CN109632543B - Portable fruit hardness detecting instrument - Google Patents
Portable fruit hardness detecting instrument Download PDFInfo
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- CN109632543B CN109632543B CN201910001688.8A CN201910001688A CN109632543B CN 109632543 B CN109632543 B CN 109632543B CN 201910001688 A CN201910001688 A CN 201910001688A CN 109632543 B CN109632543 B CN 109632543B
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
- G01N3/42—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness by performing impressions under a steady load by indentors, e.g. sphere, pyramid
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0076—Hardness, compressibility or resistance to crushing
Abstract
The invention discloses a portable fruit hardness detection instrument. The outer sleeve is arranged outside the inner sleeve, the bottom end of the inner sleeve is fixedly connected with a spring stop block, the outer sleeve is provided with two circumferential grooves, a first annular step surface and a second annular step surface are formed between the upper circumferential groove and the lower circumferential groove and between the inner wall of the top of the outer sleeve, a force application spring is arranged between the first annular step surface and the spring stop block, and when the outer sleeve moves downwards, the step is blocked and limited by the spring stop block; the pressure sensor is arranged in the middle of the inner sleeve, the pressure sensor is connected with the guide rod through the elastic component, the guide rod is fixedly connected with the probe, the spring stop block is provided with a first piezoelectric film, and the spring stop block is provided with a second piezoelectric film. The invention can be used for micro-damage or nondestructive measurement of fruit hardness, can also be used for measuring fruit pulp hardness after peeling, has the advantages of more accurate measurement result without being influenced by manual pressure application and loading speed, and has the characteristics of convenient carrying, high measurement speed, high detection precision, simple and convenient operation, suitability for field measurement in places such as orchards, supermarkets and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a portable detection instrument, in particular to a portable fruit hardness detection instrument which is suitable for rapid detection of fruit hardness in orchards, supermarkets and other occasions.
Background
Fruit is one of important agricultural products, and the fruit industry is the third largest post industry next to grain and vegetable in the planting industry as labor-intensive industry, and annual yield reaches hundreds of millions of tons, and plays a very important role in national economy of China. 20% -30% of fruits are wasted every year due to various reasons, wherein the waste caused by improper picking period, overlong storage time, transportation damage and the like accounts for a large proportion. If can provide the portable instrument that can detect fruit maturity in real time in occasions such as orchard, supermarket, help fruit growers, dealer rationally judge fruit picking period, shelf life etc. then can effectively improve the extravagant current situation of fruit.
Hardness is one of the important indexes for evaluating the maturity of fruits, and has important functions for guiding the picking, storage, transportation and processing of the fruits. In order to ensure the quality of the fruits from the source, the picking time and the subsequent management of the fruits are conveniently determined, the fruits with higher quality are produced, and the real-time testing significance on the hardness of the fruits is great. Therefore, the portable fruit hardness detection instrument with accurate measurement and simple operation has a large development space.
The existing fruit hardness evaluation method mainly comprises the following steps:
sensory evaluation is mainly evaluated by means of the touch of finger pressure. The accuracy of the judgment is greatly influenced by human factors, and the reliability is not high.
The hand-held piercing fruit sclerometer is the most widely used portable hardness detection instrument in China at present, the method is to press a cylindrical pressing head into the pulp of peeled fruit with a certain force to measure the maximum penetration force, but the method has the defects of complicated measurement steps, larger damage to the fruit, incapability of controlling the pressure and loading speed applied by hands and easiness in causing measurement errors.
Acoustic response methods evaluate fruit firmness by detecting the acoustic signal of a hammered fruit, with a fruit strain small enough to be generally considered lossless. However, the main problem of the instrument is that the measurement result is influenced by the quality and shape of the fruit and is easily interfered by the noise of the instrument.
