CN109008955A - A kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring method - Google Patents
A kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109008955A CN109008955A CN201810562830.1A CN201810562830A CN109008955A CN 109008955 A CN109008955 A CN 109008955A CN 201810562830 A CN201810562830 A CN 201810562830A CN 109008955 A CN109008955 A CN 109008955A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/48—Other medical applications
- A61B5/4806—Sleep evaluation
- A61B5/4818—Sleep apnoea
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/48—Other medical applications
- A61B5/4806—Sleep evaluation
- A61B5/4815—Sleep quality
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring methods, by acquisition testee in the electrocardiosignal of sleep period, heart rate, acceleration of motion signal and thoracoabdominal breathing motor message, it can be used for assessing the sleep quality of testee, the heartbeat status under its sleep state is analyzed, and assists screening and the diagnostic work of doctor progress sleep apnea syndrome crowd.Portable physiological parameter monitor of the present invention, include main body, sensing patch, the sensing patch side is connect with main body, chest or abdomen on the left of another side contacts testee, for acquiring human ecg signal, heart rate, acceleration of motion signal and chest and abdomen respiratory movement signal；The sensing patch is equipped with artificial capacitor device, and artificial capacitor device is equipped with two copper electrode pieces, is filled with capacitor dielectric between two electrode slices；The main body, including electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit, governor circuit；The electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit are connect with governor circuit respectively.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to medical instruments fields, and in particular to a kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring method.
Background technique
China suffers from the number accounting 38.2% of all kinds of sleep disturbance, 27% to surpass the world average level.Sleep-respiratory
Pause syndrome is a kind of potentially dangerous common disease, causes cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, hypertension etc. sick
One of important risk factor.Therefore, sleep apnea syndrome bring harm can not despise, and less serious case influences patient health,
Severe one can induce Sudden Death During Sleep, crisis patient vitals.
The variation of real-time monitoring respiratory state can effectively assess the sleep quality and situation of patient, the early stage disease of discovery in time
Disease provides doctor's chance for intervening patient disease early stage and effectively being treated, improves the survival rate of patient.
The monitoring of sleep quality is broadly divided into rapid eye movement phase and non-firstly the need of sleep stage, current sleep is carried out by stages
The rapid eye movement phase, according to changes in heart rate of the people under different levels sleep state, electrocardiosignal can be used for analyzing the sleep matter of people
Amount, while the arrhythmia cordis (Sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest) that may occur under capable of picking up to sleep state.Sleep-respiratory is temporary
Stopping syndrome is a kind of sleep disordered breathing disease with potential fatal risk, and easy complicated by arrhythmia, is even exhaled at hypertension
Failure, sudden death are inhaled, therefore, finds and sees a doctor most important for sufferer in time；The chest and abdomen of acquisition testee can be passed through
Formula respiratory movement signal, in conjunction with the sleep analysis of testee, screening goes out the crowd of sleep apnea syndrome, to be doctor
Chance in patient disease Coronary intervention is provided, the state of an illness is avoided further to deteriorate.
The method of visible analysis testee's thoracoabdominal breathing movement is on singly leading electrocardio Equipment Foundations, to increase in the market
Acceleration sensor acquires that faint acceleration signal of human body thorax abdomen by it, then by a variety of filtering modes, mainly
Retain 10-30HZ frequency, analyzes chest and abdomen motor message caused by human body respiration process.However, passing through acceleration transducer
The limitation for analyzing chest and abdomen movement is larger: firstly, chest and abdomen respiratory movement direction belongs to multi-dimensional movement, according to equipment installation position and
Direction will have some impact on collection result；Furthermore chest and abdomen respiratory movement amplitude, frequency vary with each individual, in addition sleep procedure
The dynamic interference of body, since acceleration transducer transversely sensitivity is not zero the noise signal of introducing, so that passing through acceleration
Sensor acquisition chest and abdomen acceleration of motion signal simultaneously analyzes chest and abdomen movement, and then the accuracy for analyzing thoracoabdominal breathing movement is opposite
It is lower.
It such as the respiratory state detection device mentioned in patent CN207101277, is acquired by acceleration transducer
Though the chest and abdomen respiratory movement signal of testee exists tight solve previous detection testee's respiratory state by breathing zone
Taut sense and cause to wear accuracy problem that is uncomfortable and influencing respiratory state detection, but caused a new problem, i.e., by
The detection of the respiratory state caused by acceleration transducer sensitivity problem is inaccurate.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome disadvantages described above of the existing technology, the present invention provides a kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and
Its monitoring method is exhaled by acquisition testee in the electrocardiosignal of sleep period, heart rate, acceleration of motion signal and chest and abdomen
Inhale motor message, can be used for assessing the sleep quality of testee, analyze the heartbeat status under its sleep state, and assist doctor into
The screening of row sleep apnea syndrome crowd and diagnostic work.
