钥/私钥对生成的数字签名的网络地址视为无效的。这可以使得POP 120能够使用数字签名验证独立地实施DNS记录的TTL值。
在解码规则指定用于有效性信息的其他输入(诸如请求所源自的区域)的实例中，POP 120可使用此类输入来验证数字签名。在网络地址被认为有效的实例中，POP 120可继续处理请求。否则，POP 120可认为请求无效，并且拒绝进一步处理请求(例如，通过“黑洞化”请求)。虽然通常参考POP 120来描述对请求的验证，但是这种验证可在POP 120内的多种位置处发生，诸如在内容服务器122处或在充当内容服务器112与访问计算设备102A之间的中介的POP 120的路由器(所述路由器在图3B中未示出)处。在一些实例中，对应于数字签名的公钥可由内容递送系统110公开地提供。因此，可以使得内容递送系统110外部的部件能够验证包括在网络地址内的数字签名。例如，访问计算设备102可包括被配置成证实返回的网络地址中的数字签名作为对DNS请求的响应的一部分的软件，所述软件可防止或阻止对DNS响应的伪造或修改(例如，经由中间人攻击)。作为另一个示例，网络106上的路由器或通信设备可被配置成在转发经数字签名的网络地址之前验证此类地址，以防止网络106上的恶意流量。
在(10)处，在网络地址被认为有效的实例中，POP 120至少部分地基于DNS级信息，响应于所述请求，发起与访问计算设备102A的通信，并获得内容。说明性地，POP 120可基于由网络地址的提示信息识别的安全性证书来发起与访问计算设备102A的安全通信。POP120可进一步基于网络地址的分发标识符来访问与数据高速缓存126内的分发相对应的内容的所请求部分。此后，在(11)处，POP 120可将所请求的内容返回到访问计算设备102。因此，访问计算设备102A可利用编码有DNS级信息的网络地址来访问内容递送系统110上的内容。
虽然图3B的交互一般描述了可能相对于合法访问计算设备102A发生的交互，但是POP 120可另外被配置成处理和处置来自非法访问计算设备102的恶意通信。说明性地，此类恶意通信可包括无效的有效性信息(例如，由于DNS服务112已经更改了有效性信息的事实，这是因为非法访问计算设备102获得了目标网络地址)，且因此可以被POP 120忽略。此外，因为网络地址可包括作为编码的DNS级数据的分发标识符，所以POP 120可能够从网络地址(并且潜在地没有任何附加信息)识别网络攻击所针对的分发。然后，POP 120可采取动作以减轻网络攻击，诸如请求DNS服务112修改目标分发的DNS记录以包括新的有效性信息。可用于减轻网络攻击的动作的进一步说明在2015年9月24日提交的且标题为“MITIGATINGNETWORK ATTACKS(减轻网络攻击)”的美国专利申请号14/864,683中更详细地进行描述，所述申请的全部内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
上述所有方法和过程可通过由一个或多个通用计算机或处理器执行的软件代码模块来体现并且完全自动化。代码模块可存储在任何类型的非暂时性计算机可读介质或其他计算机存储设备中。可替代地，方法中的一些或全部可体现在专用计算机硬件中。
除非另有特别说明，否则诸如尤其是“可(can)”、“可以(could)”、“可能(might或may)”的条件语言将在上下文中理解为通常使用的以表示某些实施例包括、而其他实施例不包括某些特征、元素和/或步骤的。因此，此类条件语言通常不旨在暗示一个或多个实施例以任何方式需要特征、元素和/或步骤，或者一个或多个实施例必须包括用于在具有或不具有用户输入或提示的情况下对这些特征、元素和/或步骤包括在任何特定实施例中还是将在任何特定实施例中执行进行判定的逻辑。
除非另有特别说明，否则诸如短语“X、Y或Z中的至少一个”的选言语言将在上下文中理解为通常使用的以表示项目、项等可以是X、Y或Z或者它们的任何组合(例如，X、Y和/或Z)。因此，此类选言语言通常不旨在并且不应当暗示某些实施例要求分别存在X中的至少一者、Y中的至少一者或者Z中的至少一者。
除非另有明确说明，否则诸如‘一个(a)’或‘一(an)’的冠词通常应当被解释为包括一个或多个所描述的项目。因此，诸如“被配置成……的设备”的短语旨在包括一个或多个叙述的设备。此类一个或多个叙述的设备也可共同被配置成执行所述的详述。例如，“被配置成执行详述A、B和C的处理器”可包括与被配置成执行详述B和C的第二处理器结合工作的被配置成执行详述A的第一处理器。
本文描述和/或附图中描绘的流程图中的任何例程描述、元素或块应当被理解为潜在地表示包括用于实现例程中的特定逻辑功能或元素的一个或多个可执行指令的代码的模块、片段或部分。替代实现方式包括在本文描述的实施例的范围内，其中元素或功能可删除，或者不按照示出或讨论的顺序执行，包括基本上同步或以相反的顺序，这取决于所涉及的功能，如本领域技术人员将理解的。
鉴于以下条款集合，可以更好地理解上述内容：
条款1.一种用于提供经数字签名的网络地址的系统，所述系统包括：
域名系统(DNS)计算设备，所述DNS计算设备被配置有计算机可执行指令，以便：