Many research institutions at home and abroad have conducted many years of research on table type nondestructive hardness testing equipment, and an automated commercial production line for hardness sorting has been developed. However, in orchards or remote areas, the desktop devices are not suitable. Therefore, the research and development of the portable hardness testing instrument are significant. At present, some basic researches are carried out on nondestructive testing equipment for the internal quality of fruits at home and abroad, but the equipment can be put into practical production and application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the background technology and provide a portable instrument capable of rapidly detecting the hardness of fruits on site in places such as orchards, supermarkets and the like. Compared with the existing portable instrument, the portable instrument has the advantages that the measuring result is not affected by different pressure applied by hands, and the portable instrument is convenient to carry, simple to operate, high in measuring speed, high in detecting precision and the like.
The invention can realize the consistency of each detection process, can accurately detect the operation and implementation of different persons, and solves the technical problem of inconsistent measurement results caused by the application of different interference pressures by the operation of different persons under the existing mechanical pressure sensing detection; meanwhile, the fruit can not be deeply inserted into the fruit, and the problem that the fruit can not be eaten after the conventional pressure test is carried out in a handheld manner is solved.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows.
The invention comprises a hardness detection mechanism, wherein the hardness detection mechanism mainly comprises an outer sleeve, an inner sleeve, a probe, a first piezoelectric film, a spring stop block, a second piezoelectric film, a force application spring, a guide rod, an elastic component and a pressure sensor; the outer sleeve is sleeved outside the inner sleeve, the bottom end of the inner sleeve is fixedly connected with an annular spring stop block, the inner wall of the outer sleeve from the middle part to the bottom is provided with an upper circumferential groove and a lower circumferential groove, the diameter of the upper circumferential groove is smaller than that of the lower circumferential groove, a first annular step surface is formed between the upper circumferential groove and the inner wall of the top of the outer sleeve, a second annular step surface is formed between the upper circumferential groove and the lower circumferential groove, a force application spring is connected between the first annular step surface and the upper end surface of the spring stop block, and the inner diameter of the second annular step surface is smaller than the outer diameter of the spring stop block, so that the step is blocked and limited by the upper end surface of the spring stop block when the outer sleeve moves downwards; the pressure sensor is fixedly arranged in the middle of the inner sleeve through a set screw, the lower end of the pressure sensor is connected with the upper end of the guide rod through an elastic component, the lower end of the guide rod is fixedly connected with the probe, the probe extends downwards from the middle of the spring stop block to the spring stop block, a first piezoelectric film is arranged on the lower end face of the spring stop block, and a second piezoelectric film is arranged on the upper end face of the spring stop block corresponding to the second annular step face.
The elastic component include upper and lower mount pad and connect the pressure spring between upper and lower mount pad, upper mount pad is fixed in pressure sensor bottom, lower mount pad rigid coupling guide arm upper end.
The middle part of the inner sleeve is provided with an inner flange, and the inner flange is positioned below the lower mounting seat and stops the lower mounting seat from limiting descending.
The device comprises a shell, wherein the shell is fixed at the upper end part of an inner sleeve, and a control unit and a display unit are installed in the shell; the first piezoelectric film, the second piezoelectric film and the pressure sensor are all connected to the input end of the control unit, and the output end of the control unit is connected to the display unit; after detecting the signals of the two first piezoelectric films and the second piezoelectric film through the control unit, the pressure sensor signal is immediately locked and read as a measurement result.
The elastic coefficient of the force application spring is larger than that of the pressure spring in the elastic component, so that the probe can retract to the proper position when the force application spring is fully compressed.
The fruit can be peach, plum, pear, apple, mango, orange, banana, watermelon, tomato, strawberry, etc.
The force spring and the pressure spring are designed in the sleeve, and stable spring force is provided when the sleeve is pressed down in place, so that the measurement result is prevented from being affected by different hand applied pressures; compared with the existing handheld puncture meter, the handheld puncture meter does not need to be peeled and the pressing depth is limited in the elastic deformation of fruits, so that the handheld puncture meter is used for nondestructive or micro-damage measurement. The upper end face and the lower end face of the spring stop block are provided with piezoelectric films, and when the two piezoelectric films detect pressure, the signals of the pressure sensor are immediately read, so that the accuracy of a measurement result is ensured.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the sleeve is internally provided with the force application spring, and the two end surfaces of the spring stop block are provided with the piezoelectric films, so that the influence of different hand applied pressures on a measurement result can be avoided, and the device has the characteristics of high measurement speed, high precision and the like.
