CN107480867A - Adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model and evaluation method - Google Patents
Adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model and evaluation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107480867A CN107480867A CN201710610584.8A CN201710610584A CN107480867A CN 107480867 A CN107480867 A CN 107480867A CN 201710610584 A CN201710610584 A CN 201710610584A CN 107480867 A CN107480867 A CN 107480867A
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Abstract
The present invention, which discloses a kind of adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model and evaluation method, evaluation model, includes arid identification layer, process modification level and model construction layer；Evaluation method includes step：Adaptive fuzzy canonical matrix is constructed first, the evaluation of arid is carried out using variable fuzzy assessment method, and the identification of arid is carried out using unity of opposites theorem, then introducing antecedent precipitation influences coefficient, the small drought process of identification is modified, the concept of degree of drought is subsequently introduced as mutative scale Arid Evaluation index, regression analysis and frequency analysis are carried out to the drought process of identification, finally establish the Arid Evaluation model of adaptive mutative scale.The present invention can realize the drought process evaluation under change yardstick, and the construction of adaptive fuzzy standard considers the spatio-temporal difference of regional drought so that the present invention has good applicability in different zones.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the Arid Evaluation field of environmental science, and in particular to a kind of adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation
Model and evaluation method.
Background technology
Arid is a kind of natural phenomena of moisture continuation shortage, and its duration is long, coverage is wide, breakdown strength
Greatly, it is one of meteorological disaster main at present.Arid Evaluation is the basis of arid research, and the evaluation for scientifically carrying out arid can
Reflect the formation mechenism of arid, parse the spatial and temporal variation of arid, important directive significance is provided for drought resisting mitigation.
The complex genesis of arid, influence factor is numerous, and different departments and subject have different definition to drought index.It is beautiful
Arid is divided into meteorological drought, agricultural arid, Hydrologic Drought and social economy's arid by meteorology institute of state.Domestic and foreign scholars are for dry
Drought evaluation expands a series of researchs, McKee etc. and passes through the research to rainfall distribution rule, it is proposed that Standardized Precipitation index
(SPI)；Palme considers the factors such as precipitation, runoff, evaporation, introduces benign climate precipitation, while considers that antecedent precipitation influences,
Establish a set of method for assessing arid.On the basis of existing drought index, Zhou Yuliang etc. is known based on Palmer drought index
Not Station in Kunming drought process.Liu Kejing etc. built a station using 28 basic weather stations of country of Basin of Huaihe River since between 2011
The moon is worth surface weather observation data, and feature is carried out to the Standardized Precipitation index SPI of different time scales (January, March, December)
Analysis.
Current Arid Evaluation model is given the arid quantization method under different definition, while also for different research areas
Domain has carried out applicability analysis, but still following individual key issue be present：1) Arid Evaluation does not consider that arid identification is marked
Accurate spatio-temporal difference 2) arid identifies and often uses the recognition methods based on threshold value, the selection of different threshold values causes arid identification
Process it is inconsistent.3) for the small drought process of identification, also it is modified the most base of 4) Arid Evaluation without preferable method
In a certain regular time yardstick, the multiple dimensioned Drought Analysis based on SPI, Scale invariant is also to maintain in whole sequence, its
Essence is the Drought Analysis of multiple dimensionings, but arid be it is long last process, its time scale is also constantly to change, scale
The Arid Evaluation of degree can not each drought process of accurate evaluation, and isolating for drought process can be caused.
The content of the invention
Goal of the invention：The present invention proposes a kind of the Arid Evaluation model and evaluation method of adaptive mutative scale, on the one hand
In view of the spatio-temporal difference of arid criterion of identification, adaptive fuzzy matrix is constructed；On the other hand using physical significance more
Clear and definite unity of opposites theorem carries out the identification of arid, has evaded the select permeability of arid threshold value；The early stage that the third aspect proposes
Rainfall Influence coefficient, influence of the antecedent precipitation process to current Precipitation Process is taken into full account, can be to the small drought process of identification
Effectively corrected；The definition of degree of drought is finally introducing, mutative scale Arid Evaluation model is established, solves under mutative scale
Arid Evaluation problem.
