CN107476796B - Experimental device and method for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow - Google Patents
Experimental device and method for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow Download PDFInfo
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- CN107476796B CN107476796B CN201710594394.1A CN201710594394A CN107476796B CN 107476796 B CN107476796 B CN 107476796B CN 201710594394 A CN201710594394 A CN 201710594394A CN 107476796 B CN107476796 B CN 107476796B
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
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- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental device and method for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow, wherein the experimental device comprises a stirring tank, a screw pump, a visual sand paving device, a waste liquid tank, a nitrogen cylinder, an air source distributor, a fracturing fluid stirring tank, a fracturing fluid pipe and a fracturing pump; the stirring tank, the screw pump, the visual sand paving device and the waste liquid tank are sequentially connected through a pipeline, and a flowmeter is arranged between the visual sand paving device and the waste liquid tank; nitrogen cylinder, air supply distributor, visual shop's sand device loop through the pipe connection, fracturing fluid agitator tank, fracturing pump, fracturing fluid pipe connect gradually, be equipped with the liquid outlet on the fracturing fluid pipe, the liquid outlet passes through the pipe connection with visual shop's sand device. The invention uses the gas source distributor and the pipeline system thereof to simulate the process of stratum gas loss, and the liquid circulation system is injected into the pipeline to simulate the process of fracturing fluid flowback and stratum fluid loss to the fracture, thereby being matched with the actual on-site fracturing flowback process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of hydraulic fracturing, and particularly relates to an experimental device and method for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow.
Background
A mathematical model is established according to the movement characteristics of the proppant in the fracture when the fracturing fluid returns in the fracturing process, and the backflow process of the proppant is controlled by simulating the return of the fracturing fluid in the fracture. Simulation calculation shows that the flowback speed of the fracturing fluid and the filtration loss of formation fluid have great influence on the backflow amount of the proppant and the distribution form of the proppant in the fracture. Along with the increase of the flowback speed of the fracturing fluid, the backflow amount of the proppant is gradually increased, but the increase amplitude is gradually reduced; the distribution of the proppant in the fracture gradually becomes better with the increase of the flowback speed of the fracturing fluid. The calculation result shows that in order to obtain better proppant intra-fracture distribution, the flow-back speed of the fracturing fluid is required to be increased as much as possible within the range allowed by construction conditions, so that the distribution of the proppant in the fracture can be improved, and the damage of the fracturing fluid to the stratum is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly solves the defects in the prior art and provides an experimental device and method for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow, which can be matched with field construction.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: an experimental device for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow comprises a stirring tank, a screw pump, a visual sand paving device, a waste liquid tank, a nitrogen cylinder, an air source distributor, a fracturing fluid stirring tank, a fracturing fluid pipe and a fracturing pump;
the stirring tank, the screw pump, the visual sand paving device and the waste liquid tank are sequentially connected through a pipeline, and a flowmeter is arranged between the visual sand paving device and the waste liquid tank;
the nitrogen cylinder, the air source distributor and the visual sanding device are connected in sequence through pipelines,
fracturing fluid agitator tank, fracturing pump, fracturing fluid pipe connect gradually, be equipped with the liquid outlet on the fracturing fluid pipe, the liquid outlet passes through the pipe connection with visual shop's sand device.
Further, the visual sanding device comprises a shaft, a first outer frame, a second outer frame, a first organic glass plate, a second organic glass plate, a Y-shaped silica gel ring and a sensitive spring; first frame, second frame interconnect, the pit shaft is installed in first frame, second frame junction, first organic glass board, second organic glass board pass through Y font silica gel ring and install between first frame and second frame, first organic glass board is fixed at first frame inboardly, the second organic glass board passes through the sensitivity spring and is connected with second frame inboard.
Further, the first outer frame and the second outer frame are connected through bolts.
Further, one end of the fracturing liquid pipe is connected with the fracturing pump, and the other end of the fracturing liquid pipe is connected with the fracturing liquid stirring tank.