获得将域名解析到网络地址中的请求；
确定所述网络地址的路由前缀，其中所述路由前缀与包括跟所述域名相关联的内容服务器的网络相关联；
确定所述网络地址的与所述内容服务器相关联的附加部分；
利用密码公钥对所述网络地址的所述附加部分进行加密以产生加密部分；
生成所述网络地址，其中所述网络地址至少包括所述路由前缀和所述加密部分；并且
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址；以及
路由器计算设备，所述路由器计算设备与所述网络相关联并且被配置有计算机可执行指令，以便：
获得寻址到所述网络地址的数据分组；
使用对应于所述密码公钥的密码私钥对所述网络地址的所述加密部分进行解密，以产生表示所述网络地址的所述附加部分的解密信息；并且
至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组。
条款2.根据条款1所述的系统，其中所述路由器计算设备被配置成通过将所述数据分组路由到所述内容服务器，至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组。
条款3.根据条款1所述的系统，其中所述网络地址被格式化为互联网协议版本6(IPv6)地址。
条款4.根据条款1所述的系统，其中所述网络地址被格式化为包括所述路由前缀作为所述网络地址内的第一组位，并且包括所述加密部分作为所述网络地址内的第二组位。
条款5.根据条款1所述的系统，其中所述路由前缀表示用于将数据分组从公共可寻址网络路由到包括所述内容服务器的所述网络的路由信息。
条款6.一种计算机实现的方法，其包括：
获得将域名解析到网络地址中的DNS请求；
确定所述网络地址的路由前缀，其中所述路由前缀与包括跟所述域名相关联的计算设备的网络相关联；
确定所述网络地址的与所述内容服务器相关联的附加部分；
利用密码公钥对所述网络地址的所述附加部分进行加密以产生加密部分；
生成所述网络地址，其中所述网络地址至少包括所述路由前缀和所述加密部分；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址。
条款7.根据条款6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述附加部分包括分配给所述内容服务器的值、与所述DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息或与DNS服务器相关联的数字签名中的至少一者。
条款8.根据条款6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括所述域名、与所述域名相关联的安全性信息、所述DNS请求的定时信息或指定所述DNS请求的来源的信息中的至少一者。
条款9.根据条款8所述的计算机实现的方法，其还包括通过根据一个或多个编码规则对所述域名中的至少一个进行编码来生成所述DNS级信息。
条款10.根据条款6所述的计算机实现的方法，其还包括：
获得寻址到所述网络地址的数据分组；
使用对应于所述密码公钥的密码私钥对所述网络地址的所述加密部分进行解密，以产生表示所述网络地址的所述附加部分的解密信息；以及
至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组。
条款11.根据条款10所述的计算机实现的方法，其中至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
在所述解密信息中识别所述网络地址的生成时间和所述网络地址的存留时间(TTL)值；以及
至少部分地基于当前时间是否超过所述生成时间和所述TTL值的组合来路由所述数据分组。
条款12.根据条款10所述的计算机实现的方法，其中至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
识别根据一个或多个编码规则编码到所述解密信息中的域名；以及
将所述数据分组路由到与所述域名相关联的所述内容服务器。
条款13.根据条款10所述的计算机实现的方法，其中至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
识别包括在所述解密信息中的数字签名；
利用第二密码公钥来检查所述数字签名的有效性；以及
至少部分地基于所述加密值的有效性，通过当所述加密值有效时将所述数据分组路由到内容服务器或者当所述加密值无效时丢弃所述数据分组中的至少一者来路由所述数据分组。
条款14.非暂时性计算机可读介质，其包括计算机可执行指令，所述计算机可执行指令当被执行时致使计算系统：
获得与将域名解析到网络地址中的DNS请求相对应的信息；
确定所述网络地址的路由前缀，其中所述路由前缀与包括跟所述域名相关联的内容服务器的网络相关联；
确定所述网络地址的与所述内容服务器相关联的附加部分；
利用密码公钥对所述网络地址的所述附加部分进行加密以产生加密部分；
生成所述网络地址，其中所述网络地址至少包括所述路由前缀和所述加密部分；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址。
