CN109751026B - Method for improving complexity of fracture mining system and construction process - Google Patents
Method for improving complexity of fracture mining system and construction process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the complexity of a fracture exploitation fracture system by fracturing, a fracturing operation method and an underground heating device method, which comprise the following steps: during a fracturing operation, slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated after perforation is completed to increase the complexity of the fracture. According to the method, the complexity of a fracturing exploitation fracture system can be effectively improved, so that the long-term effective flow conductivity of the normal-pressure shale gas reservoir fracture is improved, the effective period of yield increase measures is prolonged, and economic development benefits are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of oil and gas exploitation, in particular to a method for improving the complexity of a fracture exploitation fracturing system and a construction process.
Background
The shale gas refers to unconventional natural gas which is existed in a reservoir rock system mainly containing organic-rich shale, is biochemical formation gas, thermal formation gas or a mixture of the biochemical formation gas and the thermal formation gas which are continuously generated, can exist in a free state in natural cracks and pores, exists on the surfaces of kerogen and clay particles in an adsorption state, and is stored in the kerogen and the asphaltene in a dissolving state in a very small amount.
With the exhaustion of conventional petroleum resources, shale gas exploitation is slowly becoming the key point of oil and gas exploitation nowadays. Shale gas resources include high pressure shale gas as well as atmospheric shale gas. The resource amount of the normal-pressure shale gas is extremely huge, and once commercial breakthrough is obtained, the development prospect of the shale gas is very wide.
However, the current normal pressure shale gas fracturing technology mainly adopts technical modes and parameters similar to high pressure shale gas fracturing. Because the physical properties of the high-pressure shale gas are not completely the same as those of the normal-pressure shale gas, in the prior art, the normal-pressure shale gas fracturing technology is successful only in construction, but the yield is not ideal all the time, and the yield decreasing speed after the fracturing is also high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for improving the complexity of a fracture fracturing and exploiting system, which comprises the following steps:
during a fracturing operation, slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated after perforation is completed to increase the complexity of the fracture.
In one embodiment, slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated after perforation is completed, wherein slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated by electromagnetic induction heating.
In one embodiment, slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated after perforating is completed, wherein all slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated to a bottom hole pressure that exceeds more than 50% of the original formation temperature.
In an embodiment, the method further comprises:
after the heating is stopped, the slick water with relatively low temperature is injected.
In one embodiment, the minimum particle size of the proppant is determined based on a small micro-scale fracture system during the fracturing process.
In one embodiment, in the fracturing process, 140-230-mesh and 70-140-mesh proppants are used, and the mixing ratio of the two proppants is 1: 1.
the invention also provides a fracturing operation method based on the method, and the process comprises the following steps:
putting the underground heater into a preset position in a horizontal shaft along with the bridge plug, the bridge plug seat seal and the perforating gun;
setting the bridge plug to a release;
lifting the perforating gun and the downhole heater for perforating operation;
after the perforation is finished according to the set required cluster number, heating the liquid in the horizontal shaft by using the downhole heater;
and (4) putting the perforating gun and the pipe string of the underground heater out, and performing fracturing operation according to a pre-designed fracturing process.
In one embodiment, a downhole heater is lowered into a horizontal wellbore at a predetermined location along with a bridge plug and perforating gun, wherein a plurality of downhole heaters are lowered into the horizontal wellbore in series at a plurality of different locations.
In one embodiment, a string of the perforating gun and the downhole heater is provided to perform a fracturing operation according to a pre-designed fracturing process, wherein slickwater at a relatively low temperature is injected during the fracturing operation.
The invention also provides a downhole heater comprising:
an outer protective layer;
an induction coil configured to generate an alternating magnetic field when receiving a high-frequency alternating current;
an electromagnetic heating tube configured to generate heat under the alternating magnetic field;
a separation layer configured to separate the induction coil and the electromagnetic heating tube.
According to the method, the complexity of a fracturing exploitation fracture system can be effectively improved, so that the long-term effective flow conductivity of the normal-pressure shale gas reservoir fracture is improved, the effective period of yield increase measures is prolonged, and economic development benefits are improved.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows. Also, some of the features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and some of the advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by the process particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a fracture construction flow according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a tubular string including a downhole heater, a bridge plug seat, and a perforating gun according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a downhole heater configuration according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description will be provided for the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, so that the practitioner of the present invention can fully understand how to apply the technical means to solve the technical problems, achieve the technical effects, and implement the present invention according to the implementation procedures. It should be noted that, as long as there is no conflict, the embodiments and the features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other, and the technical solutions formed are within the scope of the present invention.