An experimental method for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow comprises the following steps:
s100, optimizing a fracturing fluid system according to geological data, and preparing a fracturing fluid;
s200, checking the cleanliness of each device, turning off each valve on the gas source distributor and the fracturing fluid pipe, zeroing a flowmeter and a pressure gauge on the gas source distributor, and opening a valve between the screw pump and the stirring tank;
s300, filling the fracturing fluid prepared in the step S100 into a stirring tank, uniformly stirring, injecting the fracturing fluid into a visual sanding device through a screw pump, pushing the second organic glass plate to translate outwards under the action of pressure after the fracturing fluid enters the crack between the first organic glass plate and the second organic glass plate, simultaneously contracting the sensitive springs, and forming a micro crack between the first organic glass plate and the second organic glass plate, wherein the process is a crack forming stage;
s400, uniformly mixing fracturing fluid and propping agent in a stirring tank, pumping the formed sand-carrying fluid into a crack between a first organic glass plate and a second organic glass plate through a screw pump, further opening the crack, further contracting a sensitive spring, paving the propping agent in the crack, dynamically expanding or closing the crack under the combined action of pressure between the first organic glass plate and the second organic glass plate and the sensitive spring, dynamically paving the propping agent in the crack, discharging waste liquid in the paving process of the propping agent into a waste liquid tank, observing experimental phenomena, and recording experimental data;
s500, after the stirring tank is completely pumped into the visual sanding device, the propping agent is paved in the visual sanding device, then the prepared postposition liquid is continuously pumped, the propping agent remained in the shaft is replaced into the crack between the first organic glass plate and the second organic glass plate, after the postposition liquid is completely pumped, the screw pump, the stirring tank and the valve between the screw pump and the stirring tank are closed, the valve on the fracturing liquid pipe is opened, and the pressure gauge on the flow meter and the air source distributor is calibrated;
s600, converting the on-site flowback discharge capacity into laboratory simulation discharge capacity according to the principle that Reynolds numbers are equal, pumping the fracturing fluid of a prepared fracturing fluid stirring tank into a crack between a first organic glass plate and a second organic glass plate through a fracturing pump, observing the backflow of the proppant, changing the shape of the proppant laid in the crack, observing the change of the laying shape of the proppant in the crack, recording the proppant outflow amount of an injection hole and a liquid discharge hole, and recording experiment data;
s700, opening an upper valve of the air source distributor, calibrating a zero pressure gauge, opening a valve of a nitrogen cylinder, enabling nitrogen to enter a crack between the first organic glass plate and the second organic glass plate, enabling air, liquid and solid phases in the crack net to flow at the same time, observing the migration condition of the propping agent in the crack net, and recording the outflow quantity and experimental data of the propping agent in a liquid outlet on the end face of the jet orifice;
s800, switching the fracturing fluid stirring tank into clean water, pumping the clean water into a crack between the first organic glass plate and the second organic glass plate, filtering formation fluid into the crack after a period of time, observing an experimental phenomenon and recording experimental data;
s900, closing the fracturing pump, closing valves on the nitrogen cylinder, the gas source distributor and the fracturing liquid pipe, and discharging residual gas to complete experiment operation;
s1000, detaching the gas source distributor and the fracturing fluid pipe, installing a device cleaning system, and cleaning an experimental device;
and S1100, changing the flow rate of the backflow of the fracturing fluid according to the converted experimental simulation flow rate, repeating the S100-S1000 experimental steps, recording experimental data, and obtaining the optimal flow rate corresponding to the backflow of the fracturing fluid when the flow rate of the propping agent is the minimum to obtain an experimental conclusion.
Further, in step S600, the pressure and flow rate of the nitrogen gas are controlled by adjusting the opening of the valve according to the reading of the pressure gauge.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the prior art, the fracturing fluid flowback is considered, the gas source distributor, the fracturing fluid circulating system, the liquid (fracturing fluid and formation water) filtration system and the gas filtration system are designed, the air pressure is controlled by adjusting the opening of the nitrogen cylinder, the gas source distributor and the pipeline system thereof are used for simulating the state of formation gas during filtration, and the fracturing fluid flowback and the formation fluid filtration state are simulated by injecting the pipeline into the liquid circulating system, so that the conditions are more matched with the actual field construction; wherein the fracture is in a dynamic closed/expanded state during field construction; the width of the seam of the existing visual sand paving device is fixed, when fracturing fluid enters a main seam, the pressure in the seam is continuously increased, but the width of the main seam is fixed, which is not consistent with the actual characteristic of a stratum seam network in the actual fracturing engineering, and during fracturing, the width of the seam depends on the closing pressure of the seam and the pressure formed by the fracturing fluid in the seam, and the width of the seam is dynamically changed.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a visual sanding device in an embodiment;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of the connection of the Y-shaped silicone ring.