条款15.根据条款14所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令进一步致使所述计算系统：
根据密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述附加部分进行散列以产生散列值；以及
根据DNS服务器的密码私钥对所述散列值进行加密以产生数字签名；
其中所述网络地址还包括所述数字签名。
条款16.根据条款14所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其还包括第二计算机可执行指令，所述第二计算机可执行指令当由路由器计算设备执行时致使所述路由器计算设备：
获得寻址到所述网络地址的数据分组；
使用对应于所述密码公钥的密码私钥对所述网络地址的所述加密部分进行解密，以产生表示所述网络地址的所述附加部分的解密信息；并且
至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组。
条款17.根据条款16所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述第二计算机可执行指令致使所述路由器计算设备至少通过以下方式、至少部分地基于所述解密信息来路由所述数据分组：
识别包括在所述解密信息中的数字签名；
利用第二密码公钥来检查所述数字签名的有效性；以及
至少部分地基于所述加密值的有效性，通过当所述加密值有效时将所述数据分组路由到内容服务器或者当所述加密值无效时丢弃所述数据分组中的至少一者来路由所述数据分组。
条款18.根据条款14所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统通过参考将所述内容服务器映射到所述附加部分的信息来确定所述网络地址的所述附加部分。
条款19.根据条款14所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统通过根据一个或多个编码规则编码与所述DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息来确定所述网络地址的所述附加部分。
条款20.根据条款14所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述网络地址还包括指示所述密码公钥或对应于所述密码公钥的密码私钥中的至少一者的版本标识符。
条款21.一种被配置成减轻对域名的网络攻击的内容递送系统，其中所述域名与所述内容递送系统提供的内容相关联，所述内容递送系统包括：
域名系统(DNS)计算设备，所述DNS计算设备包括配置有计算机可执行指令的处理器，以便：
获得用于将DNS级信息编码到所述DNS计算设备提供的网络地址中的一个或多个编码规则；
获得将域名解析到网络地址中的请求；
根据一个或多个编码规则将所述域名编码到所述网络地址中；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址；
计算设备，所述计算设备包括配置有计算机可执行指令的处理器，以便：
获得用于对由所述DNS计算设备编码到网络地址中的DNS级信息进行解码的一个或多个解码规则；
检测寻址到所述网络地址的恶意数据分组，其中所述恶意数据分组形成对所述内容递送系统的网络攻击的至少一部分；
根据所述一个或多个解码规则，从所述恶意数据分组寻址到的所述网络地址来解码所述域名；以及
将从所述恶意数据分组寻址到的所述网络地址解码的所述域名识别为所述网络攻击的目标。
条款22.根据条款21所述的内容递送系统，其中所述网络地址被格式化为互联网协议版本6(IPv6)地址。
条款23.根据条款21所述的内容递送系统，其中所述一个或多个编码规则指定要包括在所述网络地址的各个位内的信息。
条款24.根据条款21所述的内容递送系统，其中所述网络地址包括对应于公共可寻址网络上的路由信息的第一部分，以及包括编码的DNS级信息的第二部分。
条款25.根据条款21所述的内容递送系统，其中所述计算设备是内容服务器计算设备或网络路由计算设备中的至少一者。
条款26.一种用于在编码网络地址内提供DNS级信息的计算机实现的方法，所述计算机实现的方法包括：
获得用于将DNS级信息编码到所述编码网络地址中并从所述编码网络地址解码DNS级信息的一个或多个规则，其中所述规则指定所述DNS级信息在被编码在所述编码网络地址中时的格式以及所述编码网络地址的用于表示所述DNS级信息的各个位；
接收将域名解析到网络地址中的DNS请求；
使用所述一个或多个规则将与所述DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息编码到所述网络地址中；
响应于所述DNS请求而返回所述网络地址；
接收寻址到所述网络地址的网络分组；
使用所述一个或多个规则从所述网络地址解码所述DNS级信息；以及
至少部分地基于从所述网络地址解码的所述DNS级信息来路由所述数据分组。
