CN109428708A - A kind of quantum secret communication method of functionization - Google Patents
A kind of quantum secret communication method of functionization Download PDFInfo
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- CN109428708A CN109428708A CN201710722288.7A CN201710722288A CN109428708A CN 109428708 A CN109428708 A CN 109428708A CN 201710722288 A CN201710722288 A CN 201710722288A CN 109428708 A CN109428708 A CN 109428708A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
- H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of quantum secret communication methods of functionization, and present invention mainly solves the practicability problems of expected data Quantum Secure Direct Communication.The present invention is carried out Error Correction of Coding to message using classical error correction code and is encrypted using random number, nonopiate quantum state coding is carried out using obtained ciphertext as state selection sequence, using obtained quantum state as signal state；Then, a certain number of nonopiate quantum states are randomly generated as detection state, send detection state or signal state at random according to synchronised clock；Receiving end carries out random measurement and measurement result assessment quantum bit error rate and quantum response rate according to detection state, carries out error-correcting decoding using the correlation between the measurement result and transmitting terminal state selection sequence of signal state and obtains target message.The present invention has Unconditional security, and can be achieved with using current single photon or weak coherent state quantum communication system, has a good application prospect in network security and secret communication field.
Description
Technical field
It the present invention relates to the use of information coding, error correcting code, protecting data encryption and Technique on Quantum Communication and carry out secret communication
Technical field more particularly to a kind of quantum secret communication method of functionization.
Background technique
Quantum communications are that the Novel Communication mode of information transmitting is realized by quantum channel, and major advantage is to detect
Eavesdrop and realize the communication of unconditional security.Quantum key distribution (Quantum key distribution, QKD) and quantum peace
Full direct communication (Quantum secure direct communication, QSDC) is two important research of quantum communications
Direction, wherein QKD is a kind of random number online negotiation method of functionization, but cannot directly carry out the communication of expected data；
QSDC is a kind of technology that expected data is directly transmitted by quantum channel, but presently disclosed technical solution needs quantum to entangle
System, quantum storage system and low-loss quantum channel are twined, practical application can not be put under the conditions of current technology.
In order to solve the problems, such as expected data Quantum Secure Direct Communication practicability, the present invention use classical error correction code
(ECC) and data encryption technology carries out Error Correction of Coding and encipherment protection to classical message, and using obtained ciphertext as quantum state
State selection sequence, using nonopiate quantum state encoding scheme carry out quantum state preparation, coding, transmission and measurement；Receiving end benefit
Fast correlation decoding is carried out with the correlation between measurement result sequence and transmitting terminal state selection sequence and obtains message, to realize
A kind of quantum secret communication method of functionization.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of quantum secret communication method of functionization, which comprises the following steps:
Step 1: the message that transmitting terminal sends needs is by the one group of carry out message grouping of m bit, and send in order each
A message grouping；Error Correction of Coding is carried out using error correcting code ECC to each message grouping M, obtains the codeword sequence Ca of n-bit；
And state selection sequence Sa is obtained using the 0 exclusive or Ca of random number R of n-bit, i.e.,Further according to the random number R 1 of n-bit
Quantum state is selected to prepare base X or Z each of Sa bits of encoded to prepare a quantum state in base X or Z, and this n
A nonopiate quantum state is as signal state；Quantum state is selected to prepare base X or Z the random of k bit according to the random number R 2 of k bit
Each of number R3 bits of encoded is the quantum state prepared in base X or Z, and using this k nonopiate quantum states as inspection
Survey state；Then, n signal state sequence of state radom insertion is detected this k according to random number R 4 and obtains the quantum of a mixing
State sequence, and the mixed quantum state sequence is sent according to synchronised clock；
Step 2: receiving end according to synchronised clock to each quantum state received, actively selected according to random number R 5 or
Random passive selection measurement base X or Z are measured, and obtain a measurement result；According to synchronised clock, for the amount of being not detected
The position of sub- state is marked with symbol ' x '；Finally obtain a measurement corresponding with the quantum state sequence that transmitting terminal is sent
As a result sequence；
Step 3: transmitting terminal discloses the system of detection state in the case where R2 and R4 is not shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end
Standby base R2, insertion position the sequence R4 and R3 for detecting state；Receiving end measurement result corresponding with detection state is from measurement result
Db is screened and be denoted as in sequence, and measurement result corresponding with signal state is denoted as Sb；According to the measurement result of detection state
The relevance evaluation quantum bit error rate of Db and R3 assesses quantum response rate according to Db, if quantum bit error rate is greater than quantum error code
Rate threshold value or quantum response rate are lower than response rate threshold value, and agreement terminates；It otherwise, is 0 or 1 ' x ' random replacement in Sb,
And obtain a measurement result sequence Sb corresponding with transmitting terminal state selection sequence Sa；
Step 4: transmitting terminal discloses R0 in the case where R0 is not shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end；Otherwise, underground
R0；Receiving end calculatesReceiving end carries out ECC decoding to Cb and obtains the message Mb of m bit, and receiving end is Mb
Check value issue transmitting terminal；
Step 5: transmitting terminal calculates the check value of M, and it is compared with check value disclosed in receiving end, if the two is not
Unanimously, the message grouping is retransmitted in the message packet communication failure；Otherwise, the message packet communication success；From step 1
Start to send next message grouping.