2. The adoption of various replaceable probes can be quickly replaced according to the types of fruits.
3. The invention has simple structure, portability and portability, has low technical requirements on operators, can effectively avoid the influence of the pressure exerted by hands during measurement, and can complete the test within a few seconds only by completing the simple actions of probe replacement, force application and reading.
4. The invention can utilize the standard hardness block to correct the measured value of the instrument at any time, and the instrument can still maintain high precision after long-term use.
5. The fruit hardness can be measured without peeling, the pulp hardness can be measured by peeling, and the fruit hardness measuring device is suitable for on-site use.
Compared with the traditional force-deformation principle instrument, the instrument has the advantages that:
firstly, through a spring structure and a piezoelectric film, the influence of hand applied pressure and applied speed on a measurement result can be avoided, and through the measurement result of a digital operator, the fact that the speed and the size of the applied pressure of the operator have no influence on the measurement result basically is found, and the error is stabilized within +/-0.5%;
second, compared with the traditional puncture instrument, the instrument can measure the hardness of fruits without peeling, the measurement is basically harmless to the fruits, and the hardness of the fruits can be measured by peeling.
Third, experiments show that the instrument hardness has a very significant correlation with the yield force measured by the texture instrument (standard method), and the correlation coefficient is 0.8 (p < 0.01). The device is simpler to use than the traditional instrument, and is suitable for fruit growers and other people with less knowledge of expertise.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional schematic of the overall structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the process of the invention in different states of operation;
fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure, a 1-probe, a 2-first piezoelectric film, a 3-spring stop, a 4-second piezoelectric film, a 5-force spring, a 6-guide rod, a 7-inner sleeve, an 8-pressure spring, a 9-set screw, a 10-pressure sensor, an 11-outer sleeve, a 12-control unit, a 13-outer shell and a 14-display unit are arranged.
Detailed Description
The portable fruit hardness detection instrument provided by the invention can be used for rapidly detecting the hardness of one of important indexes in the fruit quality on site based on the force-deformation principle, is convenient to carry and is not limited by sites.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the device comprises a hardness detection mechanism and a shell 13, wherein the hardness detection mechanism mainly comprises an outer sleeve 11, an inner sleeve 7, a probe 1, a first piezoelectric film 2, a spring stop 3, a second piezoelectric film 4, a force application spring 5, a guide rod 6, an elastic component 8 and a pressure sensor 10; the outer sleeve 11 is sleeved outside the inner sleeve 7, the outer wall of the outer sleeve 11 is used for being held by a person, the bottom end of the inner sleeve 7 is fixedly connected with an annular spring stop block 3, the inner wall of the outer sleeve 11 from the middle part to the bottom is provided with two upper and lower continuous circumferential grooves, the two circumferential grooves are connected in a communicating way, the diameter of the upper circumferential groove is smaller than that of the lower circumferential groove, a first annular step surface is formed between the upper circumferential groove and the inner wall of the top of the outer sleeve 11, a second annular step surface is formed between the upper circumferential groove and the lower circumferential groove, a force application spring 5 is connected between the first annular step surface and the upper end surface of the spring stop block 3, the force application spring 5 is sleeved outside the inner sleeve 7, the outer sleeve 11 can axially move up and down relative to the inner sleeve 7 under the action of the force application spring 5, and the inner diameter of the second annular step surface is smaller than the outer diameter of the spring stop block 3, so that the step is blocked and limited by the upper end surface of the spring stop block 3 when the outer sleeve 11 moves downwards; the detection end of the pressure sensor 10 is fixedly arranged in the middle of the inner sleeve 7 through a set screw 9, the lower end of the pressure sensor 10 is connected with the upper end of the guide rod 6 through an elastic component 8, the lower end of the guide rod 6 is fixedly connected with the probe 1, the probe 1 is fixed on the guide rod 6 through threads, the lower end of the probe 1 downwards extends out of the spring stop 3 from the middle of the spring stop 3, the lower end face of the spring stop 3 is provided with an annular first piezoelectric film 2, the first piezoelectric film 2 surrounds the probe 1, and the upper end face of the spring stop 3 corresponding to the second annular step face is provided with an annular second piezoelectric film 4.