With the exhaustion of conventional petroleum resources, shale gas exploitation is slowly becoming the key point of oil and gas exploitation nowadays. Shale gas resources include high pressure shale gas as well as atmospheric shale gas. The resource amount of the normal-pressure shale gas is extremely huge, and once commercial breakthrough is obtained, the development prospect of the shale gas is very wide.
However, the current normal pressure shale gas fracturing technology mainly adopts technical modes and parameters similar to high pressure shale gas fracturing. Because the physical properties of the high-pressure shale gas are not completely the same as those of the normal-pressure shale gas, in the prior art, the normal-pressure shale gas fracturing technology is successful only in construction, but the yield is not ideal all the time, and the yield decreasing speed after the fracturing is also high.
In view of the above problems, the present invention first analyzes the construction details of the prior art.
Specifically, the technical mode and parameters similar to Fuling sea phase high-pressure shale gas fracturing are mainly technically adopted, such as 2-3 clusters of single-stage perforation, 70-80m of section length and 1600-1800m of single-stage total fracturing fluid amount 3, wherein the volume of the slickwater accounts for 80-90%, the viscosity is 6-12mPa.s, the rest is glue solution, and the viscosity is generally 30-50 mPa.s. Sometimes even slick water is used throughout without glue. The total proppant amount is 60-70m3, the particle size of the proppant generally comprises 70-140 meshes, 40-70 meshes and 30-50 meshes, wherein the volume of the 70-140 meshes proppant accounts for 10-20%, the volume of the 30-50 meshes proppant accounts for 10-15%, and the balance is 40-70 meshes proppant and is dominant. The injection discharge capacity is 14-16m3/min, and the comprehensive sand-liquid ratio is about 4%. The technical mode and parameters have the following problems:
1) the pressure coefficient is low, the original various fractures are relatively small in size, so that if the high-viscosity slickwater commonly used for high-pressure shale gas is adopted, the small-micro-scale fracture system is generated much less, and the complexity degree of the fracture is greatly reduced.
2) The application of the small-particle size proppant of 70-140 meshes is more suitable than that of high-pressure shale gas for example, and due to the reasons, most of the small-particle size proppant can be remained in the main cracks with large size instead of being insufficient due to small and micro-scale cracks, and finally the flow conductivity of the main cracks can be blocked, so that the post-pressing effect is adversely affected.
3) Because the parameters such as the interval of the sections, the number of the single-section perforating clusters, the single-section fracturing fluid amount and the like are equivalent or close, the number of the cracks is the same on the basis of the same horizontal section length, but the complexity degree of each crack caused by the reasons is not enough, and the final effective reconstruction volume of the crack is reduced. While atmospheric shale gas requires a higher fracture modification volume.
Based on the analysis, the invention provides a method for improving the complexity of a fracture fracturing and exploiting system. Specifically, in one embodiment, slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated after perforation is completed during the fracturing operation to increase the complexity of the fracture.
Specifically, in one embodiment, slickwater within a horizontal wellbore is heated to a bottom hole pressure above virgin formation temperature. This allows for a substantial reduction in slickwater viscosity in the horizontal wellbore (to 0.1-0.2mpa.s in one embodiment) which makes it easier to communicate with and extend smaller scale fracture systems, thereby substantially increasing the complexity of the fracture. In addition, the temperature of the composite material is higher than that of the original stratum, the thermal stress effect is also increased, the strength of the rock is reduced to a certain extent, new fracture is generated more easily under a certain net pressure condition in the fracture, and therefore more small-scale fracture systems can be extended.
According to the method, the complexity of a fracturing exploitation fracture system can be effectively improved, so that the long-term effective flow conductivity of the normal-pressure shale gas reservoir fracture is improved, the effective period of yield increase measures is prolonged, and economic development benefits are improved.
Specifically, in one embodiment, all of the slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated to a bottom hole pressure that exceeds 50% of the virgin formation temperature.
Further, in one embodiment, the slickwater in the horizontal shaft is heated by electromagnetic induction heating. Therefore, the effectiveness and safety of heating implementation can be effectively ensured. Meanwhile, the specific heating effect can be calculated through the total power of the electromagnetic heater, so that the final heating result temperature can be accurately controlled.