The present invention uses a kind of following technology: portable physiological parameter monitor, includes main body, sensing patch, the biography
Sense patch side is connect with main body, chest or abdomen on the left of another side contacts testee, for acquiring human ecg signal, the heart
Rate, acceleration of motion signal and chest and abdomen respiratory movement signal；
The sensing patch is equipped with artificial capacitor device, and artificial capacitor device is equipped with two copper electrode pieces, between two electrode slices
Filled with capacitor dielectric；
Further, the capacitor dielectric is that polypropylene, poly- ethyl ester, polystyrene, polycarbonate are any, preferably poly- third
Alkene；
Further, the sensing patch also contains silver chloride layer, and the silver chloride layer is set to the artificial capacitor device
Outside；
Further, the silver chloride layer be three pieces of silver chlorate thin slices, silver chlorate sheet surface frosted, and be equipped with protrusion, with
Enhance conductive capability, reduces contact resistance；
Further, the sensing patch two sides is respectively equipped with the first electro-insulating rubber layer, the second electro-insulating rubber layer, the insulation
Rubber layer is equipped with 3 apertures, so that silver chloride layer is exposed outside；The end edge of the two copper electrodes piece is set to the first electro-insulating rubber
Layer is outer, and the end edge of the two copper electrodes piece is set in the second electro-insulating rubber layer；First electro-insulating rubber layer is for connecting master
Body, second electro-insulating rubber layer is for contacting testee；
Further, the silver chlorate tab projection is exposed to the electro-insulating rubber layer aperture, and protrusion and the insulation rubber
Glue-line flush with outer surface.
The main body, including electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit, master control electricity
Road；The electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit are connect with governor circuit respectively；
Further, the main body also includes the wireless communication module being connected with governor circuit another end, electric power management circuit；
Further, the electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit is equipped with three anode, right leg drive and cathode collect contacts, acquisition
Contact is exposed to the bottom part body, for contacting silver chloride layer；
Further, the capacitor resonant circuit is equipped with two anode, cathode contacts, and contact is exposed to the bottom part body,
For contacting two copper electrode pieces.
The electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit is for acquiring human body electrocardio physiological signal；
The acceleration signal acquisition module is for acquiring acceleration of motion signal caused by sleep procedure human body, the mould
Block acquires the acceleration value of tri- axis of front x/y/z, and calculate arrow by integrating an above acceleration transducer of three axis
Amount and, describe the time cycle in acceleration change, the data for analyze testee sleep during turn over number and assess into
Sleep duration；
The capacitor resonant circuit is for acquiring chest and abdomen respiratory movement signal, by the capacitor for acquiring the sensing patch
Variation describes the chest and abdomen respiratory movement of human body respiration process；
The governor circuit is for controlling between each circuit module and signal processing；
The wireless communication module is for the wireless telecommunications between the main body and mobile terminal；
The electric power management circuit is used to execute the management of charging and discharging function of battery in the main body.
The application method of portable physiological parameter monitor of the present invention is as follows: the first layer of the sensing patch is pasted on
The bottom part body, the two is fixedly connected, then the layer 6 of the sensing patch is pasted on chest on the left of testee
Or skin of abdomen surface, it realizes being fixedly connected for three, starts to acquire human ecg signal, heart rate, acceleration of motion signal, chest
Abdominal respiration motor message；Paste position, if testee is accustomed to thoracic breathing, is pasted on depending on the breathing of testee habit
Chest on the left of testee；If testee is accustomed to abdominal respiration, it is pasted on left abdomen.
The present invention also provides the monitoring methods of the portable physiological parameter monitor:
Electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit is contacted by sensing patch with human chest or abdomen, and acquisition is raw by the electricity that heart issues
Signal is managed, and is amplified, after analog-to-digital conversion by highly integrated signal acquisition, signal filtering, signal, transmits electrocardio to governor circuit
Digital signal；Governor circuit positions the R wave of electrocardiosignal, analyzes the changes in heart rate at testee's moment；The number electrocardio letter
Number for analyzing testee's night heartbeat situation, changes in heart rate then is used to analyze the sleep stage of testee.
For acceleration signal acquisition module for acquiring acceleration of motion caused by sleep procedure human body, which passes through collection
At an above acceleration transducer of three axis, the acceleration value of tri- axis of front x/y/z is acquired, and calculates vector sum, is retouched
The acceleration change in the time cycle is stated, the data are for turning over number and assessment sleep duration during analyzing testee's sleep.