The elastic component 8 comprises an upper mounting seat, a lower mounting seat and a pressure spring connected between the upper mounting seat and the lower mounting seat, wherein the upper mounting seat is fixed at the bottom of the detection end of the pressure sensor 10, and the lower mounting seat is fixedly connected with the upper end of the guide rod 6. The guide rod 6 and the probe 1 move up and down in the inner sleeve 7, an inner flange is arranged in the middle of the inner sleeve 7 and positioned below the lower mounting seat, and the lower mounting seat is blocked from limiting descending.
The outer shell 13 is fixed at the upper end part of the inner sleeve 7, the inner sleeve 7 is fixed with the outer shell 11 through screws, and the control unit 12 and the display unit 14 are arranged in the outer shell 13; the first piezoelectric film 2, the second piezoelectric film 4 and the pressure sensor 10 are all connected to an input end of the control unit 12, and an output end of the control unit 12 is connected to the display unit 14;
when the probe 2 and the outer sleeve 11 are pressed down in place, the first piezoelectric film 2 receives fruit pressure, the second piezoelectric film 4 receives the stepped pressure of the inner wall of the outer sleeve 11, and after signals of the two first piezoelectric films 2 and the second piezoelectric film 4 are detected through the control unit, the signals of the pressure sensor 10 are immediately locked and read to serve as measurement results.
In specific implementation, the probe 1 provides probes with various specifications, and can be quickly selected and replaced according to the types of fruits.
The elastic coefficient of the force spring 5 is far greater than that of the pressure spring in the elastic component 8, so that the probe 1 can retract to the proper position when the force spring 5 is fully compressed.
As shown in fig. 4, the control unit includes a pressure sensor force measuring system, a piezoelectric film sensor force measuring system, an MCU control system, and a power supply unit. The MCU control system comprises an A/D conversion unit, a data extraction and storage unit, a human-computer interface unit (comprising a key and an OLED display module) and an upper computer communication unit. The power supply unit provides working power for the whole instrument. The sensor force measuring system converts the measured pressure value into a voltage signal, the voltage signal is stored in the data extraction storage unit through A/D conversion in the MCU control system, then the data is output to the display unit for display, in addition, the measured data can be stored in the Flash data storage, and the stored data is called remotely through the upper computer communication unit for further analysis.
As shown in fig. 3, the working process of the invention is as follows:
the operator holds the outer sleeve 11 to place the instrument close to the fruit surface, presses the probe 1 to the fruit surface, but the first piezoelectric film 2 is not in contact with the fruit surface, then holds the outer sleeve 11 to start pressing downwards, the pressure spring in the elastic component 8 contracts, the spring force of the pressure spring is overcome, and the probe 1 moves upwards relative to the first piezoelectric film 2, so that the first piezoelectric film 2 is in contact with and presses the fruit surface.
Since the spring constant of the force spring 5 is much greater than the spring constant of the pressure spring in the elastic assembly 8, the pressure spring in the elastic assembly 8 contracts before the force spring 5 during the first depressing process.
Then continuing to press downwards, the force application spring 5 contracts, and the spring force action of the force application spring 5 is overcome, so that the second annular step surface contacts the second piezoelectric film 4 pressed to the upper end surface of the spring stop block 3.
The pressure sensor 10 is used as a measuring result, so that the measuring precision can be improved, the consistency of each measurement under the handheld operation of different hands is ensured, and the problem of force balance of each measurement is solved. In fig. 2, the distance a is the depth of the probe pressed into the fruit, the hardness of the fruit is different, and the pressed depth a is different.