Further, in one embodiment, after the slickwater in the well bore is heated and the heating is stopped, slickwater with relatively low temperature is injected in the subsequent pressure operation. Specifically, in one embodiment, the temperature difference between the subsequently injected slickwater and the heated slickwater is 5-10 times. Thus, by alternating the cold and hot, a more complex fracture system can be further created. The viscosity of the subsequent slickwater is higher than that of the heated slickwater, so that the net pressure in the cracks with different sizes can be further increased, and the complexity of the cracks can be further increased.
Further, in one embodiment, in order to adequately support a large number of small microscale fracture systems, a proppant with a wide particle size distribution range and a smaller particle size is selected during the fracturing process. In particular, the minimum particle size of the proppant is determined based on a small micro-scale fracture system. The proppant with different particle sizes is distributed in a small-microscale fracture system, the proppant with medium particle size is distributed in a medium-microscale fracture system and the proppant with large particle size is distributed in a large-scale fracture system through a natural imbibition principle, so that the improvement of the construction sand-liquid ratio is facilitated or a continuous sand adding mode is adopted, the net pressure in the fractures with different sizes is further improved, the complexity degree of the fractures is further increased, and the higher fracture conductivity is obtained.
Specifically, in one embodiment, the proppant with the smallest particle size is selected to be 140-230 mesh.
Further, in one embodiment, only two kinds of proppant are used, specifically, two kinds of proppant of 140 meshes and 230 meshes and 70-140 meshes are used. Considering that the proportion of the cracks with different scales is difficult to accurately determine, designing a mode of mixing 140-230 meshes and 70-140 meshes, wherein the mixing ratio is 1: 1. thus, the proppant with one particle size, namely 70-230 meshes, is equivalent to the proppant with a wide particle size distribution, and can effectively cover a fracture system with different sizes in a wide range. The mixed proppant does not add additional intra-seam friction resistance to shale gas flow even at daily production rates of 10 ten thousand. Moreover, due to the fact that the proppants with different particle sizes are distributed in the small-scale and micro-scale fracture system, the proppants with medium particle sizes are distributed in the medium-scale fracture system, and the proppants with large particle sizes are distributed in the large-scale fracture system through the natural imbibition principle, the proppants with small particle sizes are practically difficult to gather together. Thus, the low conductivity after proppant mixing is a concern with little, no, or minor impact on the after-production. In addition, the whole particle size of the propping agent is smaller, so that the construction sand-liquid ratio is more favorably improved or a continuous sand adding mode is adopted, the net pressure in the cracks with different sizes is further improved, the complexity degree of the cracks is further increased, and the higher crack flow conductivity is obtained.
Based on the method provided by the invention, the invention provides a fracturing operation method.
Next, an implementation process of the embodiment of the present invention is described in detail based on the flowchart. The steps shown in the flow chart of the figure may be performed in a computer system containing, for example, a set of computer executable instructions. Although a logical order of steps is illustrated in the flowcharts, in some cases, the steps illustrated or described may be performed in an order different than presented herein.
As shown in fig. 1, in one embodiment, a method of fracturing operations includes the following steps.
And S110, putting the downhole heater into a preset position in the horizontal shaft along with the bridge plug and the perforating gun. Specifically, in one embodiment, a tubular string including a downhole heater, a bridge plug seat, and a perforating gun is shown in FIG. 2. Wherein, the heater in the pit is electromagnetic heater, and it obtains the electric energy through the cable in order to generate heat.
Further, in one embodiment, to increase heating efficiency, multiple downhole heaters are lowered in series into the horizontal wellbore at multiple different locations.
And S120, setting the bridge plug to release.
And S130, lifting up the perforating gun and the downhole heater.
And S140, performing perforation operation.
And S150, after the perforation is finished according to the set required cluster number, heating the liquid in the horizontal shaft by using a downhole heater.
And S160, after heating is finished, putting the perforating gun and the pipe string of the downhole heater out.
And S170, performing fracturing operation according to a pre-designed fracturing process.
Further, in one embodiment, in step S170, the fracturing operation is performed according to a pre-designed fracturing process, wherein slickwater with relatively low temperature is injected during the fracturing operation.