The capacitance variations of capacitor resonant circuit acquisition sensing patch, are converted to description human body respiration process for capacitance change
Chest and abdomen respiratory movement amount electric signal, and be transmitted to governor circuit；When the movement of testee's chest and abdomen stretches, sensing patch is driven
Two copper electrode pieces cause capacitive means work area to reduce to two side stretchings, and then capacitor capacitance is caused to change.
Governor circuit receives data-signal and is pre-processed, and transmits mobile terminal by wireless communication module, by moving
Dynamic terminal is further analyzed.
The mobile terminal is analyzed as follows: firstly, analyzing the resting heart rate of testee by acceleration and changes in heart rate
With hypnagogic state；After the data for receiving portable physiological parameter monitor, first three minute electrocardio and acceleration information are taken, is defined
Average acceleration value is less than acceleration of gravity 9.8m/s230 seconds in, HR min number be resting heart rate；It sleeps at one
In the record in period, testee's heart rate is defined as the rapid eye movement phase when being higher than the 80% of resting heart rate, lower than resting heart rate
When 80%, it is defined as the non-rapid eye movement phase；Only less than or equal to analysis sleep turn movement and chest and abdomen within the scope of resting heart rate
Respiratory movement；
Night turn number is calculated according to the periodic accelerations variation under specified wavelength and frequency, and is turned over according to resulting
Body number carries out the assessment of sleep quality to testee, and the specified wavelength and frequency will be according to different acceleration transducer types
There is certain adjustment；When not collecting complete chest and abdomen respiratory movement more than 10 seconds, it is recorded as respiratory arrest；Sleep cycle
The respiratory arrest for inside such as occurring more than 30 times or more, is defined as sleep apnea syndrome；It is slept completing primary complete night
It sleeps after the physiological compensation effects in period, the sleep quality of testee is defined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
Compared with prior art, the present invention having the following beneficial effects:
(1) present invention acquires the thoracoabdominal breathing motor message of testee by capacitor resonant circuit, when testee's chest
When abdomen movement stretches, drives two copper electrode pieces of sensing patch to two side stretchings, cause capacitive means work area to reduce, in turn
Capacitor is caused to change, capacitance change is converted to the chest and abdomen respiratory movement of description human body respiration process by capacitor resonant circuit
The electric signal of amount；Whole process only when testee's chest and abdomen breathe, solves the prior art and is adopted by acceleration transducer
When collecting testee's breath signal, the dynamic interference of body and acceleration transducer transversely sensitivity are not zero when due to sleep
Introduce noise signal, the problem for causing data information accuracy collected relatively low.
(2) present invention is adopted respectively by electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit
Collect testee in the electrocardiosignal and heart rate, acceleration of motion signal and thoracoabdominal breathing motor message of sleep period, uses
The sleep quality of the mode comprehensive assessment testee of information fusion, analyzes the heartbeat status under its sleep state, preferably assists
Doctor carries out screening and the diagnostic work of sleep apnea syndrome crowd, improves the accuracy of screening and diagnosis.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is portable physiological parameter monitor main functionality module map of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is portable physiological parameter monitor main body of the present invention and sensing patch outside drawing.
In figure, 1: the cathode contact of capacitor resonant circuit；2: the cathode contact of electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit；3: electrocardiosignal
The right leg drive contact of Acquisition Circuit；4: the cathode contact of electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit；5: the cathode contact of capacitor resonant circuit.
Fig. 3 is portable physiological parameter monitor sensing paster structure figure of the present invention.
In figure, 6: the first electro-insulating rubber layers；7: silver chloride layer；8: copper electrode piece；9: capacitor dielectric；10: copper electrode piece；
11: the second electro-insulating rubber layers.
Fig. 4 is portable physiological parameter monitor wearing mode figure of the present invention.
In figure, 12: chest on the left of testee；13: testee's left abdomen.