Shown in the figure: the fracturing fluid fracturing device comprises a 1-shaft, a 2-first outer frame, a 3-second outer frame, a 4-first organic glass plate, a 5-second organic glass plate, a 6-Y-shaped silica gel ring, a 7-sensitive spring, a 14-stirring tank, a 15-screw pump, a 16-visual sanding device, a 17-flowmeter, an 18-waste fluid tank, a 19-nitrogen cylinder, a 20-air source distributor, a 21-fracturing fluid stirring tank, a 22-fracturing fluid pipe and a 23-fracturing pump.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further specifically described by the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, 2 and 3, the experimental device for simulating backflow of fracturing fluid to control proppant backflow comprises a stirring tank 14, a screw pump 15, a visual sand paving device 16, a waste liquid tank 18, a nitrogen gas cylinder 19, an air source distributor 20, a fracturing fluid stirring tank 21, a fracturing fluid pipe 22 and a fracturing pump 23; the stirring tank 14, the screw pump 15, the visual sand paving device 16 and the waste liquid tank 18 are sequentially connected through a pipeline, a flowmeter 17 is arranged between the visual sand paving device 16 and the waste liquid tank 18, and the part is a propping agent paving part; nitrogen cylinder 19, air supply distributor 20, visual sanding device 16 loop through the pipe connection, and this part is simulation gas crack filtration part, fracturing fluid agitator tank 21, fracturing pump 23, fracturing liquid pipe 22 connect gradually, be equipped with the liquid outlet on the fracturing liquid pipe 22, the liquid outlet passes through the pipe connection with visual sanding device 16, and this part is simulation liquid crack filtration part. The invention considers the backflow of fracturing fluid, designs an air source distributor, a fracturing fluid circulating system, a liquid (fracturing fluid and formation water) filtration system and a gas filtration system, controls air pressure by adjusting the opening size of a nitrogen cylinder 19, uses the air source distributor 20 and a pipeline system thereof to simulate the state of formation gas during filtration, and simulates the backflow of the fracturing fluid and the filtration state of formation fluid by an injection pipeline of the liquid circulating system, thereby realizing the matching with the actual construction on site.
The visual sanding device 16 has the specific implementation mode that the visual sanding device 16 comprises a shaft 1, a first outer frame 2, a second outer frame 3, a first organic glass plate 4, a second organic glass plate 5, a Y-shaped silica gel ring 6 and a sensitive spring 7; first frame 2, 3 interconnect of second frame, pit shaft 1 is installed at first frame 2, 3 junctions of second frame, first organic glass board 4, second organic glass board 5 are installed between first frame 2 and second frame 3 through Y font silica gel ring 6, and the first half of Y word of Y font silica gel ring 6 is the inner circle promptly, and the latter half is the outer lane, first frame 2, the parallel outer lane of carrying Y font silica gel ring 6 of second frame 3 are fixed, and first organic glass board 4, the parallel inner circle of fixing at Y font silica gel ring 6 of second organic glass board 5, first organic glass board 4 is fixed at first frame 2 inboardly, second organic glass board 5 is connected with 3 inboard of second frame through sensitivity spring 7, and the compression of second organic glass board 5 accessible sensitivity spring 7 drives second organic glass board 5 and removes like this with stretching, can change the distance between first organic glass board 4, the second organic glass board 5, can change the width. Wherein, the shaft 1 is provided with 9 jet orifices, and the first outer frame 2 is provided with a plurality of liquid discharge ports, cleaning ports, liquid outlet ports and the like.
The process that the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5 are gradually opened from the initial closed state to the impact of fluid pressure is realized by the elasticity of the Y-shaped silica gel ring 6 in the structure, the sensitive spring 7 is gradually compressed at the moment, and when the pressure in the seam is reduced, the spring is expanded due to the elasticity of the sensitive spring 7, and the seam width is reduced along with the reduction of the pressure in the seam. By the design, the process that the stratum fracture is closed from the beginning to be opened later due to the sand carrying fluid, the fracture width is narrowed due to the reduction of the fracture pressure during liquid drainage, and finally the proppant is laid can be simulated.
In order to facilitate the detachment, the first outer frame 2 and the second outer frame 3 are preferably connected by bolts. In order to avoid leakage and ensure the tightness of the device, a sealing gasket is arranged between the first outer frame 2 and the second outer frame 3.
In a preferred embodiment, one end of the fracturing liquid pipe 22 is connected with a fracturing pump 23, and the other end is connected with a fracturing liquid stirring tank 21, so that the purpose of liquid circulation can be achieved.
