CN109239993B - Liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning - Google Patents
Liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning Download PDFInfo
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- CN109239993B CN109239993B CN201811214884.5A CN201811214884A CN109239993B CN 109239993 B CN109239993 B CN 109239993B CN 201811214884 A CN201811214884 A CN 201811214884A CN 109239993 B CN109239993 B CN 109239993B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1343—Electrodes
- G02F1/134309—Electrodes characterised by their geometrical arrangement
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/1313—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells specially adapted for a particular application
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133711—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by organic films, e.g. polymeric films
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/13378—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by treatment of the surface, e.g. embossing, rubbing or light irradiation
- G02F1/133784—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by treatment of the surface, e.g. embossing, rubbing or light irradiation by rubbing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
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Abstract
The invention discloses a liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning and an assembly manufacturing method, which consists of a first layer liquid crystal plate and a second layer liquid crystal plate which are arranged up and down, wherein a first directional film, a line scanning electrode, an upper glass plate and an upper polaroid are sequentially arranged on the first layer liquid crystal plate in parallel, and a second directional film, a line signal electrode and a middle glass plate are sequentially arranged below the first layer liquid crystal plate in parallel; the third oriented film and the column scanning electrodes are sequentially arranged on the upper surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel in parallel, and the fourth oriented film, the column signal electrodes, the lower layer glass panel and the lower polarizing plate are sequentially arranged on the lower surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel in parallel. The double-layer structure of the invention is manufactured into the optical switch surface array with independently controllable units, the light beams passing through the unit switches are subjected to phase modulation through the on and off control of the unit switches, and the laser array scanning device with the optical phased array function is formed by matching with the grating array and the scanning driving circuit, thereby realizing azimuth, pitching scanning and depth focusing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical phased arrays, in particular to a liquid crystal optical switch for scanning control of an optical phased array and an assembling and manufacturing method.
Background
At present, the application fields of rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, target detection, weapon guidance, unmanned driving, autonomous obstacle avoidance and the like urgently need a rapid, accurate and omnibearing target detection technology. The radar is the most common detection means, and compared with the radar of the traditional mechanical scanning technology, the phased array scanning technology utilizes a large number of small antenna units which are independently controlled to be arranged into an antenna array surface, each antenna unit is controlled by an independent phase-shifting switch, and different phase beams can be synthesized by controlling the phase transmitted by each antenna unit. Based on the inspiration of the phase control electronic scanning array radar, the solid-state laser radar utilizing the optical phased array scanning technology becomes a research hotspot due to the wide application prospect. Different from a mechanical scanning laser radar, the structure and the size of the radar can be greatly reduced due to no need of a rotating part, the service life is prolonged, and the cost is reduced; the scanning speed of the optical phased array depends on the electronic characteristics of the used materials and can generally reach the MHz level without being limited by the speed and the precision of mechanical rotation; the scanning precision of the optical phased array depends on the precision of the control electric signal and can reach more than one thousandth of magnitude; the light beam pointing of the optical phased array is completely controlled by an electric signal, any pointing can be achieved within an allowed angle range, and high-density scanning can be performed in a key area; one phase control array surface can be divided into a plurality of small modules, and each module can be controlled separately to lock and monitor a plurality of targets simultaneously. However, the solid-state laser radar also has the corresponding defects, grating diffraction can form other bright fringes besides the central bright fringe, and the problem can lead laser to form side lobes outside the direction of the maximum power and disperse the energy of the laser; in particular, the optical phased array requires that the size of the array unit is not more than half wavelength, and the working wavelength of the existing laser radar is about 1 micron, so the size of the array unit is not more than 500 nm. And the higher the array density is, the more concentrated the energy is, which all raises the requirement for processing precision and needs a certain technical breakthrough. Therefore, a phase modulation device which does not depend on limited manufacturing materials, processes and structures and has low cost is urgently needed, the modulation of the light beam phase can be flexibly, simply and reliably realized, the electronic control scanning and the depth focusing control of laser irradiation can be realized by matching with a grating array, and the product has very wide market prospect.