条款27.根据条款26所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括所述域名、与所述域名相关联的安全性信息、所述DNS请求的定时信息、指定所述DNS请求的来源的信息、或指示至少部分地基于所述DNS请求生成的所述网络地址的有效性的有效性信息中的至少一者。
条款28.根据条款26所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括所述域名，所述计算机实现的方法还包括：
将所述网络分组识别为恶意的并形成网络攻击的至少一部分；以及
将从所述恶意网络分组寻址到的所述网络地址解码的所述域名识别为所述网络攻击的目标。
条款29.根据条款26所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括有效性信息，并且其中至少部分地基于从所述网络地址解码的所述DNS级信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到无效的网络地址；以及
丢弃所述网络分组。
条款30.根据条款26所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括有效性信息，并且其中至少部分地基于从所述网络地址解码的所述DNS级信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到有效的网络地址；以及
将所述网络分组路由到与所述域名相关联的内容服务器。
条款31.根据条款26所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述有效性信息指示所述DNS请求的时间，并且其中检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到所述有效网络地址包括检测到当前时间与所述DNS请求的所述时间之间的时间段落在阈值存留时间值内。
条款32.根据条款26所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述有效性信息包括与公钥相关联的数字签名，并且其中检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到所述有效网络地址包括使用所述公钥验证所述数字签名。
条款33.非暂时性计算机可读介质，其包括用于将DNS级信息编码在网络地址内的计算机可执行指令，所述计算机可执行指令当被执行时致使计算系统：
获得用于将所述DNS级信息编码到所述网络地址中并从所述网络地址解码所述DNS级信息的一个或多个规则；
获得对编码网络地址的请求，其中所述请求包括与将域名解析到所述编码网络地址中的DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息；
至少根据所述一个或多个规则将所述DNS级信息编码到所述编码网络地址中；
响应于所述请求而返回所述编码网络地址；
接收与所述编码网络地址相关联的网络请求；以及
至少根据所述一个或多个规则对所述编码网络地址进行解码以产生所述DNS级信息；以及
至少部分地基于通过对所述编码网络地址进行解码而获得的所述DNS级信息来响应所述网络请求。
条款34.根据条款33所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述网络请求是解码所述编码网络地址的请求或获得与所述编码网络地址相关联的内容的请求中的至少一者。
条款35.根据条款33所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地基于所述DNS级信息通过以下方式中的至少一者来响应所述网络请求：响应于所述网络请求而返回所述DNS级信息；返回与所述网络请求相关联的内容；丢弃所述网络请求；或者将所述网络请求转发到与所述DNS级信息相关联的内容服务器。
条款36.根据条款33所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述DNS级信息包括域名和与所述域名相关联的安全性证书的标识符，并且其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地通过利用所述安全性证书发起安全连接来响应所述网络请求。
条款37.根据条款33所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述一个或多个规则包括多个规则版本，并且其中所述DNS级信息包括所述多个规则版本中的与编码所述编码网络地址时使用的规则版本相关联的版本标识符。
条款38.根据条款37所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地基于当前时间和与所述域名相关联的安全性级别来确定所述多个规则版本中的用于编码所述编码网络地址的规则版本。