Furthermore, in order to realize the method, the invention also provides a downhole heater which adopts the electromagnetic heating principle. Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, the heater includes:
an outer protective layer;
an induction coil configured to generate an alternating magnetic field when receiving a high-frequency alternating current;
an electromagnetic heating tube configured to generate heat under the alternating magnetic field;
a separation layer configured to separate the induction coil and the electromagnetic heating tube.
High-frequency alternating current is input through a cable, an inductance coil generates an alternating magnetic field, small eddy currents are generated in a metal inner cylinder and a sleeve of the electromagnetic heating tube, the eddy currents promote metal molecules of the metal inner cylinder and the sleeve to move randomly at a high speed, heat is generated by mutual collision and friction, and the metal inner cylinder and the sleeve are used as heat sources to directly heat slick water in a shaft.
The following describes an implementation of an embodiment of the present invention in detail using an implementation scenario.
In a specific application scenario, the detailed implementation steps of the fracturing operation are as follows:
1) evaluating key shale reservoir parameters: including lithology and mineral composition, physical properties, rock mechanics and tri-directional ground stress, bedding/grain seams, high angle natural fracture characteristics, and the like. The method can be used for logging, well logging, core testing and the like. And the horizontal section condition can refer to the corresponding relation between the pilot hole well logging and the core data, and the related parameters are obtained by comparing the horizontal section logging condition with the logging curve of the pilot hole well.
2) Preferred shower hole locations: on the basis of the step 1), comprehensively considering the geological dessert and the engineering dessert of the shale, and calculating the final comprehensive dessert index by using an equal weight method. Sorting according to the integrated dessert index height, and optimizing the final shower hole position by combining the step 3). To increase the probability of uniform initiation and extension of clusters within a segment, the engineered sweet spot index at the location of clusters within a segment should be comparable or close, and the maximum and minimum engineered sweet spot differences should not exceed 10%.
3) Optimizing the crack parameters: on the basis of the step 1) and the step 2), setting hydraulic fractures according to an equivalent conductivity method by applying a mature simulation software ECLIPSE for shale gas fracture yield prediction. The equivalent conductivity means that after the width of the crack is enlarged by a certain factor, the permeability in the crack is reduced in proportion, and the product of the permeability and the permeability is kept unchanged, namely the conductivity of the crack. And then, simulating different crack lengths and distribution thereof (equal crack length, U-shaped with two long ends and short middle, W-shaped with long and short joints and the like), crack flow conductivity and post-pressing yield dynamics at the gap intervals according to a common orthogonal design method, wherein a crack parameter system corresponding to the maximum post-pressing yield is preferably selected as the optimal crack parameter.
4) Optimizing fracturing construction parameters: in order to obtain the optimal fracture parameters obtained in the step 3), a common commercial software MEYER for shale gas fracturing fracture propagation simulation is applied, and different fracturing construction parameters (discharge capacity, total liquid amount, proportion of slickwater, total proppant amount and construction sand-liquid ratio) and fracture parameter dynamic change conditions under different fracturing liquid viscosities are simulated according to an orthogonal design method, so that the fracturing construction parameters and the fracturing liquid viscosities under the optimal fracture conditions can be preferably obtained.
5) And (3) sliding water to replace a shaft for operation: the operation is mainly applied to the first section, and the other sections are replaced by slickwater in the later period of the operation, so that the shaft is filled with slickwater with low friction resistance. Generally, the first section is a continuous oil pipe with a perforating gun for operation, and the continuous oil pipe can be used for performing forward injection operation on the slickwater until the slickwater is discharged back from the annular space.
6) The method comprises the following steps of (1) setting an electromagnetic heater, perforating and a bridge plug pipe string, and completing bridge plug setting, releasing and perforating operations: 1-10 electromagnetic heaters are uniformly distributed along the horizontal well section, and other perforating guns, bridge plugs and operations are carried out according to the conventional flow.
7) And electrifying the cable, heating the slick water in the horizontal well cylinder by the underground electromagnetic heater, calculating the required heating time according to the total power of the electromagnetic heater, the shale formation temperature and the expected 50-100% temperature increment, and calculating the influence of the temperature on the strength and deformation of the casing at the position of the perforation to ensure that the influence degree on the internal pressure resistance strength of the casing is within 5%.