When the existing liquid crystal optical switch array with a common single-layer structure is applied to picture display, a plurality of columns (or rows) of units in one row (or column) are gated through row and column signals, then the scanning row (or column) is turned off to scan the next adjacent row (or column) until the scanning operation of all rows (or columns) is completed, which is a scanning period and is repeated cyclically, the display of the whole array is realized by using the visual delay characteristic of human eyes, and the liquid crystal optical switch array obviously cannot be used for realizing the modulation of light beam phases and cannot be used for realizing the electric control scanning and the depth focusing control of laser irradiation by being matched with a grating array.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning and an assembly manufacturing method thereof, which can be provided with an optical switch surface array with independently controllable units, perform phase modulation on light beams passing through the unit switches through the on and off control of the unit switches, form a laser array scanning device with an optical phased array function by matching with a grating array and a scanning driving circuit, realize azimuth, pitching scanning and depth focusing, and be applied to occasions such as laser radars, laser ranging and the like.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning is composed of a first liquid crystal panel and a second liquid crystal panel which are arranged up and down, wherein a first directional film, a line scanning electrode, an upper glass plate and an upper polaroid are sequentially arranged on the first liquid crystal panel in parallel, and a second directional film, a line signal electrode and a middle glass plate are sequentially arranged below the first liquid crystal panel in parallel;
a third oriented film and a column scanning electrode are sequentially arranged on the upper surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel in parallel, and a fourth oriented film, a column signal electrode, a lower layer glass panel and a lower polarizing plate are sequentially arranged on the lower surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel in parallel; the row scanning electrodes and the row signal electrodes are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-down covering manner, the column signal electrodes and the row signal electrodes are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-down covering manner, and the column scanning electrodes and the column signal electrodes are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-down covering manner;
the first oriented film, the second oriented film, the third oriented film and the fourth oriented film are all made of a thin layer of high molecular organic matter, and are subjected to oriented friction treatment to enable rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules to be parallel to the surface of the glass and to be arranged along the direction of the oriented treatment, so that the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the crystal of each layer of liquid crystal panel is perpendicular to the molecular orientation of the lower surface of the crystal;
n line scanning electrodes are uniformly divided into n1 groups, and n2 line scanning electrodes in each group are provided, so that n = n1 × n 2; the width and the interval of the electrodes in each group are distributed in an equal size, and the width and the interval of each group are distributed in an equal size;
m column scanning electrodes are uniformly divided into m1 groups, and m2 column scanning electrodes in each group are provided, so that m = m1 × m 2; the width and the interval of the electrodes in each group are distributed in an equal size, and the width and the interval of each group are distributed in an equal size;
the n1 groups of row scanning electrodes correspond to n3 row signal electrodes, the m1 groups of column scanning electrodes correspond to m3 column signal electrodes, and n, n1, n2, m1, m2, n3 and m3 are positive integers.
The row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes are respectively connected with electrode outgoing lines, and the electrode outgoing lines are used for enabling the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes to be respectively connected with the row scanning electrodes and the column scanning electrodes on the same horizontal plane, so that the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes can be conveniently connected with a driving control circuit to control the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes to be electrified.
And the outlines of all the layers of structures between the upper polarizer and the lower polarizer are sealed and packaged by epoxy resin.
The polarization direction of the upper polarizer is the same as the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the first layer of liquid crystal panel crystal, the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel crystal is parallel to the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the first layer of liquid crystal panel crystal, and the polarization direction of the lower polarizer is consistent with the polarization direction of the upper polarizer.
The upper glass plate, the middle glass plate and the lower glass plate are made of a transparent glass substrate, and the line scanning electrodes, the column scanning electrodes, the line signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes are made of a photoetching and etching process on the glass substrate.
The driving circuit controls the mutual vertical or parallel arrangement of the molecular orientations of the surfaces of the first layer liquid crystal panel and the second layer liquid crystal panel, and the parallel or vertical arrangement of the polarization directions of the upper polaroid and the lower polaroid is combined, so that the liquid crystal optical switch can respectively realize a normally-on optical switch, a normally-off optical switch, a line-by-line and line-by-line on/off scanning mode of an array working mode, or a full on and full off working mode of the array.