Technical scheme：Adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model of the invention, enters line frequency to the drought process under dimensioning
Analysis, so as to establish mutative scale Arid Evaluation model, it is contemplated that arid spatio-temporal difference, can be to the arid under change yardstick
Process is evaluated, including arid identification layer, process modification level and model construction layer, wherein：
The arid identification layer is used under dimensioning, drought process of the Study of recognition region within the research period, bag
Include drought duration and corresponding Middle altitude mountain.
The process modification level allows for influence of the antecedent precipitation process to active procedure, to the small drought process of identification
It is modified.
The model construction layer is by carrying out frequency analysis to revised drought process, establishing Middle altitude mountain and arid
The relation lasted, so as to establish mutative scale Arid Evaluation model.
The arid identification layer includes evaluation unit and recognition unit, wherein：
The evaluation unit is on the premise of the spatio-temporal difference of arid is considered, and using historical summary, constructs scale
Arid Evaluation index under degree.
The recognition unit is given Arid Evaluation standard, so as to identify drought process.
The evaluation unit is the quantization that arid is carried out based on variable fuzzy assessment method, passes through historical data data, choosing
Fixed some indexs, arid point and non-arid point are constructed, establishes adaptive canonical matrix, be subordinate to using relative with the synthesis of arid point
It is horizontal that degree characterizes arid.
The recognition unit is after evaluation unit, according to the synthesis relative defects value of evaluation unit output, is based on
Unity of opposites theorem, identify drought process, including drought duration and corresponding Middle altitude mountain.
The unity of opposites theorem is by finding a bit equal with continuum boundary point degree of membership, is incited somebody to action using the point
Continuum is divided into the set of two opposition, and this point is considered as the foundation of division opposition set.
The process modification level is the influence for considering antecedent precipitation, it is proposed that antecedent precipitation influences coefficient, and length is lasted
Non- arid (arid) process after the small arid (non-arid) that occurs be modified.
The model construction layer includes regression analysis unit and frequency analysis unit, wherein：
The regression analysis unit is by analyzing revised drought process, finding drought duration and arid is strong
Relation corresponding to degree, so as to construct mutative scale Arid Evaluation index.
The frequency analysis unit is to carry out frequency analysis to the Arid Evaluation index of mutative scale, so as to commenting for given arid
Price card is accurate.
Degree of drought's index can be evaluated the drought process under mutative scale, on the one hand avoid single use
Drought duration t and Middle altitude mountain Z, and the unreasonable of Arid Evaluation is caused, the degree of drought's sequence on the other hand constructed, compared to
Average Middle altitude mountain sequence, can distinguish that average degree of drought is the same, but two drought process that drought duration is different.
Based on the evaluation method of above-mentioned adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model, comprise the following steps：
(1) the adaptive arid identification under dimensioning
It is theoretical based on Variable Fuzzy according to the evaluation unit and recognition unit of the arid identification layer, it is contemplated that arid is known
The spatio-temporal difference of other standard, first construct adaptive fuzzy matrix and then arid is quantified using variable fuzzy assessment method, finally
Arid identification is carried out based on unity of opposites theorem, the step can obtain the drought process in research sequence, including drought duration
With corresponding Middle altitude mountain.
Evaluation unit comprises the following steps that：
(1) m index is selected, constructs the adaptive fuzzy canonical matrix M under dimensioningi, by taking moon yardstick as an example,
Mi=[pi qi], i=1,2,3 ..., 12 (1)
P in formula (1)i, qiIt is to be made up of most arid in m selected index and least arid value respectively, represents long sequence
The arid point and non-arid point, M of i-th month during rowiIt is the adaptive fuzzy canonical matrix of i-th month.