Further, the method also includes:
It is described to prepare base X and prepare base Z and be two Non-orthogonal basis sets and separately include two orthogonal quantum states, it is described to prepare base
X and to prepare base Z corresponding with base bit value 0 and 1 is selected respectively or corresponding with 1 and 0；Described two orthogonal quantum states respectively with choosing
State bit value 0 and 1 is corresponding.
Further, the method also includes:
The quantum state includes but is not limited to single photon, entangled photons and weak coherent state；It is tangled in single photon and multi-photon
In system, the detection state and signal state are all single photons；In weak coherent state system, detection state has different from signal state
Average pulse number of photons；In continuous variable system, the detection state and signal state include but is not limited to more single photon pulses.
Further, the method also includes:
The quantum state preparation, coding, the Project Realization for sending and measuring include but is not limited to use polarization encoder system
With phase code system；The polarization encoder system includes but is not limited to use polarization state | 0 ° of > and | 90 ° of > compositions prepare base Z
With measurement base Z, polarization state | 45 ° of > and | 135 ° of > compositions prepare base X and measurement base X；The phase code system includes but not
It is limited to that phase changing capacity is used to prepare base Z for the quantum state composition of 0 and π, phase changing capacity is the quantum state composition of pi/2 and 3 pi/2s
Base X is prepared, the corresponding base Z and measurement base X that measures corresponds respectively to phase changing capacity 0 and pi/2.
Further, the method also includes:
In the case where R0 is not shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end, the quantum bit error rate threshold value is not more than 15%；?
In the case that R0 is shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end, the quantum bit error rate threshold value is not more than 25%；The quantum bit error rate
Appraisal procedure be directly to calculate to measure base and transmitting terminal in receiving end and prepare measurement result and transmitting terminal in the consistent situation of base
The ratio of inconsistent bit between corresponding state selection data.
Further, the method also includes:
The quantum response rate threshold value is not less than 20%；The appraisal procedure of the quantum response rate is directly to calculate for hair
Sending end sends the ratio of the actually detected corresponding quantum state arrived in receiving end in the case where N number of quantum state.
Further, the method also includes:
The error correcting code ECC coding includes but is not limited to using nonlinear combination device coding or LDPC coding；The error correction
Code ECC coding is the codeword sequence of n-bit the message block encoding of m bit, wherein the m and n is natural number, and m
Less than n, n is less than 90000；
The error correcting code ECC decoding can carry out correct decoding, institute in the case where bit error rate is not more than 45%
Stating error correcting code ECC decoding includes but is not limited to using Fast Correlation Attack decoding or LDPC decoding.
Further, the method also includes:
The random number R 0 includes the case where the n-bit random number being randomly generated when communication each time, further includes transmitting terminal
The case where n-bit random number shared in advance with receiving end further includes shared n-bit random number and the n ratio being randomly generated
The case where special R0 exclusive or obtained random number.
Further, the method also includes:
Random number sequence that the random number R 1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are randomly generated when including the case where communicating each time and
The case where random number sequence that communicating pair is shared in advance, wherein the bit length of R1 and R4 is the bit length k of n, R2 and R3
No more than n, the bit length of R5 is not more than 2n；When part or all of random number in R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 belongs to communication
In the case where the random number sequence that both sides share in advance, the random number does not disclose in communication protocol.
Further, the method also includes:
The method of the detection state radom insertion signal state sequence includes but is not limited to:
As k < n, the random number R 4 includes but is not limited to the n-bit sequence only comprising k a 1/0, and i-th in R4
The position of 1/0 corresponding i-th be inserted into of detection state；
As k=n, if i-th of bit in R4 is 0/1, i-th of detection state/signal state is first sent, is retransmited
I-th of signal state/detection state；Alternatively, first sending i-th of detection state/signal if i-th of bit in R4 is 1/0
State retransmits i-th of signal state/detection state.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the novelty of following several respects:
1. the present invention has the Unconditional security based on quantum physics, and utilizes current single photon or weak coherent state
Quantum communication system can be achieved with；
2. the present invention overcomes the problems such as quantized system response rate is low and the bit error rate is high using classical error correction code technology, significantly
Promote the efficiency and practicability of quantum communications.