When in a line scanning or column scanning working mode, all electrodes of the line signals or the column signals are in low level, and all cells of the other layer containing the column scanning or the line scanning electrodes are in a conducting state, and then the line scanning or the column scanning electrodes are sequentially in high level according to a certain time interval, so that the first layer liquid crystal panel and the second layer liquid crystal panel of the corresponding cells are not twisted and are transparent along the axial direction under the action of an electric field, and the effect of gradually opening the window curtain similar to the opening and closing process is realized.
The electrodes are attached to the glass plate, and the line scanning electrodes, the column signal electrodes, the line signal electrodes and the column scanning electrodes belong to the upper layer glass plate, the lower layer glass plate and the middle layer glass plate respectively and are manufactured through photoetching and etching manufacturing processes in an integrated forming mode.
The method of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a: pressing and adhering the upper polaroid to the non-electrode surface of the upper glass plate to ensure that the polarization direction of the polaroid is parallel to the line scanning electrode;
b, coating an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment on the electrode surface to clamp the liquid crystal molecules on the upper surface of the first liquid crystal panel to be parallel to the polarization direction of the upper polaroid;
c, upward facing the row signal electrode of the middle glass plate and applying an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment, downward facing the column signal electrode and applying an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment, and filling twisted nematic liquid crystal with mutually vertical molecular orientation between the upper glass plate and the middle glass plate and between the middle glass plate and the lower glass plate;
d: pressing and adhering the lower polarizer to the non-electrode surface of the lower glass plate to ensure that the polarization direction of the polarizer is parallel to that of the upper polarizer, and coating an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment on the electrode surface to clamp the liquid crystal molecules on the lower surface of the second liquid crystal plate to be vertical to the polarization direction of the lower polarizer;
e: and finally, sealing and packaging by using epoxy resin.
The invention mainly utilizes the electro-optical effect principle of liquid crystal, adopts a specially designed double-layer structure, one layer controls the on-off of lines by laying line scanning electrodes and line signal electrodes, and the other layer controls the on-off of lines by laying column scanning electrodes and column signal electrodes, thereby manufacturing an optical switch surface array with independently controllable units.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the application of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a TN type optical switch according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a 4 × 4 liquid crystal optical switch array according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a conventional single-layer LCD driving scheme according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4, the present invention is composed of a first layer liquid crystal panel 18 and a second layer liquid crystal panel 19 which are arranged up and down, wherein a first alignment film 7, a line scanning electrode 12, an upper glass plate 11 and an upper polarizer 17 are arranged in parallel on the first layer liquid crystal panel 18 in sequence, and a second alignment film 6, a line signal electrode 14 and an intermediate glass plate 20 are arranged in parallel on the lower surface of the first layer liquid crystal panel 18 in sequence; a third oriented film 8 and a column scanning electrode 13 are sequentially arranged on the upper surface of the second layer liquid crystal plate 19 in parallel, and a fourth oriented film 9, a column signal electrode 15, a lower layer glass plate 10 and a lower polarizing plate 21 are sequentially arranged on the lower surface of the second layer liquid crystal plate 19 in parallel; the row signal electrodes 14 and the column signal electrodes 15 are respectively connected with electrode outgoing lines 16, the electrode outgoing lines 16 are used for leading out pins to be reasonably distributed, so that the row signal electrodes 14 and the column signal electrodes 15 are conveniently wired on the same horizontal plane with the row scanning electrodes 12 and the column scanning electrodes 13 respectively, and are conveniently connected with a driving control circuit to control the row signal electrodes 14 and the column signal electrodes 15 to be electrified; n line scan electrodes 12 are provided, the n line scan electrodes are uniformly divided into n1 groups, and n2 line scan electrodes in each group are provided, so that n = n1 × n 2; the width and the interval of the electrodes in each group are distributed in an equal size, and the width and the interval of each group are distributed in an equal size;
the intermediate glass plate 20 in the present invention is a double-sided electrode plate, i.e. a glass plate shared by the first layer liquid crystal panel 18 and the second layer liquid crystal panel 19, and in practical use, two glass plates can be used to process corresponding electrodes respectively, but obviously, the cost is not saved by sharing one glass plate, and the shared glass plate can be processed by arranging corresponding electrodes on the upper and lower end faces of the glass plate at the same time.