(2) a certain moment x is calculatedtJ-th of desired value xjtTo the relative defects μ of aridj1(xt),
(3) weight calculation of each index, arid evaluation are a multiple attribute synthetical evaluation problems, and each index has not
Same weight, if index weights vector is：
Weight assignment, r are now carried out using the entropy assessment with objectivityjkFor j-th of index, corresponding to k-th grade
Relative defects, for more big more excellent type index：
rjk=(xjk-xmin)/(xmax-xmin), k=1,2 (4)
The problem of for m index, k grade, the entropy weight ω of its j-th of indexjIt is calculated as follows：
(4) moment x is calculatedtTo the synthesis relative defects ν of arid1(xt)：
The synthesis relative defects value exported according to evaluation unit, based on unity of opposites theorem, drought process is identified, including
Drought duration and corresponding Middle altitude mountain, it is specially：By finding a bit equal with continuum boundary point degree of membership, profit
Continuum is divided into the set of two opposition with this, and this point is considered as the foundation of division opposition set.
Any point on continuum, to arid point A and non-arid point AcRelative defects be μ respectivelyA(u)、Then haveCertain point Q is so certainly existed for arid point A and non-arid point AcRelative person in servitude
Category degree is equal, before and after being 0.5, Q points, to the relative defects μ of aridA(t) and to non-arid relative defectsTwo
Person's relation is changed, therefore point Q can and non-arid foundation arid as division.
With the synthesis relative defects ν to arid1(x0)=0.5 is used as cutoff level, to relative defects sequence ν1(xt)
Intercepted.Work as ν1(xt) within one or more periods continuously it is more than ν1(x0) when, there is the positive distance of swimming；Otherwise there is the negative distance of swimming.
The length of the positive distance of swimming is referred to as drought duration, and the interval between two adjacent positive distances of swimming is referred to as non-drought duration, Continuous Drought process
The ν of middle every month1(xt) it is cumulative, be denoted as Middle altitude mountain Z, can be used to characterize power arid in continuous process.
(2) arid amendment
According to described process modification level, it is contemplated that the influence of antecedent precipitation, the small arid identified by arid identification layer
Process is that arid does not occur in practical situations both, therefore introducing antecedent precipitation influences coefficient, carries out the amendment of drought process.
The antecedent precipitation influences coefficient, is to characterize antecedent precipitation process to the influence degree of active procedure, antecedent precipitation
Influence coefficient χkDefinition is such as formula (9)：
χ in formula (9)kIt is that the antecedent precipitation of k-th process influences coefficient, Zk-1、ZkIt is kth -1 and k-th of process respectively
Middle altitude mountain.Work as χkDuring more than a certain value χ ', then k-th of process is merged with former and later two processes.
(3) structure of mutative scale Arid Evaluation model
According to described model construction layer, by revised drought process, regression analysis being carried out, it is determined that evaluation refers to
Mark, then by frequency analysis, give evaluation criterion.Adaptive arid identification under dimensioning, according to the arid identification layer, base
It is theoretical in Variable Fuzzy, and the spatio-temporal difference of arid criterion of identification, adaptive fuzzy matrix is constructed, then using variable mould
Paste evaluation method and quantify arid, be finally based on unity of opposites theorem and carry out arid identification, obtain the drought process in research sequence.
The regression analysis unit, comprises the following steps：
(a) revised n drought process is plotted in Z-t coordinates
T=(t1,t2,t3...,tk,...,tn)
Z(Z1,Z2,Z3,...,Zk,...,Zn) (10)
Formula (10) represent be identification n drought process, tkAnd ZkRepresent respectively arid corresponding to k-th of drought process
Last and Middle altitude mountain.
(b) selection difference lasts the maximum point of lower Middle altitude mountain, and think degree of drought that these points occur be it is consistent,
In Zm-tmRegression analysis, Z are carried out in coordinate systemm=f (tm)。
(c) assume to meet that degree of drought corresponding to relation Z=f (t) drought process is consistent, then construct degree of drought
Sequence X=Z/f (t), X are to consider drought duration and an index amount of Middle altitude mountain, can reflect difference last under (i.e.
Mutative scale) Middle altitude mountain, then using X as mutative scale Arid Evaluation index.
