CN108322757A - Video steganography method based on intraframe predictive coding - Google Patents

Video steganography method based on intraframe predictive coding Download PDF

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CN108322757A
CN108322757A CN201810039694.8A CN201810039694A CN108322757A CN 108322757 A CN108322757 A CN 108322757A CN 201810039694 A CN201810039694 A CN 201810039694A CN 108322757 A CN108322757 A CN 108322757A
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collection
embedded
video
blocks
prediction
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CN108322757B (en
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冯丙文
翁健
聂乾开
许序跋
魏凯敏
刘志全
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Jinan University
University of Jinan
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Jinan University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
    • H04N19/467—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/593—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving spatial prediction techniques

Abstract

The present invention provides the video steganography methods based on intraframe predictive coding can ensure that distortion caused by modification prediction mode approaches minimum by being actually embedded in using STC after the suitable distortion function of construction.When sender of the present invention is embedded in message, from first key frame I1Start to be embedded in, optimal set collection is obtained according to mapping rulerBy optimal set collectionClassified information sequence m1,1It obtains containing secret group of collection with the embedded collection feeding first layer embedded device that disturbsSecret group of collection will be containedClassified information sequence m1,2It obtains containing secret group of collection with the embedded collection feeding second layer embedded device that disturbsAccording to containing secret group of collectionFinal prediction mode is selected to generate Video coding；Ultimately generate the X ' of video containing code；When recipient extracts message, the key frame after obtaining intraframe predictive coding in video containing code；The message extraction since first key frame obtains prediction mode using decoder；It is obtained containing close group of collection according to mapping ruler, and extracts and obtain private message.

Description

Video steganography method based on intraframe predictive coding
Technical field
The invention belongs to video information hiding technologies, specially the video steganography method based on intraframe predictive coding.
Background technology
Steganography is the important means for ensureing message transmission crypticity.Although message encryption can ensure the secret of message Property, but the behavior of message transmission can be known by attacker, and the ciphertext of encrypted mess code form can also cause that attacker's is emerging Interest；In contrast, Steganography can ensure the invisible of message transport behavior, and it is primary common biography that attacker, which can not differentiate this, Defeated or contain close transmission, therefore Steganography is the important supplement of encryption technology.Steganography can be applied in all kinds of security levels height Message transmission field, effectively prevent the attack of attacker.
When video steganography can be to Video coding in motion vector, quantization DCT coefficient, variable length code and frame The different codings links such as prediction mode (IPM) are modified, and realize hiding for classified information.Sender is hidden by using video For writing technology in Secret message hiding to video carrier, recipient can smoothly obtain secret, at the same third party will not find it is secret Close presence.
Nowadays the video steganography scheme based on intra prediction, generally assuming that influences caused by each 4x4 prediction blocks of modification It is the same, is reduced as far as modification number, video distortion can be effectively reduced；However this thinking is easy to cause to reality It is insufficient to change the description influenced.It is therefore desirable to preferably describe whole embedded influence in conjunction with new departure, to realize most The secret of microvariations is embedded.
Invention content
In order to solve the problems of existing video steganography, the present invention provides based on intraframe predictive coding Video steganography method, this method are real by being carried out using adaptive steganography coding techniques (STC) after the suitable distortion function of construction Border is embedded in, and can ensure that distortion caused by modification prediction mode approaches minimum in this way.
The present invention adopts the following technical scheme that realize：Video steganography method based on intraframe predictive coding, including it is following Step：
Before steganography transmission, joint consultation mapping ruler, mapping ruler may by all 4x4 blocks by sender and recipient The prediction mode used is divided into 3 groups；
Sender is embedded in message：Selected carrier video X decodes it as original video frame sequence, obtains key therein Frame I1,I2,…；
From first key frame I1Start to be embedded in, if I1Embedded classified information is m1,1And m1,2；To I1Using pre- in frame Coding is surveyed to obtain all to be obtained using intraframe predictive coding with the block of pixels and these block of pixels of 4x4 blocks predictive coding in frame The optimal prediction modes arrived；Optimal set collection is further obtained according to mapping ruler
Utilize optimal set collectionIt is used pre- when calculating the absolute error and prediction deviation of each 4x4 blocks, and calculating Survey pattern；
By optimal set collectionAs carrier vector, classified information sequence m1,1Disturbance collection is embedded in corresponding 4x4 blocks to be sent into certainly The first layer embedded device for adapting to coding obtains containing secret group of collection
Secret group of collection will be containedAs carrier vector, classified information sequence m1,2Disturbance collection is embedded in corresponding 4x4 blocks to be sent into The second layer embedded device of adaptive coding obtains containing secret group of collection
According to containing secret group of collectionThe final prediction mode of each 4x4 blocks is selected, Video coding is generated；
Message is embedded in next key frame, until the insertion of all classified information of completion, or has used all passes Key frame；The rest part that Video coding is completed using standard coders, ultimately generates the X ' of video containing code；
Recipient extracts message：Using decoder from the X ' of video containing code it is middle obtain intraframe predictive coding after key Frame I '1, I ＇2,…；
From first key frame I ＇1Start message extraction, I is obtained using decoder1In each 4x4 blocks prediction mode； It is further obtained containing close group of collection according to mapping ruler
Close group of collection will be containedAs containing close vector, it is sent into the first layer extractor of adaptive coding, obtains classified information sequence Arrange m1,1, it is sent into the second layer extractor of adaptive coding, obtains classified information sequence m1,2；
Message extraction is carried out to next key frame, until the extraction of all classified information of completion, or has been used all Key frame.