条款39.根据条款33所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述DNS级信息包括域名，并且其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地通过以下方式将所述DNS级信息编码到所述编码网络地址中：
根据散列函数对所述域名进行散列以产生散列值；以及
包括所述散列值作为所述编码网络地址的一部分。
条款40.根据条款39所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述散列函数是密码散列函数。
条款41.一种用于提供经数字签名的网络地址的系统，所述系统包括：
域名系统(DNS)计算设备，所述DNS计算设备被配置有计算机可执行指令，以便：
获得将域名解析到网络地址中的请求；
至少部分地基于所述域名确定所述网络地址的一部分；
根据密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生散列值；
利用密码私钥对所述散列值进行加密以产生数字签名；
生成所述网络地址，其中所述网络地址至少包括所述网络地址的所述部分和所述数字签名；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址；以及
路由器计算设备，所述路由器计算设备被配置有计算机可执行指令，以便：
获得寻址到所述网络地址的数据分组；
根据所述密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生第二散列值；
利用对应于所述密码私钥的密码公钥来对所述数字签名进行解密，以产生解密输出；
比较所述解密输出与所述第二散列值以确定所述数字签名的有效性；以及
至少部分地基于所述数字签名的所述有效性来路由所述数据分组。
条款42.根据条款41所述的系统，其中所述路由器计算设备被配置成至少部分地基于所述数字签名的所述有效性，通过当所述数字签名有效时将所述数据分组路由到内容服务器或者当所述数字签名无效时丢弃所述数据分组中的至少一者来路由所述数据分组。
条款43.根据条款41所述的系统，其中所述网络地址被格式化为互联网协议版本6(IPv6)地址。
条款44.根据条款41所述的系统，其中所述网络地址被格式化为包括所述部分作为所述网络地址内的第一组位，并且包括所述加密值作为所述网络地址内的第二组位。
条款45.一种计算机实现的方法，其包括：
获得将域名解析到网络地址中的DNS请求；
至少部分地基于所述DNS请求确定所述网络地址的一部分；
根据密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生散列值；
利用密码私钥对所述散列值进行加密以产生加密值；
生成所述网络地址，其中所述网络地址至少包括所述网络地址的所述部分和所述加密值；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址。
条款46.如条款45所述的计算机实现方法，其还包括：
获得寻址到所述网络地址的数据分组；
根据所述密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生第二散列值；
利用密码公钥对所述加密值进行解密以产生解密输出；
比较所述解密输出与所述第二散列值以确定所述加密值的有效性；以及
至少部分地基于所述加密值的所述有效性来路由所述数据分组。
条款47.根据条款46所述的计算机实现的方法，所述方法是在不检查所述数据分组的内容的情况下执行的。
条款48.根据条款46所述的计算机实现的方法，其中至少部分地基于所述加密值的所述有效性来路由所述数据分组包括当所述加密值有效时将所述数据分组路由到内容服务器或者当所述加密值无效时丢弃所述数据分组中的至少一者。
条款49.根据条款46所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述私钥包括包括在私钥集合中，其中所述私钥集合中的各个私钥与各个时间段相关联，其中所述密码私钥是根据所述加密的时间来选择的，并且其中所述密码公钥是根据所述解密的时间来选择的。
条款50.根据条款45所述的计算机实现的方法，其中根据所述密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列包括根据所述密码散列函数对所述部分和路由前缀的组合进行散列。
条款51.根据条款45所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述网络地址包括表示路由前缀的第一组位、表示所述网络地址的所述部分的第二组位、以及表示所述加密值的第三组位。
条款52.根据条款45所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述网络地址的所述部分表示与所述DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息，所述DNS级信息包括所述域名、与所述域名相关联的安全性信息、所述DNS请求的定时信息或指定所述DNS请求的来源的信息中的至少一者。
