CN109525326A - Quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon - Google Patents
Quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
- H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of quantum key distribution methods based on the ultra dense coding of single photon, it is in the photon state of R ground state at random including the preparation of the side A, B is sent to after carrying out deflecting operation, the side B returns to A after carrying out deflecting operation again, the quantum state that measurement obtains is compared A with the quantum state of original preparation, and comparison result is sent to B, whether A judgement measurement base used is correct, if correct, and it is marked, then the location information of label is sent to B, the location information of mistake is abandoned, last A and B generates shared bits string according to the information of oneself and received information.The present invention is more economical feasible without complicated quantum resource and equipment compared with Entangled State QDKD agreement.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon, belongs to Quantum Secure Communication
Field.
Background technique
As quantum-mechanical theory is in the application of field of information processing, quantum secret communication is utilized to complete many interesting
Task, such as quantum-key distribution (quantum key distribution, QKD), quantum secret sharing (quantum secret
Sharing, QSS), quantum key negotiates (quantum key agreement, QKA) etc..Wherein QKD is most basic and most heavy
The research direction wanted, for generating private key between two legitimate users, two users can safely convey him by private key
Classified information.In general, these QKD agreements can be divided into two classes: the QKD agreement based on single photon, such as BB84 and E92；
Another kind is the QKD agreement based on Entangled State.In above-mentioned two classification, single photon QKD agreement experimentally simple possible but effect
Rate is lower；Entangled State QKD protocol efficiency is higher, but needs more complicated quantum resource and equipment.
QKD agreement is other than guaranteeing safety, it is also necessary to consider secret key distribution efficiency.2004, Degiovanni etc.
People proposes a kind of new agreement for having merged quantum ultra dense coding and quantum-key distribution, the referred to as ultra dense encryption key distribution of quantum
(quantum dense key distribution, QDKD) agreement, the agreement is by tangling to the operation in (i.e. Bell state)
Carry out embedded key information, there is better key production rate than BB84 agreement.The QDKD agreement that Degiovanni et al. is proposed is
It is proved to be to be able to detect that any individual eavesdropping attack, there is safety.The thought of this QDKD agreement is widely used,
Other scholars are successfully used in this thought in different Entangled State QKD agreements.For example, Hwang et al. was logical in 2011
It crosses and proposes QKD agreement using the dense coding of three quantum bit W states.In 2013, Liu Zhihao et al. proposed one kind in cluster
The quantum while key distribution agreement of dense coding are carried out in state.But these agreements are all based on Entangled State QKD agreement, so
There are problems that needing complicated quantum resource and equipment.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome Entangled State QKD to need complicated quantum resource and equipment,
It is proposed a kind of economically viable quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon.
In order to achieve the above objectives, The technical solution adopted by the invention is as follows:
A kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon, comprising the following steps:
1) A prepares single-photon state | and Ψ >, | Ψ > be in R ground state at random；Then, A carries out photon state with certain probability
Deflecting operation, and it is sent to B；
2) photon that B receives that A is sent is in R ground state or D ground state with different probability；Then, B is with certain probability to light
Sub- state carries out deflecting operation, returns again to A；
3) photon that A receives that B is sent is in R ground state or D ground state with different probability；Then A obtains photon by measurement
State | Ψ ' >；
4) A is incited somebody to action | Ψ ' > with | Ψ > it is compared, then comparison result information is sent to B by classical channel；
5) B informs it in the deflecting operation information of the step 2) using classical channel to A；
6) information judges whether measurement base used is correct to A based on the received, if correctly, being labeled as Y, otherwise marking
For N, then B will be sent to labeled as the location information of Y or N；
7) B location information according to transmitted by A marks the information for being to abandon for all；
8) A and B generates shared bits string according to the information of oneself and received information.
R ground state above-mentioned is | 0 > or | 1 >, the D ground state isOr
In aforementioned step 1) and step 2), deflecting operation is carried out to photon state with certain probability and is referred to, with (1-P)/2
Probability use U00Deflecting operation is carried out to photon state, or U is used with the probability of P/201Deflecting operation is carried out to photon state,
Or U is used with the probability of (1-P)/210Deflecting operation is carried out to photon state, or U is used with the probability of P/211To photon state
Carry out deflecting operation, wherein U00、U01、U10、U110 °, 45 °, 90 °, 135 ° are respectively deflected,
In aforementioned step 3), A uses R base with (1-P) probability, or measures photon using D base with P probability.