The frequency analysis unit specific implementation step is as follows：
(I) by degree of drought's sequence X of construction, sort from small to large, and calculate probability corresponding to each degree of drought.
(II) point draws degree of drought's sequence X on frequency ruled paper, and is fitted using P-III type curves.
(III) return period is more than T1、T2、T3Special non-irrigated, the non-irrigated and middle drought of weight is corresponded to respectively, and the return period is less than T3Corresponding is light
Drought, the frequency P as corresponding to formula (11) and formula (12) calculate return period T,
Remember that the return period that a certain degree arid A occurs is T, it is B that arid occurs in long sequence process, by conditional probability meter
Formula is calculated, P (AB)=P (A/B) * P (B), the return period, T was
S, E represent that arid is always lasted and the drought duration that is averaged, Q are the length of research sequence respectively in formula, and n is drought process
Number.
(IV) by T1、T2、T3Calculate probability matrix P=[P1 P2 P3], found on P-III type curves and correspond to arid therewith
Degree matrix X=[X1 X2 X3]。
(V) for the ease of representing, between degree of drought's matrix is converted into 0-1,
X'=X/X1=[X'1 X'2 X'3] (13)
Above-mentioned matrix X' is then the evaluation criterion of mutative scale Arid Evaluation model.
Wherein, the adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model is as follows：
Xk=Zk/g(tk) (14)
X in formulak、Zk、tkDegree of drought, Middle altitude mountain and drought duration corresponding to k-th of drought process are represented, wherein
g(tk)=f (tk)×Z'10 (15)
Work as Xk≥Z'1When, the drought process belongs to special drought；
Work as Z'1＞ Xk≥Z'2When, the drought process belongs to weight drought；
Work as Z'2＞ Xk≥Z'3When, the drought process belongs to middle drought；
Work as Xk＜ Z'1When, the drought process belongs to light drought.
Beneficial effect：1st, mutative scale Arid Evaluation model proposed by the present invention, it is real compared to dimensioning Arid Evaluation model
The drought process evaluation under change yardstick is showed, and has avoided the situation that dimensioning model causes drought process to isolate, preferably
The arid spatial-temporal evolution pattern in image study region；2nd, in present invention evaluation drought process, the adaptive fuzzy standard square of proposition
Battle array, the spatio-temporal difference of arid is fully taken into account, there is preferable applicability；3rd, the use in present invention identification drought process
Unity of opposites theorem, explicit physical meaning, avoid the larger arid recognition mode based on threshold value of subjectivity；4th, it is of the invention
Relative to traditional drought process amendment, the antecedent precipitation of proposition influences coefficient and has fully taken into account antecedent precipitation process for working as
The influence of preceding Precipitation Process, for it is identifying but in real process and be not belonging to arid arid small process be modified,
It ensure that the reasonability of identification arid.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the evaluation model schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is Basin of Huaihe River 1961-1971 dimensionings drought index distribution map in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 3 is Basin of Huaihe River 1971-1981 dimensionings drought index distribution map in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 4 is Basin of Huaihe River 1981-1991 dimensionings drought index distribution map in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 5 is Basin of Huaihe River 1991-2001 dimensionings drought index distribution map in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 6 is Basin of Huaihe River 2001-2015 dimensionings drought index distribution map in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 7 is the regression analysis figure of the most non-irrigated point of Basin of Huaihe River in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 8 is frequency analysis figure of the Basin of Huaihe River to drought process in embodiments of the invention；
Fig. 9 is the mutative scale Arid Evaluation model of Huaihe's Upper Reaches in embodiments of the invention；
Figure 10 is the mutative scale Arid Evaluation model of Huai He Middle Reaches in embodiments of the invention；
Figure 11 is the mutative scale Arid Evaluation model of the Lower Reaches of Huaihe in embodiments of the invention；
Figure 12 is the mutative scale Arid Evaluation model of embodiments of the invention Zhong Yi Shus nasal mucus river basin.