Preferably, the prediction mode isπ(i)∈{0,1,…,8}；It is described most Excellent group of collectionWhat first layer embedded device obtained contains secret Group collectionWhat second layer embedded device obtained contains secret group of collection
Preferably, in first layer embedded device, the embedded disturbance of each 4x4 blocks is：
WhereinFor the absolute error and prediction deviation of each 4x4 blocks.
Preferably, in second layer embedded device, the embedded disturbance of each 4x4 blocks is：
WhereinFor the absolute error and prediction deviation of each 4x4 blocks.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that and advantageous effect：
1, the present invention designs steganography scheme using adaptive steganography coding (STC), and mistake is defined based on intra prediction mode True function；After constructing suitable distortion function, it is actually embedded in using adaptive steganography coding techniques (STC), in this way It can ensure that distortion caused by modification prediction mode approaches minimum.
The present invention can preferably preserve video quality as the video steganography based on intra-prediction mode, and show There is the method based on IPM to be only embedded in into row information to suitable 4 × 4 intra prediction mode, and non-optimal selection rule is serious Destroy the statistical property of IPM so that the steganography method based on IPM calibrations (IPMC) is easy to be detected by steganalysis tool.
2, mapping ruler is introduced to extend the range of the optional mode of each block, to increase the selection of modification prediction mode Range, the distortion being further reduced caused by modification.It may insure in this way in telescopiny with given insertion rate maximum limit Degree ground keeps the optimality of IPM, to be effective against the detection for being based on the steganalysis method that IPM calibrates (IPMC).
3, information is embedded in intra prediction link by this method, therefore embedding capacity is higher, and the information that can be transmitted is more It is more.This method utilizes video compress Quality Design embedded location, and in combination with mainstream steganography coding method, therefore safety is more It is high.This method can provide high power capacity, high security level video steganography function, apply in the secret of Video Applications that disguises oneself as In information communication, such as it can apply in environment such as video on demand, video record, video cloud storage, video recommendations, it will be important Information is embedded in video data, realizes reliable, the not detectable transmission of secret information, has preferable actual application value.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is 9 kinds of intra prediction mode schematic diagrames that embedded scheme is selected；
Fig. 2 is message insertion flow chart；
Fig. 3 is message extraction flow chart.
Specific implementation mode
Present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the embodiments and the accompanying drawings, but embodiments of the present invention are not It is limited to this.
Embodiment
Present invention incorporates adaptive steganography codings (STC) and mapping ruler to design steganography scheme, are disturbed by constructing Function describes embedded influence, realizes insertion using adaptive steganography coding techniques (STC), comes in combination with mapping ruler Further reduce disturbing influence.The appearance for causing prediction mode memory phenomenon more frequent due to increasing absolute error and (SAD), So we consider SAD prediction deviations (SPD) when defining disturbing function.Utilize the absolute error and (SAD) of prediction mode Disturbing function is constructed as key factor, it is appropriate embedding to find that embedded scheme should traverse entire model space as much as possible Enter pattern, therefore, the mapping ruler between prediction mode and modal sets has been incorporated herein in we, to complete to traverse；Finally use STC realizes actual insertion.In addition, can come extend each 4x4 blocks using prediction mode and prediction group structure mapping ruler The range of lectotype.The present invention can effectively keep the prediction optimal properties of video, to prevent by the steganalysis based on calibration Method finds secret presence.