In aforementioned step 4), the result information of A transmission are as follows: if | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| 0 >, send " 00 "；If |
Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=|+>, it sends " 01 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| 1 >, it sends " 10 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| ->, it sends
“11”。
In aforementioned step 5), if B deflects 0 ° or 90 ° in the step 2), to photon state, then " 0 " is sent；If
45 ° or 135 ° of deflection, then send " 1 ".
The present invention has the advantage that compared with existing scheme
1, the present invention has high coding capacity compared with single photon QKD agreement, and each relative photon, which can carry two, to be had
Use information.
2, the present invention is more economical feasible without complicated quantum resource and equipment compared with Entangled State QDKD agreement.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is that the present invention is based on the procedure charts of the quantum key distribution method of the ultra dense coding of single photon.
Fig. 2 is that the present invention is based on the quantum-key distribution examples of the ultra dense coding of single photon.
Specific embodiment
The invention will be further described below.Following embodiment is only used for clearly illustrating technical side of the invention
Case, and not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1, the quantum-key distribution process based on the ultra dense coding of single photon is divided into four column, each column are all designated
The operation of main body, photon state and progress.Quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon of the invention, including with
Lower step:
1) as shown in first row, user Alice prepares single-photon state | Ψ >, | Ψ > be at random | 0 > or | 1 > i.e. R ground state.
In the actual operation process, by the way that the method for the present invention is performed a plurality of times, the length of Bit String shared needed for meeting is realized.
Then, Alice uses U with the probability of (1-P)/200It is right | Ψ > progress deflecting operation, or used with the probability of P/2
U01It is right | Ψ > progress deflecting operation, or U is used with the probability of (1-P)/210It is right | Ψ > progress deflecting operation, or with P/2's
Probability uses U11It is right | Ψ > progress deflecting operation, and it is sent to user Bob.U00、U01、U10、U11Respectively deflect 0 degree, 45 degree,
90 degree, 135 degree, wherein
2) as shown in secondary series, the received photon of Bob with different probability be in R ground state | 0 >, | 1 > } or D ground stateU such as is carried out to R ground state00Or U10Deflecting operation obtains R ground state, to R ground state
Carry out U01Or U11Deflecting operation obtains D ground state.
Then Bob is respectively with (1-P)/2, P/2, (1-P)/2,Probability use U00、U01、U10、U11It is right
Photon carries out deflecting operation, then returns it into Alice.
3) as shown in third column, the received photon of Alice is in R ground state and D ground state with different probability.Such as to R ground state into
Row U00Or U10Deflecting operation obtains R ground state, carries out U to R ground state01Or U11Deflecting operation obtains D ground state, carries out to D ground state
U00Or U10Deflecting operation obtains D ground state, carries out U to D ground state01Or U11Deflecting operation obtains R ground state.
Then Alice uses R base with (1-P) probability, or measures photon using D base with P probability, obtains state | Ψ '
>。
Then, Alice passes through classical channel to Bob transmission result information, if | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| 0 >, it sends
"00"；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=|+>, it sends " 01 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| 1 >, it sends " 10 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >
=| ->, it sends " 11 ".
4) Bob informs operation information to Alice using classical channel, if Bob in step 2), to photon deflect 0 ° or
90 °, then send " 0 "；If 45 ° or 135 ° of deflection, sends " 1 ".
5) information judges whether measurement base used is correct to Alice based on the received, if correctly, being labeled as Y, otherwise
Labeled as N, then Bob will be sent to labeled as the location information of Y and N.Position, that is, bit sequence position.
6) Bob location information according to transmitted by Alice marks the information for being to abandon for all.
7) Alice and Bob generates shared bits string according to the information of oneself and received information, shared bits string by
Deflecting operation performed by Alice and Bob generates.
By taking 8 quantum bits as an example, quantum bit digit should be length needed for generated shared bits string meets.
Fig. 2 is to the present invention is based on shared bits string generating process in the quantum key distribution protocol of the ultra dense coding of single photon to be described.
As shown in first quantum bit of Fig. 2, it is assumed that initial quantum state is | 0 >, certain possible implementation procedure is as follows:
11) Alice prepares photon and is in quantum state | and Ψ >, | Ψ > be in | 0 >, then Alice is right | 0 > carry out U10Operation,
Obtained quantum state is | 1 >, photon is transmitted to Bob by quantum channel.
12) Bob receives photon, but does not measure to photon, but carries out U to photon11Operation obtains | and Ψ ' >, then
Photon is sent back to Alice.
13) Alice receives photon, measures photon with the probability of P D base, measurement obtains state and is | and Ψ ' >.In measurement
Afterwards, because | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=|+>-| 0 >=|+>, Alice announces " 01 ", and communicates information to Bob.