Embodiment
Referring to Fig. 1 to Figure 12, the adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model described in a wherein embodiment of the invention, such as scheme
Shown in 1, exemplified by now carrying out Arid Evaluation to Basin of Huaihe River using the evaluation model, illustrate the validity and reasonability of invention.
Basin of Huaihe River is located in positioned at 55 ' -121 ° 25 ' of east longitude 111 °, between 55 ' -36 ° 36 ' of north latitude 30 °, cross a river south, peace
Emblem, Jiangsu and the province of Shandong 4, the km of drainage area about 270,0002.Basin of Huaihe River is surrounded by mountains to border on the sea, with a varied topography, positioned at Chinese north-south climate
Intermediate zone, and influenceed by monsoon climate, climate variability, precipitation space and time difference is big, and Droughts take place frequently.
Basin of Huaihe River drought event includes basin-wide arid and regionality arid, has more significant Spatial Difference,
Therefore Basin of Huaihe River is divided into four parts and conducted a research, including Huaihe's Upper Reaches area (more than Wangjiaba Dam south, north), Huai He Middle Reaches area
(king freshwater mussel section south, north and freshwater mussel flood section south, north), the Lower Reaches of Huaihe area (Gao Tianqu, lane housing area), Yihe River Shu Si river reaches (Yihe River the Shuhe River
Area, Gan areas, Zhong Canal area, lake East, lake West), the precipitation data used for Chinese surface precipitation earning in a day Gridded dataset,
Yardstick is 0.5 ° × 0.5 ° grid, and time range is -2015 years 1961.
This example monthly dimension calculation, the moon adaptive fuzzy matrix of 12 months is first constructed, based on variable fuzzy assessment
Method is respectively to the dimensioning drought index of the lattice point 55 years of Basin of Huaihe River 106.In order to describe the when space division of Basin of Huaihe River arid
Cloth situation, with 10 years for a stage, will be divided into for 55 years 1961-1971,1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,
In 2001-2015 totally five stages, and draw the arid distribution map in each stage, respectively as shown in Fig. 2,3,4,5,6, reflect in figure
Basin of Huaihe River arid distribution meets east and south is weak, western and northern strong feature.Wherein ' king freshwater mussel section south bank ', ' freshwater mussel flood
Section south bank ' and the southeast arid in ' lane housing area ' it is most weak, the northwestward of ' king freshwater mussel section north bank ' and the northwest of ' lake West '
Portion's arid is most strong.Over 55 years, Basin of Huaihe River is totally above 0.5, and arid in arid, the drought index value of most area
There is the trend substantially strengthened.
The average value of the grid point precipitation data in each region is taken as the precipitation data data in the region, using variable mould
The identification that evaluation assessment carries out arid is pasted, and regression analysis and frequency analysis are carried out to the drought process of identification, respectively such as Fig. 7,8 institutes
Show, establish Huaihe's Upper Reaches, Huai He Middle Reaches, the Lower Reaches of Huaihe and the mutative scale Arid Evaluation model in four, Yihe River Shu Si rivers region, respectively
As shown in Fig. 9,10,11,12.
A drought process is characterized using drought duration and Middle altitude mountain, then can be found in Z-t coordinate systems corresponding
Drought process, using ' severe ', ' moderate ' and ' slight ' three line segments, it would be possible to drought process occurs and is divided into four regions,
Special drought is correspondingly happens is that more than ' severe ' line, drought in occurring between ' severe ' line and ' moderate ' line, ' moderate ' line and ' gently
Degree ' occur between line in drought, ' slight ' line occur below, as shown in table 1.
The Basin of Huaihe River arid mutative scale evaluation model of table 1
Claims (8)
- A kind of 1. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model, it is characterised in that：Including arid identification layer, process modification level and model Structure layer, wherein,The arid identification layer is under dimensioning, and drought process of the Study of recognition region within the research period, including arid are gone through When and corresponding Middle altitude mountain；The process modification level is based on influence of the antecedent precipitation process to active procedure, and the small drought process of identification is repaiied Just；The model construction layer is by carrying out frequency analysis to revised drought process, establishing Middle altitude mountain and drought duration Relation, so as to establish mutative scale Arid Evaluation model.