When the experimental device for controlling the backflow of the propping agent by the backflow of the fracturing fluid is used for an experiment, the experimental method for simulating the backflow of the propping agent by the backflow control of the fracturing fluid comprises the following steps:
s100, optimizing a fracturing fluid system according to geological data, and preparing a fracturing fluid;
s200, checking the cleanliness of each device, adjusting valves on the gas source distributor 20 and the fracturing liquid pipe 22 to be in a closed state, zeroing a pressure gauge on the flow meter 17 and the gas source distributor 20, and opening a valve between the screw pump 15 and the stirring tank 14;
s300, filling the fracturing fluid prepared in the step S100 into a stirring tank 14, uniformly stirring, injecting the fracturing fluid into a visual sanding device 16 through a screw pump 15, after the fracturing fluid enters a crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5, enabling the second organic glass plate 5 to translate outwards under the pushing of pressure, enabling the sensitive spring 7 to contract simultaneously, and forming a micro crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5, wherein the process is a crack forming stage;
s400, uniformly mixing fracturing fluid and propping agent in a stirring tank 14, pumping the formed sand-carrying fluid into a crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5 through a screw pump 15, further opening the crack, further contracting a sensitive spring 7, laying the propping agent in the crack, dynamically expanding or closing the crack under the combined action of the pressure between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5 and the sensitive spring 7, dynamically laying the propping agent in the crack, discharging waste liquid in the laying process of the propping agent into a waste liquid tank 18, observing experimental phenomena, and recording experimental data;
s500, after the stirring tank 14 is completely pumped into the visual sanding device 16, the propping agent is paved in the visual sanding device 16, then the prepared postposition liquid is continuously pumped in advance, the propping agent remained in the shaft 1 is replaced into the crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5, after the postposition liquid is completely pumped in, the screw pump 15, the stirring tank 14 and a valve between the screw pump and the stirring tank are closed, a valve on the fracturing liquid pipe 22 is opened, and a pressure gauge on the zero flow meter 17 and the air source distributor 20 is calibrated;
s600, converting the field flowback discharge capacity into laboratory simulation discharge capacity according to the Reynolds number equality principle, pumping the fracturing fluid of the prepared fracturing fluid stirring tank 21 into a crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5 through a fracturing pump 23, observing the backflow of the propping agent, changing the shape of the propping agent laid in the crack, observing the change of the laying shape of the propping agent in the crack, recording the propping agent outflow of an injection hole and a liquid outlet, and recording experiment data;
s700, opening a valve on the air source distributor 20, performing zero calibration on a pressure gauge, opening a valve of a nitrogen bottle 19, introducing nitrogen into a crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5, enabling gas, liquid and solid phases in the crack network to flow at the same time, observing the migration condition of the propping agent in the crack network, and recording the outflow quantity and experimental data of the propping agent in a liquid outlet on the end face of the jet orifice;
s800, switching the fracturing fluid stirring tank 21 into clean water, pumping the clean water into a crack between the first organic glass plate 4 and the second organic glass plate 5, filtering formation fluid into the crack after a period of time, observing an experimental phenomenon and recording experimental data;
s900, closing the fracturing pump 23, closing valves on the nitrogen cylinder 19, the gas source distributor 20 and the fracturing liquid pipe 22, and discharging residual gas to complete experiment operation;
s1000, detaching the air source distributor 20 and the fracturing fluid pipe 22, installing a device cleaning system, and cleaning an experimental device;
and S1100, changing the flow rate of the backflow of the fracturing fluid according to the converted experimental simulation flow rate, repeating the S100-S1000 experimental steps, recording experimental data, and obtaining the optimal flow rate corresponding to the backflow of the fracturing fluid when the flow rate of the propping agent is the minimum to obtain an experimental conclusion.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S600, the pressure and flow rate of the nitrogen gas are controlled by adjusting the opening of the valve according to the reading of the pressure gauge.