14) Bob sends the operation information carried out to photon to Alice using classical channel, and Bob deflects 135 ° to photon,
So " 1 " is sent to Alice.
15) Alice determines that measurement base used is correct according to information is received, and retains this position and labeled as Y, then will retain or
The information of discarding is sent to Bob.
16) Bob location information according to transmitted by Alice selection retains.
17) Alice knows that oneself is U to the operation that photon carries out10, and according to public information, it can also derive
Bob is U to the operation that photon carries out11.Equally, Bob knows that oneself is U to the operation that photon carries out11, according to public information,
It can also derive that Alice is U to the operation that photon carries out10.Finally, Alice and Bob can with shared information bit " 1011 ",
Wherein " 10 " are that the operation as used in Alice generates, and " 11 " are that the operation as used in Bob generates.
As shown in the second quantum bit of Fig. 2, certain possible implementation procedure is as follows:
21) Alice prepares photon and is in quantum state | and Ψ >, | Ψ > be in | 0 >, then Alice is right | 0 > carry out U11Operation,
Obtained quantum state is | ->, photon is transmitted to Bob by quantum channel.
22) Bob receives photon, but does not measure to photon, but carries out U to photon00Operation obtains | and Ψ ' >, then
Photon is sent back to Alice.
23) Alice receives photon, measures photon with the probability of (1-P) R base, measurement obtains state and is | and Ψ ' >.It is surveying
After amount, because | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| ->-| 0 >=| ->, Alice announces " 11 ", and communicates information to Bob.
24) Bob sends the operation information carried out to photon to Alice using classical channel, and Bob deflects 0 ° to photon, institute
" 0 " is sent to Alice.
25) Alice according to receive information determine it is used measure base mistake, abandon this position and labeled as N, then will retain or
The information of discarding is sent to Bob.
26) Bob location information according to transmitted by Alice selection abandons.
Similar step is carried out to 6 single photons of residue, so that it may obtain key string
“101100000001110101001000”。
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for the ordinary skill people of the art
For member, without departing from the technical principles of the invention, several improvement and deformations can also be made, these improvement and deformations
Also it should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon, which comprises the following steps:
1) A prepares single-photon state | and Ψ >, | Ψ > be in R ground state at random；Then, A deflects photon state with certain probability
Operation, and it is sent to B；
2) photon that B receives that A is sent is in R ground state or D ground state with different probability；Then, B is with certain probability to photon state
Deflecting operation is carried out, is returned again to A；
3) photon that A receives that B is sent is in R ground state or D ground state with different probability；Then A obtains photon state by measurement |
Ψ'>；
4) A is incited somebody to action | Ψ ' > with | Ψ > it is compared, then comparison result information is sent to B by classical channel；
5) B informs it in the deflecting operation information of the step 2) using classical channel to A；
6) information judges whether measurement base used is correct, if correctly, being labeled as Y, is otherwise labeled as N to A based on the received,
Then B will be sent to labeled as the location information of Y or N；
7) B location information according to transmitted by A marks the information for being to abandon for all；
8) A and B generates shared bits string according to the information of oneself and received information.
2. a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The R ground state is | 0 > or | 1 >, the D ground state isOr
3. a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step 1) and step 2), deflecting operation is carried out to photon state with certain probability and is referred to, is used with the probability of (1-P)/2
U00Deflecting operation is carried out to photon state, or U is used with the probability of P/201Deflecting operation is carried out to photon state, or with (1-
P probability)/2 uses U10Deflecting operation is carried out to photon state, or U is used with the probability of P/211Deflection behaviour is carried out to photon state
Make, wherein U00、U01、U10、U110 °, 45 °, 90 °, 135 ° are respectively deflected,
4. a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step 3), A uses R base with (1-P) probability, or measures photon using D base with P probability.
5. a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step 4), the result information of A transmission are as follows: if | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| 0 >, send " 00 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >
=|+>, it sends " 01 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| 1 >, it sends " 10 "；If | Ψ ' >-| Ψ >=| ->, it sends " 11 ".
6. a kind of quantum key distribution method based on the ultra dense coding of single photon according to claim 3, which is characterized in that
In the step 5), if B deflects 0 ° or 90 ° in the step 2), to photon state, then " 0 " is sent；If deflection 45 ° or
135 °, then send " 1 ".
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| CN113904779A (en) * | 2021-12-10 | 2022-01-07 | 湖南师范大学 | Identity authentication method, system, equipment and storage medium based on super-secret code |
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