- 2. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The arid identification layer bag Evaluation unit and recognition unit are included, wherein,The evaluation unit is under the premise of the spatio-temporal difference of arid, constructs the Arid Evaluation index under dimensioning；The recognition unit is given Arid Evaluation standard, so as to identify drought process.
- 3. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：The evaluation unit is base The quantization of arid is carried out in variable fuzzy assessment method, selectes some indexs, arid point and non-arid point is constructed, establishes adaptive Fuzzy canonical matrix, it is horizontal to characterize arid using the synthesis relative defects with arid point.
- 4. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：The recognition unit is root The synthesis relative defects value exported according to the evaluation unit, based on unity of opposites theorem, identify drought process.
- 5. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：The unity of opposites theorem Be by find it is equal with continuum boundary point degree of membership a bit, continuum is divided into two using this and opposed Set.
- 6. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In the process modification level Coefficient, which is influenceed, using antecedent precipitation characterizes influence degree of the antecedent precipitation process to active procedure.
- 7. adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation model according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The model construction layer bag Regression analysis unit and frequency analysis unit are included, wherein,The regression analysis unit is by analyzing revised drought process, calculating drought duration and Middle altitude mountain pair The relation answered, so as to construct mutative scale Arid Evaluation index；The frequency analysis unit is to carry out frequency analysis to the Arid Evaluation index of mutative scale, so as to give the evaluation mark of arid It is accurate.
- 8. according to the evaluation method of any described adaptive mutative scale Arid Evaluation models of claim 1-7, it is characterised in that Comprise the following steps：(1) the adaptive arid identification under dimensioning, it is theoretical based on Variable Fuzzy according to the arid identification layer, and arid The spatio-temporal difference of criterion of identification, adaptive fuzzy matrix is constructed, arid is then quantified using variable fuzzy assessment method, finally Arid identification is carried out based on unity of opposites theorem, obtains the drought process in research sequence；(2) arid amendment, according to the process modification level, the influence based on antecedent precipitation, is identified small by arid identification layer Drought process is that arid does not occur in practical situations both, and introducing antecedent precipitation influences coefficient, carries out the amendment of drought process；(3) structure of mutative scale Arid Evaluation model, according to the model construction layer, by revised drought process, entering Row regression analysis, evaluation index is determined, then by frequency analysis, give evaluation criterion.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109492942A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-03-19 | 河海大学 | A kind of drought event evaluation method based on three-dimensional space-time coupling model |
| CN109523130A (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-03-26 | 黄俭 | The evaluation model and construction method of private higher learning institution's sustainable development |
| CN110334404A (en) * | 2019-06-10 | 2019-10-15 | 淮阴师范学院 | A kind of rapid dry accurate recognition methods of drought of Watershed Scale |
| CN115269948A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-11-01 | 北京科技大学 | Variable-scale data analysis method and device supporting space-time data intelligent scale transformation |
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2017
- 2017-07-25 CN CN201710610584.8A patent/CN107480867A/en active Pending
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| 马明卫: "Meta-elliptical copulas函数在干旱分析中的应用研究", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库基础科学辑》 * |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109523130A (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-03-26 | 黄俭 | The evaluation model and construction method of private higher learning institution's sustainable development |
| CN109492942A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-03-19 | 河海大学 | A kind of drought event evaluation method based on three-dimensional space-time coupling model |
| CN110334404A (en) * | 2019-06-10 | 2019-10-15 | 淮阴师范学院 | A kind of rapid dry accurate recognition methods of drought of Watershed Scale |
| CN110334404B (en) * | 2019-06-10 | 2023-10-24 | 淮阴师范学院 | Accurate identification method for watershed scale sudden dry and droughts |
| CN115269948A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-11-01 | 北京科技大学 | Variable-scale data analysis method and device supporting space-time data intelligent scale transformation |
| CN115269948B (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2023-10-13 | 北京科技大学 | Variable-scale data analysis method and device supporting space-time data intelligent scale transformation |
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Application publication date: 20171215 |