The invention discloses an experimental device and method for simulating fracturing fluid flowback to control proppant backflow, and aims to solve the problem that the fracturing fluid flowback affects the shape of a laid proppant at the later stage of actual fracturing construction. The invention is optimized and improved on the basis of the existing visual fracturing fluid flow-back device, and simulates the closest flow process under the actual working condition on site by redesigning a fracturing fluid circulating system and a nitrogen injection system. This be suitable for crack formation, crack extension, proppant are laid, the crack is closed, fracturing fluid flowback, the gas-liquid flow process when novel device and actual fracturing construction all coincide, with actual crack environment variable phase-match, realize experimental environment and construction environment's optimization. The natural gas is replaced by nitrogen which is applicable to non-toxicity and pollution-free, and the filtration process of formation fluid and fracturing fluid into a fracture network is simulated by using the gas-liquid injection pipe column, so that the novel fracturing fluid applicable to flowback laying can simulate the actual situation on site more truly, the experimental data has higher reference value, and the method has an important guiding function on site fracturing construction.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with the above embodiments, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. The experimental method for realizing the control of the proppant backflow by simulating the flowback of the fracturing fluid is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s100, optimizing a fracturing fluid system according to geological data to prepare fracturing fluid;
s200, checking the cleanliness of each device, adjusting valves on the gas source distributor (20) and the fracturing fluid pipe (22) to be in a closed state, zeroing a pressure gauge on the flow meter (17) and the gas source distributor (20), and opening the valve between the screw pump (15) and the stirring tank (14);
s300, filling the fracturing fluid prepared in the step S100 into a stirring tank (14) for uniform stirring, injecting the fracturing fluid into a visual sanding device (16) through a screw pump (15), after the fracturing fluid enters a crack between a first organic glass plate (4) and a second organic glass plate (5), the second organic glass plate (5) is pushed by pressure to move outwards and translate, a sensitive spring (7) contracts simultaneously, and a micro crack is formed between the first organic glass plate (4) and the second organic glass plate (5), wherein the process is a crack forming stage;
s400, uniformly mixing fracturing fluid and propping agent in a stirring tank (14), pumping the formed sand-carrying fluid into cracks between a first organic glass plate (4) and a second organic glass plate (5) through a screw pump (15), further opening the cracks, further contracting a sensitive spring (7), laying the propping agent in the cracks, dynamically expanding or closing the cracks under the combined action of the pressure between the first organic glass plate (4) and the second organic glass plate (5) and the sensitive spring (7), dynamically laying the propping agent in the cracks, discharging waste liquid in the laying process of the propping agent into a waste liquid tank (18), observing experimental phenomena, and recording experimental data;
s500, after the stirring tank (14) is completely pumped into the visual sand paving device (16), the propping agent is paved in the visual sand paving device (16), at the moment, a prepared postposition liquid is continuously pumped in, the propping agent remained in the shaft (1) is replaced into a crack between the first organic glass plate (4) and the second organic glass plate (5), after the postposition liquid is completely pumped in, the screw pump (15), the stirring tank (14) and a valve between the screw pump and the stirring tank are closed, a valve on the fracturing liquid pipe (22) is opened, and a zero-calibration flow meter (17) and a pressure gauge on the air source distributor (20) are opened;
s600, converting the on-site flowback discharge capacity into laboratory simulation discharge capacity according to the principle that Reynolds numbers are equal, pumping the fracturing fluid of a prepared fracturing fluid stirring tank (21) into a crack between a first organic glass plate (4) and a second organic glass plate (5) through a fracturing pump (23), observing the backflow of a propping agent, changing the shape of the propping agent paved in the crack, observing the change of the paving shape of the propping agent in the crack, recording the propping agent outflow amount of an injection hole and a liquid discharge hole, and recording experimental data;
s700, opening a valve on an air source distributor (20), calibrating a zero pressure gauge, opening a valve of a nitrogen cylinder (19), enabling nitrogen to enter a crack between a first organic glass plate (4) and a second organic glass plate (5), enabling gas, liquid and solid phases in a seam network to flow at the same time, observing the migration condition of a propping agent in the seam network, and recording the outflow quantity and experimental data of the propping agent in a liquid outlet on the end face of a jet orifice;
s800, switching the fracturing fluid stirring tank (21) into clean water, pumping the clean water into a crack between the first organic glass plate (4) and the second organic glass plate (5), filtering formation fluid into the crack after a period of time, observing an experimental phenomenon and recording experimental data;
s900, closing the fracturing pump (23), closing valves on the nitrogen cylinder (19), the gas source distributor (20) and the fracturing liquid pipe (22), and discharging residual gas to finish experiment operation;
s1000, detaching the air source distributor (20) and the fracturing fluid pipe (22), installing a device cleaning system, and cleaning an experimental device;
and S1100, changing the flow rate of the backflow of the fracturing fluid according to the converted experimental simulation flow rate, repeating the S100-S1000 experimental steps, recording experimental data, and obtaining the optimal flow rate corresponding to the backflow of the fracturing fluid when the flow rate of the propping agent is the minimum to obtain an experimental conclusion.
2. The experimental method for simulating the flowback of the fracturing fluid to control the backflow of the proppant as set forth in claim 1, wherein in the step S700, the pressure and flow of the nitrogen gas are controlled by adjusting the opening of the valve according to the reading of the pressure gauge.
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| CN109944585A (en) * | 2017-12-21 | 2019-06-28 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Load fluid flow analogue system and method in a kind of large flat |
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