8) And (3) construction of joint making by sliding water: based on the simulation result of the step 4), seam making construction is carried out by using 20-30% of the optimized total liquid amount, and the displacement is 70% of the optimized maximum displacement of the step 4), so as to communicate and extend the small micro-scale fracture system as much as possible.
9) 140-230-mesh and 70-140-mesh mixed proppant sand adding operation: the two proppants are mixed according to the ratio of 1:1, and two sand mixing trucks can be used for parallel construction. Injecting long section plugs in 30-40% of the early stage of sand adding, such as 2-4-6-8% and 10-12-14-16%, wherein each sand-liquid ratio section can be about half of the well bore volume. And then, a continuous sand adding mode can be tried, such as 16-18-18-20-22-24-26-28-30%, considering that the total particle size of the proppant is relatively small, the sand-liquid ratio can be further improved, but the well head construction pressure rising speed is controlled to be less than 1MPa/min, otherwise, sand blockage is easily caused. Until all proppant is injected.
10) Replacement operation: after the step 9), performing displacement operation to displace the first 20-30m of the liquid3High viscosity cement must be used to reduce the sand setting effect of the horizontal wellbore. The total displacement is prepared at 120-.
11) And (5) constructing other sections, and repeating the steps 6) to 10).
12) And after fracturing construction of all the sections is finished, drilling and plugging, flowback, testing and production solving and normal production are carried out according to a conventional flow.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the above description is only for the convenience of understanding the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention. There are various other embodiments of the method of the present invention. Various corresponding changes or modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these corresponding changes or modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A method of increasing the complexity of a fracture recovery system, the method comprising:
in the fracturing operation process, after perforation is finished, heating slickwater in a horizontal shaft in an electromagnetic induction heating mode until the slickwater exceeds the original formation temperature, wherein all slickwater in the horizontal shaft is heated to a temperature which is more than 50% of the original formation temperature under the bottom hole pressure;
and injecting slick water with relatively low temperature after the heating is stopped so as to increase the complexity degree of the crack, wherein the temperature difference between the low-temperature slick water and the heated slick water is 5-10 times.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the minimum particle size of the proppant is determined based on a small micro-scale fracture system during the fracturing process.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein two kinds of proppant with particle sizes of 140 meshes and 230 meshes and 70-140 meshes are adopted in the fracturing process, and the mixing ratio of the two kinds of proppant is 1: 1.
4. a fracturing operation method based on the method for improving the complexity of a fracturing mining fracture system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fracturing operation method comprises the following steps:
placing a downhole heater into a predetermined location in a horizontal wellbore along with a bridge plug, a bridge plug seat seal, and a perforating gun, wherein a plurality of downhole heaters are placed in series into a plurality of different locations in the horizontal wellbore;
setting the bridge plug to a release;
lifting the perforating gun and the downhole heater for perforating operation;
after the perforation is finished according to the set required cluster number, the downhole heater is used for heating slickwater in the horizontal shaft in an electromagnetic induction heating mode until the slickwater exceeds the original formation temperature, wherein all slickwater in the horizontal shaft is heated to the bottom hole pressure and exceeds more than 50% of the original formation temperature;
and (3) providing the perforating gun and the pipe string of the underground heater, and carrying out fracturing operation according to a pre-designed fracturing process, wherein slickwater with relatively low temperature is injected in the fracturing operation process, and the temperature difference between the low-temperature slickwater and the heated slickwater is 5-10 times.
5. A downhole heater for performing the fracturing operation of claim 4 and for being lowered into a plurality of different locations in a horizontal wellbore by a plurality of downhole heaters in series, wherein the downhole heater comprises:
an outer protective layer;
an induction coil configured to generate an alternating magnetic field when receiving a high frequency alternating current after completion of perforating during a fracturing operation until all slickwater within the horizontal wellbore is heated to above 50% of the original formation temperature at bottom hole pressure to stop generating the high frequency alternating current;
the electromagnetic heating tube is configured to generate heat under the alternating magnetic field to heat the slickwater in the horizontal shaft, and eddy currents are generated in the metal inner cylinder and the sleeve of the electromagnetic heating tube and promote metal molecules of the metal inner cylinder and the sleeve to move randomly at a high speed, so that the metal inner cylinder and the sleeve are used as heat sources to directly heat the slickwater in the shaft, and heating is stopped under the condition that the alternating magnetic field is not generated;
a separation layer configured to separate the induction coil and the electromagnetic heating tube.
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