The present invention has highly important practical application value in network security and secret signalling.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of quantum secret communication method flow diagram of functionization of the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the quantum state coding method one of the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the quantum state coding method two of the embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
To keep technical solution of the present invention and advantage clearer, as a part of the invention, below in conjunction with attached drawing and
Specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.It will be appreciated that described embodiment is only of the invention one
Divide embodiment, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are not making wound
Every other embodiment obtained under the premise of the property made labour, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is a kind of quantum secret communication method flow diagram of functionization of the embodiment of the present invention, which is characterized in that including
Following steps:
Step 1: the message that transmitting terminal sends needs is by the one group of carry out message grouping of m bit, and send in order each
A message grouping；Error Correction of Coding is carried out using error correcting code ECC to each message grouping M, obtains the codeword sequence Ca of n-bit；
Sequence Sa is obtained using the 0 exclusive or Ca of random number R of n-bit, i.e., Then, using pair as shown in Figure 2 or Figure 3
It should be related to and carry out quantum state coding, i.e., select quantum state to prepare base X or Z each of Sa according to the random number R of n-bit 1
Bits of encoded is a quantum state in base X or Z, and using this n nonopiate quantum states as signal state；According to n-bit with
It is one in base X or Z that machine number R2, which selects quantum state to prepare base X or Z each of the random number R 3 of n-bit bits of encoded,
Quantum state, and using this n nonopiate quantum states as detection state；Then, according to random number R 4 n detection state radom insertion n
A signal state sequence simultaneously obtains the quantum state sequence of a mixing (that is, if i-th of bit in R4 is 0, i-th
Detection state is discharged to before i-th of signal state；If i-th of bit in R4 is 1, i-th of detection state is discharged to i-th of letter
Behind number state), and the quantum state sequence is sent according to synchronised clock.
Step 2: receiving end is according to synchronised clock to each quantum state received, random passive selection measurement base X or Z
It measures, and obtains a measurement result.According to synchronised clock, for be not detected the position of quantum state with symbol ' x ' into
Line flag；Finally obtain a measurement result sequence corresponding with the quantum state sequence that transmitting terminal is sent；
Step 3: transmitting terminal discloses insertion position the sequence R4 and R3 for preparing base R2, detecting state of detection state；Receiving end handle
Measurement result corresponding with detection state screens and is denoted as Db, and measurement result corresponding with signal state is denoted as Sb；Root
According to the relevance evaluation quantum bit error rate and quantum response rate of the measurement result Db and R3 of detection state, if quantum bit error rate is greater than
15% or quantum response rate be lower than 20%, then it is assumed that communication process is ravesdropping, agreement terminate；Otherwise, it is detected by eavesdropping；
Receiving end is 0 or 1 ' x ' random replacement in Sb, and obtains a measurement result corresponding with transmitting terminal state selection sequence Sa
Sequence Sb；
Step 4: transmitting terminal discloses R0；Receiving end calculatesReceiving end carries out ECC decoding to Cb and obtains
The check value of Mb is issued transmitting terminal by the message Mb of m bit, receiving end；
Step 5: transmitting terminal calculates the check value of M, and it is compared with check value disclosed in receiving end, if the two is not
Unanimously, the message grouping is retransmitted in the message packet communication failure；Otherwise, the message packet communication success；From step 1
Start to send next message grouping.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of quantum secret communication method of functionization, which comprises the steps of:
Step 1: the message that transmitting terminal sends needs is by the one group of carry out message grouping of m bit, and each is sent in order and is disappeared
Breath grouping；Error Correction of Coding is carried out using error correcting code ECC to each message grouping M, obtains the codeword sequence Ca of n-bit；And it adopts
State selection sequence Sa is obtained with the 0 exclusive or Ca of random number R of n-bit, i.e.,It is selected further according to the random number R 1 of n-bit
It is the quantum state prepared in base X or Z that quantum state, which prepares base X or Z each of Sa bits of encoded, and non-this n
Orthogonal quantum state is as signal state；Quantum state is selected to prepare random number R 3 of the base X or Z k bit according to the random number R 2 of k bit
Each of bits of encoded be the quantum state prepared in base X or Z, and using this k nonopiate quantum states as detecting state；
Then, n signal state sequence of state radom insertion is detected this k according to random number R 4 and obtains the quantum state sequence of a mixing
Column, and the mixed quantum state sequence is sent according to synchronised clock；
Step 2: receiving end according to synchronised clock to each quantum state received, actively selected according to random number R 5 or random
Passive selection measurement base X or Z are measured, and obtain a measurement result；According to synchronised clock, for quantum state is not detected
Position be marked with symbol ' x '；Finally obtain a measurement result corresponding with the quantum state sequence that transmitting terminal is sent
Sequence；
Step 3: in the case where R2 and R4 is not shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end, what transmitting terminal disclosed detection state prepares base
R2, insertion position the sequence R4 and R3 for detecting state；Receiving end measurement result corresponding with detection state is from measurement result sequence
In screen and be denoted as Db, measurement result corresponding with signal state is denoted as Sb；According to detection state measurement result Db with
The relevance evaluation quantum bit error rate of R3 assesses quantum response rate according to Db, if quantum bit error rate is greater than quantum bit error rate threshold
Value or quantum response rate are lower than response rate threshold value, and agreement terminates；It otherwise, is 0 or 1 ' x ' random replacement in Sb, and
To a measurement result sequence Sb corresponding with transmitting terminal state selection sequence Sa；
Step 4: transmitting terminal discloses R0 in the case where R0 is not shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end；Otherwise, underground R0；It connects
Receiving end calculatesReceiving end carries out ECC decoding to Cb and obtains the message Mb of m bit, verification of the receiving end Mb
Value issues transmitting terminal；
Step 5: transmitting terminal calculates the check value of M, and it is compared with check value disclosed in receiving end, if the two is inconsistent,
The message grouping is retransmitted in the message packet communication failure；Otherwise, the message packet communication success；At the beginning from step
Send next message grouping.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
It is described prepare base X and prepare base Z be two Non-orthogonal basis sets and separately include two orthogonal quantum states, it is described prepare base X and
It is corresponding with base bit value 0 and 1 is selected respectively or corresponding with 1 and 0 to prepare base Z；Described two orthogonal quantum states respectively with state selection ratio
Paricular value 0 and 1 is corresponding.
3. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The quantum state includes but is not limited to single photon, entangled photons and weak coherent state；System is tangled in single photon and multi-photon
In, the detection state and signal state are all single photons；In weak coherent state system, detection state has different be averaged from signal state
Pulsed light subnumber；In continuous variable system, the detection state and signal state include but is not limited to more single photon pulses.
4. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The quantum state preparation, coding, the Project Realization for sending and measuring include but is not limited to use polarization encoder system and phase
Position coded system；The polarization encoder system includes but is not limited to use polarization state | 0 ° > with | 90 ° > composition prepares base Z and measurement
Base Z, polarization state | 45 ° > with | 135 ° > composition prepares base X and measurement base X；The phase code system includes but is not limited to use
The quantum state composition that phase changing capacity is 0 and π prepares base Z, and phase changing capacity prepares base X for the quantum state composition of pi/2 and 3 pi/2s,
Corresponding measurement base Z and measurement base X correspond respectively to phase changing capacity 0 and pi/2.
5. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
In the case where R0 is not shared in advance in transmitting terminal and receiving end, the quantum bit error rate threshold value is not more than 15%；It is sending
In the case that R0 is shared in advance with receiving end in end, the quantum bit error rate threshold value is not more than 25%；The quantum bit error rate is commented
Estimating method is directly to calculate that measure the measurement result that base is prepared to transmitting terminal in the consistent situation of base in receiving end corresponding with transmitting terminal
State selection data between inconsistent bit ratio.
6. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The quantum response rate threshold value is not less than 20%；The appraisal procedure of the quantum response rate is directly to calculate for transmitting terminal
Send the ratio of the actually detected corresponding quantum state arrived in receiving end in the case where N number of quantum state.
7. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The error correcting code ECC coding includes but is not limited to using nonlinear combination device coding or LDPC coding；The error correcting code ECC
Coding is the codeword sequence of n-bit the message block encoding of m bit, wherein the m and n is natural number, and m is less than
N, n are less than 90000；
The error correcting code ECC decoding can carry out correct decoding in the case where bit error rate is not more than 45%, described to entangle
Error code ECC decoding includes but is not limited to using Fast Correlation Attack decoding or LDPC decoding.
8. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The random number R 0 includes the case where the n-bit random number that is randomly generated when communication each time, further includes transmitting terminal and connect
The case where n-bit random number that receiving end is shared in advance further includes shared n-bit random number and the n-bit R0 being randomly generated
The case where exclusive or obtained random number.
9. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The random number sequence and communication that the random number R 1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are randomly generated when including the case where communicating each time
The case where random number sequence that both sides share in advance, wherein the bit length of R1 and R4 is that the bit length k of n, R2 and R3 are little
It is not more than 2n in the bit length of n, R5；When part or all of random number in R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 belongs to communicating pair
In advance in the case where shared random number sequence, the random number does not disclose in communication protocol.
10. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by:
The method of the detection state radom insertion signal state sequence includes but is not limited to:
As k < n, the random number R 4 includes but is not limited to the n-bit sequence only comprising k a 1/0,1/0 pair of i-th in R4
Be inserted into i-th is answered to detect the position of state；
As k=n, if i-th of bit in R4 is 0/1, i-th of detection state/signal state is first sent, retransmits i-th
A signal state/detection state；Alternatively, i-th of detection state/signal state is first sent if i-th of bit in R4 is 1/0, then
Send i-th of signal state/detection state.
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