The present invention is equipped with sender and recipient, before steganography transmission, their joint consultation mapping rulers.Mapping ruler It is as follows：Key frame is divided into the block of 4x4 and 16x16, mapping ruler may by all 4x4 blocks by intraframe predictive coding H.264 The prediction mode used is divided into 3 groups, as follows：
gp1={ md0,md1,md4}
gp2={ md3,md5,md8}
gp3={ md2,md6,md7}
Wherein mdiIndicate prediction mode i, the corresponding prediction scanning sequency of each prediction mode is as shown in Figure 1.The mapping Rule is the preferable group technology that we obtain on multitude of video frame sequence analysis foundation.
As shown in Figure 1, in 9 kinds of prediction modes, what grey parts represented is the prediction block of a 4x4, in intra prediction In the process, 4x4 prediction blocks carry out prediction value according to the luma unit of its left adjacent and upper neighbour, and prediction mode determine it is pre- The direction of block value is surveyed, each prediction mode meaning is as shown in table 1.
1. scheme of table uses 9 kinds of prediction modes
In No. 0 figure of Fig. 1, when carrying out value using prediction mode 0 (Vertical), each row is bright in 4x4 prediction blocks Spend the adjacent side brightness value that unit is equal in the row vertical direction.And wherein more special prediction mode is the average value in No. 2 figures It predicts (DC), the value of prediction block is equal to adjacent side (A+B+C+D+I+J+K+L+M)/7.
If during intra prediction, script optimal prediction modes are mdi, we are but use pattern mdj, then the pattern replace SAD prediction deviations (SPD) are caused by changing：
SPDi,j=| SAD (mdi)-SAD(mdj)|
SAD(mdi) it is use pattern mdiThe prediction SAD of generation.
We select several video sequences as experimental series, and observation is substituted for other 8 kinds of patterns when optimal prediction modes When generated SPD.Assuming that having optimal mode md04x4 prediction mode sums be K, then each 4x4 prediction modes is flat Equal SPD isExperimental result is as shown in table 2, and the table shows replace optimization model to generate with different candidate patterns SPD.
It will not mutually be replaced with the pattern in same group when due to steganography, we exist the larger pattern of SPD values point Same group to reduce whole embedded disturbed value.For example, from table 2 it can be seen that prediction mode md in sequence I frames0It replaces respectively At remaining 8 kinds of candidate modes, caused by average SPD as shown in the first row, wherein md0It is substituted for md1What is generated is averaged SPD values are maximum, therefore md0And md1Divide at same group.And so on, final gp1={ md0,md1,md4}。
2. each 4x4 prediction modes of table are averaged SPD
The message of sender is embedded in flow as shown in Fig. 2, detailed process is as follows：
Step 1：Selected carrier video X decodes it as original video frame sequence, obtains key frame I therein1, I2....
Step 2：From first key frame I1Start to be embedded in.Assuming that I1Embedded classified information is m1,1And m1,2.To I1Make With intraframe predictive coding H.264, all block of pixels that will use 4x4 blocks (I4B) predictive coding in frame are obtainedWith And the optimal prediction modes that these block of pixels are obtained using the intraframe predictive coding of standard H.264Optimal set collection is further obtained according to mapping ruler
Step 3：Utilize optimal set collectionCalculate the absolute error and prediction deviation of each I4B blocksAnd calculating When used prediction mode
subject tomdj∈gpk, k=g (i)+1mod3
subject tomdj∈gpK,K=g (i) -1mod3
Wherein SAD (mdi) indicate to use prediction mode mdiWhen the absolute error that generates and.
Step 4：The embedded disturbance that each I4B blocks are arranged is：
By optimal set collectionAs carrier vector, classified information sequence m1,1With corresponding embedded disturbance collection { ρi, i=1 ..., N1} It is sent into the first layer embedded device of adaptive coding ± 1STC, obtains containing secret group of collection
Step 5：The embedded disturbance that each I4B blocks are arranged is：
Secret group of collection will be containedAs carrier vector, classified information sequence m1,2With corresponding embedded disturbance collection { ρi, i=1 ..., N1} It is sent into the second layer embedded device of adaptive coding ± 1STC, obtains containing secret group of collection
Step 6：According to containing secret group of collectionSelect each I4B blocks Final prediction mode, generation H.264 encode.Alternation rule is：
Step 7：Step 2-6 is repeated, message is embedded in next key frame, the insertion until completing all classified information, Or all key frames are used.Using standard H.264 encoder complete Video coding rest part.It ultimately generates and contains Close H.264 encoded video X '.