条款53.根据条款45所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述网络地址的所述部分包括密码公钥。
条款54.根据条款45所述的计算机实现的方法，其还包括向所述DNS请求的发起设备提供密码公钥，其中所述发起设备被配置成：
获得所述网络地址；
根据所述密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生第二散列值；
利用所述密码公钥对所述加密值进行解密以产生解密输出；
比较所述解密输出与所述第二散列值以确定所述网络地址的有效性。
条款55.非暂时性计算机可读介质，其包括计算机可执行指令，所述计算机可执行指令当被执行时致使计算系统：
获得对网络地址的请求，其中所述请求包括与将域名解析到所述编码网络地址中的DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息；
至少部分地基于所述DNS请求确定所述网络地址的一部分；
根据密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生散列值；
利用私钥对所述散列值进行加密以产生加密值；
生成所述网络地址，其中所述网络地址至少包括所述网络地址的所述部分和所述加密值；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址。
条款56.根据条款55所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中对所述网络地址的所述请求是所述DNS请求或响应于所述DNS请求而生成的请求中的至少一者。
条款57.根据条款55所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地基于所述DNS请求，通过参考将所述网络地址映射到所述部分的信息来确定所述网络地址的所述部分。
条款58.根据条款55所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地基于所述DNS请求，通过根据一个或多个编码规则编码所述DNS级信息来确定所述网络地址的所述部分。
条款59.根据条款55所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述网络地址还包括指示所述密码散列函数或所述网络地址的表示所述加密值的位中的至少一者的版本标识符。
条款60.根据条款55所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令进一步致使所述计算系统：
获得寻址到所述网络地址的数据分组；
根据所述密码散列函数对所述网络地址的所述部分进行散列以产生第二散列值；
利用密码公钥对所述加密值进行解密以产生解密输出；
比较所述解密输出与所述第二散列值以确定所述加密值的有效性；以及
至少部分地基于所述加密值的所述有效性来路由所述数据分组。
条款61.根据条款60所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令进一步致使所述计算系统至少部分地基于所述加密值的所述有效性，通过当所述加密值有效时将所述数据分组路由到内容服务器或者当所述加密值无效时丢弃所述数据分组中的至少一者来路由所述数据分组。
条款62.根据条款55所述的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其中所述计算机可执行指令进一步致使所述计算系统根据密码公钥来对所述网络地址进行加密。
应当强调的是，可以对上述实施例进行许多变化和修改，其元素应当被理解为是包含在其他可接受的示例中的。在本文中，所有此类修改和变化旨在被包括在本公开的范围内，并且受所附权利要求保护。

Claims (15)

1.一种被配置成减轻对域名的网络攻击的内容递送系统，其中所述域名与所述内容递送系统提供的内容相关联，所述内容递送系统包括：
域名系统(DNS)计算设备，所述DNS计算设备包括配置有计算机可执行指令的处理器，以便：
获得用于将DNS级信息编码到所述DNS计算设备提供的网络地址中的一个或多个编码规则；
获得将域名解析到网络地址中的请求；
根据一个或多个编码规则将所述域名编码到所述网络地址中；以及
响应于所述请求而返回所述网络地址；
计算设备，所述计算设备包括配置有计算机可执行指令的处理器，以便：
获得用于对由所述DNS计算设备编码到网络地址中的DNS级信息进行解码的一个或多个解码规则；
检测寻址到所述网络地址的恶意数据分组，其中所述恶意数据分组形成对所述内容递送系统的网络攻击的至少一部分；
根据所述一个或多个解码规则，从所述恶意数据分组寻址到的所述网络地址来解码所述域名；以及
将从所述恶意数据分组寻址到的所述网络地址解码的所述域名识别为所述网络攻击的目标。
2.根据权利要求1所述的内容递送系统，其中所述网络地址被格式化为互联网协议版本6(IPv6)地址。
3.根据权利要求1所述的内容递送系统，其中所述一个或多个编码规则指定要包括在所述网络地址的各个位内的信息。