M column scan electrodes 13 are provided, the m column scan electrodes are uniformly divided into m1 groups, and m2 column scan electrodes in each group are provided, so that m = m1 × m 2; the width and the interval of the electrodes in each group are distributed in an equal size, and the width and the interval of each group are distributed in an equal size;
n1 groups of row scanning electrodes correspond to n3 row signal electrodes, and m1 groups of column scanning electrodes correspond to m3 column signal electrodes, wherein n, n1, n2, m1, m2, n3 and m3 are positive integers.
The row scanning electrodes 12 and the row signal electrodes 14 are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-and-down covering manner, the column signal electrodes 15 and the row signal electrodes 14 are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-and-down covering manner, and the column scanning electrodes 13 and the column signal electrodes 15 are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-and-down covering manner; that is, because of the vertical relationship, they must correspond to each other, that is, there is no portion of the row signal electrode 14 corresponding to the lower surface of the portion where the row scanning electrode 12 cannot exist, and conversely there is no portion of the row signal electrode 12 corresponding to the upper surface of the portion where the row signal electrode 14 cannot exist; the column scanning electrodes 13 have the same relationship with the column signal electrodes 15, thereby constituting a variety of characteristics of the double-layer structure optical switch control method.
The first orientation film 7, the second orientation film 6, the third orientation film 8 and the fourth orientation film 9 are all made of a thin layer of polymer organic matter, and are subjected to orientation friction treatment to enable rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules to be parallel to the glass surface and to be arranged along the orientation treatment direction, so that the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the crystal of each layer of liquid crystal panel is perpendicular to the molecular orientation of the lower surface of the crystal. The orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is gradually twisted by 90 ° from the upper surface to the lower surface of the liquid crystal, and is called a twisted nematic liquid crystal panel. The polarization direction of the upper polarizer 17 is the same as the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the crystal of the first layer liquid crystal panel 18, the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the crystal of the second layer liquid crystal panel 19 is kept parallel to the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the crystal of the first layer liquid crystal panel 18, and the polarization direction of the lower polarizer 21 is kept the same as the polarization direction of the upper polarizer 17.
When all the electrodes are at low level, after the light beam is incident on the upper polaroid 17, linearly polarized light with the same molecular orientation as the surface of the first liquid crystal panel 18 is formed through the upper polaroid 17, and is incident on the first liquid crystal panel 18, the polarization direction rotates 90 degrees along with the long axis of the liquid crystal molecules, and the linearly polarized light vertical to the molecular orientation on the upper surface of the second liquid crystal panel 19 is emitted, so the light cannot pass through the second liquid crystal panel 19 layer, namely, the array elements are in an off state; when the line scanning electrode and the column scanning electrode are electrified, the electric potential is higher than a specific threshold value, and the corresponding signal electrode is grounded, light beams enter the upper polaroid to form linearly polarized light with the same molecular orientation as the surface of the first liquid crystal plate 18 through the polaroid, and then enter the first liquid crystal plate 18, because the polarization direction of electric field acting light does not rotate any more and keeps unchanged when being transmitted in the first liquid crystal plate 18, the linearly polarized light parallel to the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the second liquid crystal plate 19 is emitted, and on the same principle, the original polarization direction of the emergent light after the light passes through the second liquid crystal plate 19 is parallel, and light emergence can be realized through the lower polaroid 21, namely, the array element is in a 'through' state.
As shown in fig. 1, the dual-structure grating device and the optical phase modulation device are combined to form a two-dimensional array optical phased array assembly, so that after a laser array light source 1 enters the optical phased array assembly, the phase difference of adjacent light beams in each unit of the phase modulation device 2 and the light beam phase difference between the units are controlled, so that the phases of light waves output by the light beams through the device 3 are the same in a specified direction, thereby realizing constructive interference in the direction, namely controlling the on-off delay of the liquid crystal optical switch, thereby causing the phases of output light of each unit of the dual-structure grating device 3 to generate destructive interference in other directions, and further causing the light to be focused to a corresponding position at a target scanning position 5 after passing through a lens 4.