By the implementation of the invention, fruits are golden autumn red nectarines from a Shandong Weifang, 210 fruits are divided into 7 groups randomly, the 7 groups are stored at room temperature, and one group of peaches is measured randomly every two days. In the test, three points are selected at 120-degree intervals at the equatorial position of each peach to be measured by using the invention, and the average value of the measurement is taken as an effective measurement value of the peach. In addition, a penetration experiment is performed near three measurement points of the invention by using a texture analyzer, the yield force and the initial segment slope on the measured force-displacement curve are extracted, and the average value of the three measurements is calculated for comparison with the measurement result of the invention. The experimental result shows that the test result of the invention has a very obvious correlation (P < 0.01) with the yield force measurement result of the texture instrument, and the correlation coefficient is 0.8260; the prototype test result shows a very significant correlation (P < 0.01) with the slope of the initial segment of the texture analyzer, and the correlation coefficient is 0.9472.
If the special design structure of the instrument is not provided, the hand-held instrument applies pressure to the surface of the fruit, the pressure applied by the hand-held instrument cannot be controlled when the hand-held instrument presses the surface of the fruit, and the pressure cannot be accurately measured, so that the unique and consistent pressure application cannot be realized under different measurement conditions such as different people and different times of measurement. Due to the pressure difference under different measurement conditions, interference and influence are formed, so that the difference and the difference of signal data obtained by each measurement detection of the pressure sensor are caused.
Comparative examples
At present, the hand-held piercing fruit sclerometer (such as GY1 fruit sclerometer) with the most widely used and highest acceptance is the mechanical instrument sclerometer, when in measurement, firstly, a special peeling knife is used for peeling fruits, then, a probe is vertically aligned with a measurement surface and is uniformly and slowly pressed down, the instrument can automatically keep the maximum force value in the measurement process, when the probe is pressed to a scale mark, the pressing down is stopped, the indication of an instrument panel is read, and the instrument panel is turned to zero after the knob is turned.
The fruits are golden autumn red nectarines from Shandong Weifang, 10 in total. During the test, the peach is divided into two parts by taking the abdomen line of the peach as a dividing line, and the measurement is carried out on the central parts of the two parts of the peach respectively. In addition, puncture experiments were performed near the two measurement points using a GY1 fruit durometer. The coefficient of variation of the two measurement results of the fruit hardness meter GY1 and the same peach is calculated for comparison.
The experimental results show that: for each peach, the variation coefficient of the GY1 fruit sclerometer test result is far larger than that of the invention, wherein the variation coefficient obtained by the GY1 fruit sclerometer is 0.445-20.20 (average value is 4.529), the variation coefficient obtained by the invention is 0.020-0.429 (average value is 0.179), and the average value of the variation coefficient of the existing GY1 fruit sclerometer is 25 times of that of the invention.
Therefore, through the implementation, the invention can ensure that the compression amount of the force application spring 5 is the same in each measurement, the stable spring force is provided when the force application spring is pressed down in place, only a fixed pressure value (which is the sum of the pressures corresponding to the fixed compression amounts of the force application spring 5 and the pressure spring in the elastic component 8) is obtained in each pressing detection, the piezoelectric film can further avoid the influence of the pressure applied by the hand of an operator and the loading speed on the measurement, and the inaccurate problem caused by the influence and interference of the different pressures of the fruit surface applied by the hand of the instrument can be avoided.