Specific embodiment
The content of present invention is explained further below in conjunction with attached drawing:
A kind of portable physiological parameter monitor, comprising main body, sensing patch, the sensing patch side and main body connect
Connect, chest or abdomen on the left of another side contacts testee, for acquire human ecg signal, heart rate, acceleration of motion signal with
Chest and abdomen respiratory movement signal；
As described in Figure 3, the sensing patch be equipped with artificial capacitor device, artificial capacitor device be equipped with two copper electrode pieces (8),
(10), polypropylene capactive medium (9) are filled between two electrode slices；
Further, the sensing patch also contains silver chloride layer (7), and the silver chloride layer is set to the artificial capacitor dress
Set outside；
Further, the silver chloride layer be three pieces of silver chlorate thin slices, silver chlorate sheet surface frosted, and be equipped with protrusion, with
Enhance conductive capability, reduces contact resistance；
Further, the sensing patch two sides is respectively equipped with the first electro-insulating rubber layer (6), the second electro-insulating rubber layer (11),
The electro-insulating rubber layer is equipped with 3 apertures, so that silver chlorate thin slice is exposed outside；The end edge of the two copper electrodes piece is set to
Outside one electro-insulating rubber layer, the end edge of the two copper electrodes piece is set in the second electro-insulating rubber layer；First electro-insulating rubber layer
For connecting main body, second electro-insulating rubber layer is for contacting testee.
Further, the silver chlorate tab projection is exposed to the electro-insulating rubber layer aperture, and protrusion and the insulation rubber
Glue-line flush with outer surface.
As described in Figure 1, the main body, including electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonance electricity
Road, governor circuit, wireless communication module, electric power management circuit；The electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration signal acquire mould
Block, capacitor resonant circuit are connect with one end of governor circuit respectively, the another end of governor circuit respectively with wireless communication module, power supply
Manage circuit connection；
Further, the electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit is equipped with 3 anode, right leg drive and cathode collect contacts, acquisition
Contact is exposed to the bottom part body, for contacting silver chloride layer；
Further, the capacitor resonant circuit is equipped with two anode, cathode contacts, and contact is exposed to the bottom part body,
For contacting two copper electrode pieces.
As described in Figure 2, based on left side, right side is sensing patch；The bottom surface of the main body is equipped with capacitor resonant circuit
(4) 5 contacts of anode (2), right leg drive (3), cathode of positive (1), cathode (5) and electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit.
In use, testee is adhered to patch is sensed in main body, and dotted line and the biography are prolonged in each contact of the main body
Feel each position precision fitting on patch, forms good conductive effect；It is accustomed to according to everyone breathing, bonding method such as Fig. 4
It is shown, if testee is accustomed to thoracic breathing, then portable physiological parameter monitor is pasted on chest (12) position on the left of testee
It sets；If testee is accustomed to abdominal respiration, then portable physiological parameter monitor is pasted on testee's left abdomen (13) position.
After being posted according to above-mentioned position, the main body starts monitoring, and electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit passes through sensing patch
It is contacted with human chest or abdomen, acquires the electricity physiological signal issued by heart, and filter by highly integrated signal acquisition, signal
After wave, signal amplification, analog-to-digital conversion, electrocardiographicdigital digital signals are transmitted to governor circuit；Governor circuit positions the R wave of electrocardiosignal,
Analyze the changes in heart rate at testee's moment；The number electrocardiosignal becomes for analyzing testee's night heartbeat situation, heart rate
Change then for analyzing the sleep stage of testee.
When testee night turn over when, by drive portable physiological parameter monitor integrally overturn, acceleration signal is adopted
Collect acceleration of motion caused by module acquisition sleep procedure human body, the module is by integrating an above acceleration sensing of three axis
Device, acquires the acceleration value of tri- axis of front x/y/z, and calculates vector sum, describes the acceleration change in the time cycle,
And it is analyzed by algorithm and turns over number and assessment sleep duration during testee sleeps.
Testee will drive the sensing patch to two sides diastole, and make the biography in respiratory, the respiratory movement of chest and abdomen
The relative area of the copper electrode piece (8) and copper electrode piece (10) of feeling patch is reduced, and drives capacitance variations, this variation will be by described
Capacitor resonant circuit is acquired, and the electric signal of the chest and abdomen respiratory movement amount of description human body respiration process is converted to by algorithm,
And it is transmitted to governor circuit；
Governor circuit receives data-signal and is pre-processed, and is transmitted to mobile terminal by wireless communication module, by
Mobile terminal carries out the analyzing in real time and provide early warning of data.