Fig. 3 is a diagram showing a specific structure of a TN mode optical switch. Twisted nematic liquid crystal is sandwiched between two glass plates, and the liquid crystal molecules are cylindrical in shape. The length is about 0.1-0.2 nm, the diameter is 0.4-0.6 nm, and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is generally 5-8 μm. In the case of a single-layer structure, the inner surface of the glass plate is coated with a transparent electrode, and the surface of the electrode is previously subjected to an alignment treatment (the inner side of the glass substrate is coated with an alignment layer, usually a thin layer of a polymer organic substance, and subjected to an alignment rubbing treatment so that rod-like liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to the glass surface in the direction of the alignment treatment). Thus, the liquid crystal molecules will lie down in the micro-grooves formed by friction on the surface of the transparent electrode, so that the liquid crystal molecules on the surface of the electrode are arranged in a certain direction, and the orientation directions on the upper and lower electrodes are mutually vertical. Those liquid crystal molecules between the upper and lower electrodes tend to be aligned in parallel due to van der waals force. However, since the alignment directions of the liquid crystals on the upper and lower electrodes are perpendicular to each other, the arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules is uniformly twisted from the arrangement of the upper electrode in the-45 degree direction to the arrangement of the lower electrode in the +45 degree direction in a stepwise manner, as viewed from the top, by 90 degrees.
Both theory and experiment prove that the uniformly twisted and aligned structure has the property of an optical waveguide, namely, when polarized light is transmitted from the surface of the upper electrode to the surface of the lower electrode through the twisted and aligned liquid crystal, the polarization direction can be rotated by 90 degrees.
Two polarizers are attached to both surfaces of the glass, the light transmission axis of P1 is the same as the orientation direction of the upper electrode, the light transmission axis of P2 is the same as the orientation direction of the lower electrode, and the light transmission axes of P1 and P2 are orthogonal to each other.
In the case where no driving voltage is applied, only linearly polarized light parallel to the transmission axis remains after the natural light from the light source passes through the polarizing plate P1, and the plane of polarization thereof is rotated by 90 ° when the linearly polarized light reaches the output surface. The plane of polarization of the light is parallel to the transmission axis of P2, so that light passes through.
Under the condition of applying enough voltage (generally 1-2V), under the attraction of an electrostatic field, except that the liquid crystal molecules near the substrate are "anchored" by the substrate, other liquid crystal molecules tend to be aligned parallel to the direction of the electric field. The original twisted structure is then destroyed to a uniform structure. The polarization direction of the polarized light transmitted from P1 does not rotate when propagating in the liquid crystal, and reaches the lower electrode with the original polarization direction. At this time the polarization direction of the light is orthogonal to P2 and the light is switched off.
The optical switch is called a normally-on optical switch, which is also called a normally-white mode, because the optical switch transmits light without an electric field and turns off the light when an electric field is applied. If the transmission axes of P1 and P2 are parallel to each other, as shown in fig. 3, a normally black mode is formed, and the application example of the present invention adopts the normally black mode.
The outlines of the structures between the upper polarizer 17 and the lower polarizer 21 are sealed and encapsulated by epoxy resin 22, so that the whole structure is sealed.
The upper glass plate 11, the middle glass plate 20 and the lower glass plate 10 are manufactured on a transparent glass substrate by adopting photoetching and etching processes on the glass substrate, and the line scanning electrodes 12, the column scanning electrodes 13, the line signal electrodes 14 and the column signal electrodes 15. The electrode is attached to the glass plate, line scanning electrode 12, the signal electrode 15 of the column, line signal electrode 14 and scanning electrode 13 of the column belong to upper, lower, middle level glass plate respectively, its manufacture process divides three process links, include: (1) designing the size of an electrode structure; (2) pretreating an electrode bottom lining; (3) and photoetching and etching. Since the above steps are not the invention point of the present invention, how to make the product is disclosed in other related technical contents, so detailed descriptions of the specific processes are omitted herein.
The invention controls the surface molecular orientation of the first layer liquid crystal panel 18 and the second layer liquid crystal panel 19 to be mutually vertical or parallel through the driving circuit, and combines the polarization directions of the upper and lower layer polaroids to be parallel or vertical, thereby enabling the liquid crystal optical switch to respectively realize the normally-on type optical switch, the normally-off type optical switch, the line-by-line and line-by-line on/off scanning modes of the array working mode, or the full on and full off working modes of the array.