The message extraction flow of recipient is as shown in figure 3, detailed step is as follows：
Step 1：Using H.264 decoder, the pass after the middle acquisition intraframe predictive coding containing close H.264 encoded video X ' Key frame I '1,I′2,…。
Step 2：From first key frame I '1Start message extraction.I is obtained using H.264 decoder1In each I4B blocks Prediction modeπ)i(∈{0,1,…,8}.It is further obtained containing close group according to mapping ruler Collection
Step 3：Close group of collection will be containedAs containing close vector, it is sent into the first layer extractor of adaptive coding ± 1STC, is obtained To classified information sequence m1,1, it is sent into the second layer extractor of adaptive coding ± 1STC, obtains classified information sequence m1,2。
Step 4：Step 2-3 is repeated, message extraction is carried out to next key frame, until completing all classified information Extraction, or used all key frames.
The above embodiment is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but embodiments of the present invention are not by above-described embodiment Limitation, it is other it is any without departing from the spirit and principles of the present invention made by change, modification, substitute, combination, letter Change, should be equivalent substitute mode, be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. the video steganography method based on intraframe predictive coding, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
Before steganography transmission, joint consultation mapping ruler, mapping ruler may use all 4x4 blocks by sender and recipient Prediction mode is divided into 3 groups；
Sender is embedded in message：Selected carrier video X decodes it as original video frame sequence, obtains key frame I therein1, I2,…；
From first key frame I1Start to be embedded in, if I1Embedded classified information is m1,1And m1,2；To I1Use intraframe predictive coding It obtains all to be obtained most using intraframe predictive coding with the block of pixels and these block of pixels of 4x4 blocks predictive coding in frame Excellent prediction mode；Optimal set collection is further obtained according to mapping ruler
Utilize optimal set collectionUsed prediction mould when calculating the absolute error and prediction deviation of each 4x4 blocks, and calculating Formula；
By optimal set collectionAs carrier vector, classified information sequence m1,1Disturbance collection is embedded in corresponding 4x4 blocks to be sent into adaptively The first layer embedded device of coding obtains containing secret group of collection
Secret group of collection will be containedAs carrier vector, classified information sequence m1,2Disturbance collection is embedded in corresponding 4x4 blocks to be sent into adaptively The second layer embedded device of coding obtains containing secret group of collection
According to containing secret group of collectionThe final prediction mode of each 4x4 blocks is selected, Video coding is generated；
Message is embedded in next key frame, until the insertion of all classified information of completion, or has used all key frames； The rest part that Video coding is completed using standard coders, ultimately generates the X ' of video containing code；
Recipient extracts message：Using decoder from the X ' of video containing code it is middle obtain intraframe predictive coding after key frame I '1, I′2,…；
From first key frame I '1Start message extraction, I is obtained using decoder1In each 4x4 blocks prediction mode；Further It is obtained containing close group of collection according to mapping ruler
Close group of collection will be containedAs containing close vector, it is sent into the first layer extractor of adaptive coding, obtains classified information sequence m1,1, It is sent into the second layer extractor of adaptive coding, obtains classified information sequence m1,2；
Message extraction is carried out to next key frame, until the extraction of all classified information of completion, or has used all passes Key frame.
2. the video steganography method according to claim 1 based on intraframe predictive coding, which is characterized in that
The prediction mode isπ(i)∈{0,1,…,8}；The optimal set collectionWhat first layer embedded device obtained contains secret group of collectionWhat second layer embedded device obtained contains secret group of collection
3. the video steganography method according to claim 1 based on intraframe predictive coding, which is characterized in that first layer is embedded in In device, the embedded disturbance of each 4x4 blocks is：
WhereinFor the absolute error and prediction deviation of each 4x4 blocks.
4. the video steganography method according to claim 1 based on intraframe predictive coding, which is characterized in that the second layer is embedded in In device, the embedded disturbance of each 4x4 blocks is：
WhereinFor the absolute error and prediction deviation of each 4x4 blocks.
5. the video steganography method according to claim 1 based on intraframe predictive coding, which is characterized in that described 3 groups pre- Survey pattern is：
gp1={ md0,md1,md4}
gp2={ md3,md5,md8}
gp3={ md2,md6,md7}
Wherein, md0For vertical prediction, md1For horizontal forecast, md2It is predicted for average value, md3It is predicted for lower left diagonal line, md4It is predicted for lower right diagonal line, md5For vertical prediction to the right, md6For horizontal prediction on the lower side, md7For vertical prediction to the left, md8For horizontal prediction on the upper side.
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