The analytic process of mobile terminal is as follows: firstly, analyzing the resting heart rate of testee by acceleration and changes in heart rate
With hypnagogic state；After host computer receives the collected data of portable physiological parameter monitor institute, first three minute electrocardio is taken
And acceleration information, it defines average acceleration value and is less than in 30 seconds of gravity acceleration g, HR min number is the tranquillization heart
Rate；In the record of a sleep cycle, testee's heart rate is defined as the rapid eye movement phase when being higher than the 80% of resting heart rate, is lower than
Resting heart rate 80% when, be defined as the non-rapid eye movement phase；Only sleep in resting heart rate and lower than being analyzed within the scope of resting heart rate
Turn movement and chest and abdomen respiratory movement；
Number is turned over according to periodic accelerations variation calculating testee's night under specified wavelength and frequency, and according to institute
The assessment turned over number and carry out sleep quality to testee obtained, the specified wavelength and frequency will have according to different types of
It is adjusted；When not collecting complete chest and abdomen respiratory movement more than 10 seconds, it is recorded as respiratory arrest；In sleep cycle such as
The respiratory arrest for occurring more than 30 times or more, is defined as sleep apnea syndrome.Complete primary complete nighttime sleep week
After phase, the sleep quality of testee is defined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of portable physiological parameter monitor, it is characterised in that: include main body, sensing patch, the sensing patch side
It is connect with main body, chest or abdomen on the left of another side contacts testee；The sensing patch is equipped with artificial capacitor device, simulation electricity
Capacitance device is equipped with two copper electrode pieces, is filled with capacitor dielectric between two electrode slices.
2. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the sensing patch also contains chlorine
Change silver layer, the silver chloride layer is set on the outside of the artificial capacitor device.
3. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: the silver chloride layer contains three blocks of chlorine
Change silver-colored thin slice, silver chlorate sheet surface frosted, and be equipped with protrusion, to enhance conductive capability, reduces contact resistance.
4. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: the sensing patch two sides difference
Equipped with the first electro-insulating rubber layer, the second electro-insulating rubber layer, the electro-insulating rubber layer is equipped with 3 apertures, so that silver chloride layer is exposed
Outside；The end edge of the two copper electrodes piece is set to outside the first electro-insulating rubber layer, and the end edge of the two copper electrodes piece is set to
In two electro-insulating rubber layers.
5. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the capacitor dielectric is poly- third
Alkene, poly- ethyl ester, polystyrene, polycarbonate are any.
6. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the main body, including electrocardio letter
Number Acquisition Circuit, acceleration signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit, governor circuit；The electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit, acceleration
Degree signal acquisition module, capacitor resonant circuit are connect with governor circuit respectively.
7. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: the main body also includes and master control
The connected wireless communication module of circuit another end, electric power management circuit.
8. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: the electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit
Equipped with three anode, right leg drive and cathode collect contacts, collect contacts are exposed to the bottom part body, for contacting chlorination
Silver layer.
9. portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: the capacitor resonant circuit is equipped with
Two anode, cathode contacts, contact is exposed to the bottom part body, for contacting described two copper electrode pieces.
10. the monitoring method of portable physiological parameter monitor according to claim 1, which is characterized in that this method packet
Containing following steps:
Electrocardiogram signal acquisition circuit is contacted by sensing patch with human chest or abdomen, and acquisition is believed by the electro physiology that heart issues
Number, and amplified, after analog-to-digital conversion by highly integrated signal acquisition, signal filtering, signal, to governor circuit transmission electrocardio number
Signal；
Acceleration signal acquisition module acquires the acceleration value of tri- axis of testee's sleep period front x/y/z, calculates it
Vector sum transmits data-signal to governor circuit；
Capacitance change, is converted to the chest of description human body respiration process by the capacitance variations of capacitor resonant circuit acquisition sensing patch
The electric signal of abdominal respiration amount of exercise, and it is transmitted to governor circuit；
Governor circuit receives data-signal and is pre-processed, and is transmitted to mobile terminal by wireless communication module.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810562830.1A CN109008955A (en) | 2018-06-04 | 2018-06-04 | A kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810562830.1A CN109008955A (en) | 2018-06-04 | 2018-06-04 | A kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring method |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN109008955A true CN109008955A (en) | 2018-12-18 |
Family
ID=64611995
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| CN201810562830.1A Pending CN109008955A (en) | 2018-06-04 | 2018-06-04 | A kind of portable physiological parameter monitor and its monitoring method |
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| CN111387946A (en) * | 2020-03-27 | 2020-07-10 | 北京积水潭医院 | Wireless multi-guide sleep monitoring system |
| CN111568433A (en) * | 2020-05-18 | 2020-08-25 | 复旦大学附属中山医院 | Physiological and behavior monitoring method based on three-axis acceleration sensor |
| CN112244773A (en) * | 2020-10-15 | 2021-01-22 | 上海我乐科技有限公司 | Sleep quality monitoring device and method and mattress |
| CN115192006A (en) * | 2022-09-06 | 2022-10-18 | 休美(北京)微系统科技有限公司 | Film type local attaching device for monitoring chest and abdomen movement |
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