When the window shade is in a fully-off state, all the electrodes of the upper layer and the lower layer are in a low level, all the array elements are in a light-blocking state, when in a row scanning (or column scanning) working mode, a row signal (or column signal) electrode A, B, C, D, E … and the like are in a low level, all the cells of the other layer including the column scanning (or row scanning) electrode are simultaneously in a conducting state, and then the row scanning (or column scanning) electrodes a, b, c, d, e, f, … and the like are sequentially arranged at a certain time interval (corresponding to phases) to be in a high level, so that the first layer liquid crystal panel 18 and the second layer liquid crystal panel 19 of the corresponding cells are not twisted and are light-transmitting along the axial direction under the action of an electric field, and the window shade opening and closing process is similar to the.
The double-layer structure is characterized in that the molecular orientations of the surfaces of the first layer liquid crystal plate 18 and the second layer liquid crystal plate 19 are mutually vertical or parallel, and the polarization directions of the upper layer plate vibrating piece and the lower layer plate vibrating piece are parallel or vertical, so that a normally-on optical switch or a normally-off optical switch can be formed.
The device is used as a core device of an optical phased array scanning device, the gating control mode of the device is different from the matrix display mode applied to a common liquid crystal optical switch, and the device is distinguished by comparing the scanning control modes of the device and the common liquid crystal optical switch.
First, taking a common single-layer structure liquid crystal optical switch as an example, for the sake of simplicity of a picture, horizontal bar-shaped row electrodes and vertical bar-shaped column electrodes are abstracted into horizontal lines and vertical lines, which respectively represent scanning electrodes and signal electrodes. As shown in fig. 5, to display the black square pixels, the conventional optical switch operates by first applying a high level to the a-th row, applying a low level to the remaining rows, and simultaneously applying a low level to the corresponding electrodes c and d of the column electrodes, so that the pixels with the black squares in the a-row are displayed; then the high level is applied to row B and the low level is applied to the remaining rows, while the low level is applied to the corresponding electrodes B, e of the column electrodes, so that the pixels with squares in row B are displayed; the following is line C, line D … …, and so on, and finally displays a whole field of image, and then repeats the above process, and the time-division scanning of each line is the common addressing mode of the flat panel display, in this way, each liquid crystal optical switch can shut off or pass the external light according to the amplitude of the voltage thereon, thereby displaying any characters, graphics and images. The liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning according to the present invention has a double-layer structure, in a normally-off state, all electrodes of the upper and lower layers are at a low level, all array elements are at a light-blocking state, in a row scanning (or column scanning) operating mode, a row signal (or column signal) electrode A, B, C, D, E … is set at a low level, and all cells of the other layer including the column scanning (or row scanning) electrode are set at a conducting state, and then the row scanning (or column scanning) electrodes a, b, c, d, e, f, … are sequentially set at a high level according to a certain time interval (corresponding to a phase), so that the first layer liquid crystal panel 18 and the second layer liquid crystal panel 19 of the corresponding cell are no longer twisted in the axial direction for light transmission under the action of an electric field, thereby realizing gradual opening similar to the curtain opening and closing process.
The basic working principle of the invention is as follows:
liquid crystal molecules are substances having anisotropic properties in shape, dielectric constant, refractive index and electric conductivity, and when an electric field (current) is applied to such substances, the optical properties thereof change as the alignment structure of the liquid crystal molecules changes, which is generally called the electro-optic effect of liquid crystals. The electro-optical effect of liquid crystal is various, and mainly includes Dynamic Scattering (DS), Twisted Nematic (TN), Super Twisted Nematic (STN), active matrix liquid crystal display (TFT), Electrically Controlled Birefringence (ECB), and the like. The invention adopts Twisted Nematic (TN) liquid crystal to make a liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below; it should be understood that the preferred embodiments are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The implementation example is shown in fig. 4, taking a 4 × 4 array as an example, the size of the array elements is 2mm × 2mm, and the array elements are spaced by 2mm, and the method specifically implements the following steps:
(1) design and manufacture of glass electrode plate
Designing electrode structure and size.
Shape and size of line scan electrode: rectangular strip electrodes, 4 groups (n 1= 4) with a 2mm spacing between groups. Each set of 10 electrodes (n 2= 10) was spaced 100 μm apart. A total of 40 strips (n = 40), each electrode being 14mm by 100 μm by 150nm in length by width by thickness.