4.根据权利要求1所述的内容递送系统，其中所述网络地址包括对应于公共可寻址网络上的路由信息的第一部分，以及包括编码的DNS级信息的第二部分。
5.根据权利要求1所述的内容递送系统，其中所述计算设备是内容服务器计算设备或网络路由计算设备中的至少一者。
6.一种用于在编码网络地址内提供DNS级信息的计算机实现的方法，所述计算机实现的方法包括：
获得用于将DNS级信息编码到所述编码网络地址中并从所述编码网络地址解码DNS级信息的一个或多个规则，其中所述规则指定所述DNS级信息在被编码在所述编码网络地址中时的格式以及所述编码网络地址的用于表示所述DNS级信息的各个位；
接收将域名解析到网络地址中的DNS请求；
使用所述一个或多个规则将与所述DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息编码到所述网络地址中；
响应于所述DNS请求而返回所述网络地址；
接收寻址到所述网络地址的网络分组；
使用所述一个或多个规则从所述网络地址解码所述DNS级信息；以及
至少部分地基于从所述网络地址解码的所述DNS级信息来路由所述数据分组。
7.根据权利要求6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括所述域名、与所述域名相关联的安全性信息、所述DNS请求的定时信息、指定所述DNS请求的来源的信息、或指示至少部分地基于所述DNS请求生成的所述网络地址的有效性的有效性信息中的至少一者。
8.根据权利要求6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括所述域名，所述计算机实现的方法还包括：
将所述网络分组识别为恶意的并形成网络攻击的至少一部分；以及
将从所述恶意网络分组寻址到的所述网络地址解码的所述域名识别为所述网络攻击的目标。
9.根据权利要求6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括有效性信息，并且其中至少部分地基于从所述网络地址解码的所述DNS级信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到无效的网络地址；以及
丢弃所述网络分组。
10.根据权利要求6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述DNS级信息包括有效性信息，并且其中至少部分地基于从所述网络地址解码的所述DNS级信息来路由所述数据分组包括：
检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到有效的网络地址；以及
将所述网络分组路由到与所述域名相关联的内容服务器。
11.根据权利要求6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述有效性信息指示所述DNS请求的时间，并且其中检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到所述有效网络地址包括检测到当前时间与所述DNS请求的所述时间之间的时间段落在阈值存留时间值内。
12.根据权利要求6所述的计算机实现的方法，其中所述有效性信息包括与公钥相关联的数字签名，并且其中检测到所述有效性信息指示网络分组被寻址到所述有效网络地址包括使用所述公钥验证所述数字签名。
13.一种系统，其包括：
一个或多个处理器；以及
一个或多个存储器，所述一个或多个存储器上存储有用于将DNS级信息编码在网络地址内的计算机可执行指令，所述计算机可执行指令当在所述一个或多个处理器上执行时，致使所述一个多个处理器：
获得用于将所述DNS级信息编码到所述网络地址中并从所述网络地址解码所述DNS级信息的一个或多个规则；
获得对编码网络地址的请求，其中所述请求包括与将域名解析到所述编码网络地址中的DNS请求相关联的DNS级信息；
至少根据所述一个或多个规则将所述DNS级信息编码到所述编码网络地址中；
响应于所述请求而返回所述编码网络地址；
接收与所述编码网络地址相关联的网络请求；以及
至少根据所述一个或多个规则对所述编码网络地址进行解码以产生所述DNS级信息；以及
至少部分地基于通过对所述编码网络地址进行解码而获得的所述DNS级信息来响应所述网络请求。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述网络请求是解码所述编码网络地址的请求或获得与所述编码网络地址相关联的内容的请求中的至少一者。
15.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述计算机可执行指令致使所述计算系统至少部分地基于所述DNS级信息通过以下方式中的至少一者来响应所述网络请求：响应于所述网络请求而返回所述DNS级信息；返回与所述网络请求相关联的内容；丢弃所述网络请求；或者将所述网络请求转发到与所述DNS级信息相关联的内容服务器。
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