Claims (3)
1. A portable fruit hardness detecting instrument, characterized in that: the device comprises a hardness detection mechanism, wherein the hardness detection mechanism mainly comprises an outer sleeve (11), an inner sleeve (7), a probe (1), a first piezoelectric film (2), a spring stop block (3), a second piezoelectric film (4), a force application spring (5), a guide rod (6), an elastic component (8) and a pressure sensor (10); the outer sleeve (11) is sleeved outside the inner sleeve (7), the bottom end of the inner sleeve (7) is fixedly connected with an annular spring stop block (3), the inner wall from the middle to the bottom of the outer sleeve (11) is provided with an upper circumferential groove and a lower circumferential groove, the diameter of the upper circumferential groove is smaller than that of the lower circumferential groove, a first annular step surface is formed between the upper circumferential groove and the inner wall at the top of the outer sleeve (11), a second annular step surface is formed between the upper circumferential groove and the lower circumferential groove, a force application spring (5) is connected between the first annular step surface and the upper end surface of the spring stop block (3), and the inner diameter of the second annular step surface is smaller than the outer diameter of the spring stop block (3), so that the step is blocked and limited by the upper end surface of the spring stop block (3) when the outer sleeve (11) moves downwards; the pressure sensor (10) is fixedly arranged in the middle of the inner sleeve (7) through a set screw (9), the lower end of the pressure sensor (10) is connected with the upper end of the guide rod (6) through an elastic component (8), the lower end of the guide rod (6) is fixedly connected with the probe (1), the probe (1) downwards extends out of the spring stop block (3) from the middle of the spring stop block (3), the first piezoelectric film (2) is arranged on the lower end face of the spring stop block (3), and the second piezoelectric film (4) is arranged on the upper end face of the spring stop block (3) corresponding to the second annular step face;
the elasticity coefficient of the force application spring (5) is larger than that of the pressure spring in the elastic assembly (8), so that the probe (1) can retract to the position when the force application spring (5) is fully compressed;
the device also comprises a shell (13), wherein the shell (13) is fixed at the upper end part of the inner sleeve (7), and a control unit (12) and a display unit (14) are arranged in the shell (13); the first piezoelectric film (2), the second piezoelectric film (4) and the pressure sensor (10) are all connected to the input end of the control unit (12), and the output end of the control unit (12) is connected to the display unit (14); after detecting signals of the two first piezoelectric films (2) and the second piezoelectric film (4) through the control unit, the signals of the pressure sensor (10) are immediately locked and read as measurement results.
2. A portable fruit hardness testing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the elastic component (8) comprises an upper mounting seat, a lower mounting seat and a pressure spring connected between the upper mounting seat and the lower mounting seat, wherein the upper mounting seat is fixed at the bottom of the pressure sensor (10), and the lower mounting seat is fixedly connected with the upper end of the guide rod (6).
3. A portable fruit hardness testing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the middle part of the inner sleeve (7) is provided with an inner flange, and the inner flange is positioned below the lower mounting seat and stops the lower mounting seat from limiting descending.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910001688.8A CN109632543B (en) | 2019-01-02 | 2019-01-02 | Portable fruit hardness detecting instrument |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910001688.8A CN109632543B (en) | 2019-01-02 | 2019-01-02 | Portable fruit hardness detecting instrument |
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| CN109632543A CN109632543A (en) | 2019-04-16 |
| CN109632543B true CN109632543B (en) | 2024-01-09 |
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| CN201910001688.8A Active CN109632543B (en) | 2019-01-02 | 2019-01-02 | Portable fruit hardness detecting instrument |
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Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112630305B (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-04-05 | 浙江大学 | Hand-held fruit firmness and brittleness automatic detection instrument |
| CN113281206B (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2023-09-22 | 西安理工大学 | Nondestructive testing device and method for hardness of fruits |
| CN113504141B (en) * | 2021-06-02 | 2023-10-24 | 西安理工大学 | Portable kiwi fruit hardness detection device and method |
| CN114769891A (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2022-07-22 | 深圳泰德半导体装备有限公司 | Wafer marking apparatus |
| CN117191617B (en) * | 2023-09-21 | 2024-01-05 | 长春师范大学 | Actinidia arguta maturity detection device with press function |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB664876A (en) * | 1949-07-27 | 1952-01-16 | Ernst Alfred | Improvements in or relating to devices for testing the hardness of metals |
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|---|---|
| CN109632543A (en) | 2019-04-16 |
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