Shape and size of row signal electrode: the rectangular strip electrodes have 4 strips (n 3= 4), the intervals between the strips are 2mm, and the length, the width and the thickness of each electrode are 14mm, 2mm and 150 nm.
Column scan electrode profile and dimensions: rectangular strip electrodes, 4 groups (m 1= 4) with a 2mm spacing between groups. Each set of 10 electrodes (m 2= 10) was spaced 100 μm apart. A total of 40 strips (m = 40), each electrode being 14mm by 100 μm by 150nm in size length by width by thickness.
Column signal electrode shape and size: the rectangular strip electrodes have 4 strips (m 3= 4), the interval between the strips is 2mm, and the length, the width and the thickness of each electrode are 14mm, 2mm and 150 nm.
Designing an electrode lead-out wire: the electrode lead-out lines are shown in fig. 4.
The shape and the size of the glass plate are as follows: the square shape and size are 18.5mm by 0.5mm by 18.5mm by 0.5mm in length by width by thickness.
② pretreating the electrode bottom lining.
The glass is cut and polished by optical K9 glass, and an indium tin oxide transparent conductive layer is coated on one side or both sides of the glass, wherein the thickness of the layer is 150 nm.
And thirdly, photoetching and etching manufacturing process.
Referring to the manufacturing process flow of the integrated circuit chip, the glass electrode plate is manufactured by adopting photoetching and etching processing means.
(2) The device assembling and packaging method is used for assembling a liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning, and comprises the following steps:
a: pressing and adhering the upper polaroid to the non-electrode surface of the upper glass plate to ensure that the polarization direction of the polaroid is parallel to the line scanning electrode;
b, coating an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment on the electrode surface to clamp the liquid crystal molecules on the upper surface of the first liquid crystal panel 18 to be parallel to the polarization direction of the upper polaroid;
c, upward facing the row signal electrode of the middle glass plate and applying an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment, downward facing the column signal electrode and applying an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment, and filling twisted nematic liquid crystal with mutually vertical molecular orientation between the upper glass plate and the middle glass plate and between the middle glass plate and the lower glass plate;
d: pressing and adhering the lower polarizer to the non-electrode surface of the lower glass plate to ensure that the polarization direction of the polarizer is parallel to that of the upper polarizer, and coating an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment on the electrode surface to clamp the liquid crystal molecules on the lower surface of the second liquid crystal plate 19 to be vertical to the polarization direction of the lower polarizer;
e: and finally, sealing and packaging by using epoxy resin.
(3) Performance indicator testing and calibration
Testing the functions, parameter indexes, calibration and the like of the device, and providing specific requirements and the like of application, wherein the specific requirements and the like comprise parameters such as dynamic response characteristics, frequency spectrum characteristics, precision indexes, minimum resolution and the like.
Claims (10)
1. A liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning, characterized by: the liquid crystal display panel is composed of a first layer liquid crystal panel and a second layer liquid crystal panel which are arranged up and down, wherein a first directional film, a line scanning electrode, an upper glass plate and an upper polaroid are sequentially arranged on the first layer liquid crystal panel in parallel, and a second directional film, a line signal electrode and a middle glass plate are sequentially arranged on the lower surface of the first layer liquid crystal panel in parallel;
a third oriented film and a column scanning electrode are sequentially arranged on the upper surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel in parallel, and a fourth oriented film, a column signal electrode, a lower layer glass panel and a lower polarizing plate are sequentially arranged on the lower surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel in parallel; the row scanning electrodes and the row signal electrodes are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-down covering manner, the column signal electrodes and the row signal electrodes are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-down covering manner, and the column scanning electrodes and the column signal electrodes are vertical to each other and are aligned in an up-down covering manner;
the first oriented film, the second oriented film, the third oriented film and the fourth oriented film are all made of a thin layer of high molecular organic matter, and are subjected to oriented friction treatment to enable rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules to be parallel to the surface of the glass and to be arranged along the direction of the oriented treatment, so that the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the crystal of each layer of liquid crystal panel is perpendicular to the molecular orientation of the lower surface of the crystal.
2. The liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning of claim 1, wherein: n line scanning electrodes are uniformly divided into n1 groups, and n2 line scanning electrodes in each group are provided, so that n = n1 × n 2; the width and the interval of the electrodes in each group are distributed in an equal size, and the width and the interval of each group are distributed in an equal size;
m column scanning electrodes are uniformly divided into m1 groups, and m2 column scanning electrodes in each group are provided, so that m = m1 × m 2; the width and the interval of the electrodes in each group are distributed in an equal size, and the width and the interval of each group are distributed in an equal size;
the n1 groups of row scanning electrodes correspond to n3 row signal electrodes, the m1 groups of column scanning electrodes correspond to m3 column signal electrodes, and n, n1, n2, m1, m2, n3 and m3 are positive integers.
3. A liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes are respectively connected with electrode outgoing lines, and the electrode outgoing lines are used for enabling the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes to be respectively connected with the row scanning electrodes and the column scanning electrodes on the same horizontal plane, so that the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes can be conveniently connected with a driving control circuit to control the row signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes to be electrified.
4. A liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 3, wherein: and the outlines of all the layers of structures between the upper polarizer and the lower polarizer are sealed and packaged by epoxy resin.
5. The liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the polarization direction of the upper polarizer is the same as the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the first layer of liquid crystal panel crystal, the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the second layer of liquid crystal panel crystal is parallel to the molecular orientation of the upper surface of the first layer of liquid crystal panel crystal, and the polarization direction of the lower polarizer is consistent with the polarization direction of the upper polarizer.
6. The liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the upper glass plate, the middle glass plate and the lower glass plate are made of a transparent glass substrate, and the line scanning electrodes, the column scanning electrodes, the line signal electrodes and the column signal electrodes are made of a photoetching and etching process on the glass substrate.
7. The liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the driving circuit controls the mutual vertical or parallel arrangement of the molecular orientations of the surfaces of the first layer liquid crystal panel and the second layer liquid crystal panel, and the parallel or vertical arrangement of the polarization directions of the upper polaroid and the lower polaroid is combined, so that the liquid crystal optical switch can respectively realize a normally-on optical switch, a normally-off optical switch, a line-by-line and line-by-line on/off scanning mode of an array working mode, or a full on and full off working mode of the array.
8. A liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 7, wherein: when in a line scanning or column scanning working mode, all electrodes of the line signals or the column signals are in low level, and all cells of the other layer containing the column scanning or the line scanning electrodes are in a conducting state, and then the line scanning or the column scanning electrodes are sequentially in high level according to a certain time interval, so that the first layer liquid crystal panel and the second layer liquid crystal panel of the corresponding cells are not twisted and are transparent along the axial direction under the action of an electric field, and the effect of gradually opening the window curtain similar to the opening and closing process is realized.
9. A liquid crystal optical switch for optical phased array scanning as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the electrodes are attached to the glass plate, and the line scanning electrodes, the column signal electrodes, the line signal electrodes and the column scanning electrodes belong to the upper layer glass plate, the lower layer glass plate and the middle layer glass plate respectively and are manufactured through photoetching and etching manufacturing processes in an integrated forming mode.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: the method comprises the following steps:
a: pressing and adhering the upper polaroid to the non-electrode surface of the upper glass plate to ensure that the polarization direction of the polaroid is parallel to the line scanning electrode;
b, coating an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment on the electrode surface to clamp the liquid crystal molecules on the upper surface of the first liquid crystal panel to be parallel to the polarization direction of the upper polaroid;
c, upward facing the row signal electrode of the middle glass plate and applying an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment, downward facing the column signal electrode and applying an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment, and filling twisted nematic liquid crystal with mutually vertical molecular orientation between the upper glass plate and the middle glass plate and between the middle glass plate and the lower glass plate;
d: pressing and adhering the lower polarizer to the non-electrode surface of the lower glass plate to ensure that the polarization direction of the polarizer is parallel to that of the upper polarizer, and coating an oriented film subjected to oriented friction treatment on the electrode surface to clamp the liquid crystal molecules on the lower surface of the second liquid crystal plate to be vertical to the polarization direction of the lower polarizer;
e: and finally, sealing and packaging by using epoxy resin.
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