CN107171812A - It is a kind of based on block chain without key signature infrastructure construction method - Google Patents
It is a kind of based on block chain without key signature infrastructure construction method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107171812A CN107171812A CN201710583829.2A CN201710583829A CN107171812A CN 107171812 A CN107171812 A CN 107171812A CN 201710583829 A CN201710583829 A CN 201710583829A CN 107171812 A CN107171812 A CN 107171812A
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- Prior art keywords
- block chain
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- cryptographic hash
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/64—Protecting data integrity, e.g. using checksums, certificates or signatures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3236—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3236—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions
- H04L9/3239—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions involving non-keyed hash functions, e.g. modification detection codes [MDCs], MD5, SHA or RIPEMD
Abstract
The present invention be it is a kind of based on block chain without key signature infrastructure construction method, this method passes through authentication using core layer node, the root cryptographic Hash that convergence-level is formed is embedded in OP_RETURN transaction scripts, and broadcasted in block chain network, and block is finally packaged into, form KSI Calendar hash account books；The KSI issue layer architectures based on block chain are proposed simultaneously, and the role of publisher node in KSI is served as by miner, the Transaction Information in block chain network is collected, Merkle tree are built；Publisher node need to only extract the content in OP_RETURN in transaction, for Merkle tree structure, ultimately form CRH, final CRH is written in block head；The present invention is not in the case of changing currently without key signature infrastructure framework, the authentication of KSI core layer nodes is completed using block chain, the open and clear property of Calendar hash account books is ensured, and it is long to solve current CRH release cycles, publication medium lack it is credible, the problem of be not easy to recognize and handle.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Technology On Data Encryption, more particularly, to it is a kind of based on block chain without key signature infrastructure structure
Construction method.
Background technology
In recent years, with system destruction, information stealth and electronics cheat based on internaling attack, because it is disguised strong,
Destructive big characteristic, serious threat is caused to personal and enterprise or even national security.Traditional solution, such as it is lasting
The measures such as monitoring, data encryption, deployment and maintenance cost are high, and with the increasing of mobile device and pluggable storage facility
Many, the difficulty for solving to internal attack by traditional safety approach is growing day by day.
To solve the above problems, most basic effective manner is to ensure that the illegal record used of digital asset can not be more
Change.KSI （Keyless Signature Infrastructure, no key signature infrastructure）Exactly such a basis
Facility, it can detect the change state of digital asset and these information are submitted into further audit and investigated：Not only for
Digital asset state provides real-time certification, prevents the loss of data, and the detection for also carrying out rogue activity for validated user is provided
Deposit card.
It is different from traditional endorsement method（Such as PKI uses asymmetric encryption mode）, KSI adds only with Hash
Close mode, thus system not by Key Exposure the problems such as influenceed, so as to ensure the long-term effectiveness of digital signature.Compare
Under, even if traditional PKI signatures add safety time and stab this safeguard, Key Exposure still can not be solved the problems, such as.
Certainly, " no key " is not meant to during signature is produced without using any key：In KSI, the identity of signer
Certification is two separate processes with the protection of integrality evidence, and for authentication, key is still indispensable, that is, signs
Person's authentication is completed based on asymmetric encryption；And the integrity protection of data then uses no key signature.
Workflow without key signature infrastructure can be summarized as three steps：Hash, polymerization and issue
1) Hash：File is carried out Hash by client, and the cryptographic Hash of generation represents this document in itself during follow-up；
2) it polymerize：The Hash tree formed in each cycle represents the All Files of stage signature.Each cycle in current system
It is defaulted as 1 second；
3) issue：The root of the Hash tree formed in each cycle is published in distributed calendar hash databases,
KSI use can preserve a copy per family；Cryptographic Hash in hash calendar further forms Hash tree, its root cryptographic Hash
（Calendar Root Hash, CRH）, then it is distributed in the media such as newspaper, microblogging, is used as trust anchor.Currently, CRH
Release cycle is one month.
KSI uses any one data submitted in Hash tree polymerization technique, system " can trace to its source ".Such as Fig. 1
Shown, user sends the cryptographic Hash of a file, it is assumed that be X1, and all requests received are polymerized to a Hash
Tree, returns to the fullpath then contained in the signature of user from leaf node to root node.In order to prove X3Integrality,
Need to utilize X4 、X12And X58Root cryptographic Hash is regenerated, to prove that X3 take part in the generation of root node.
The cryptographic Hash for the digital asset submitted for each user, all existence anduniquess is corresponding " hash chain "：Bag
A series of Hash needed for root node in calendar hash databases is constructed as digital asset Hash value node are contained
Value and its calculating path.The signature that KSI returns to user contains hash chain, the encryption certificate for time of signing, digital asset Kazakhstan
Uncommon value submitter's identity.No matter when and where, by accessing Calendar hash databases, number can just be verified using signature
According to integrality.
KSI infrastructure is mainly comprising four parts：Core layer（Core layer）, polymer layer（Aggregator）, test
Demonstrate,prove server（Verfier）And gateway（Gateway）.The function of each several part is as follows：
1) core layer：The root of the Hash tree of formation per second is selected, calendar hash databases are managed；
2) polymer layer：It polymerize cryptographic Hash and distribution is signed；
3) authentication server:There is provided the common interface for accessing calendar hash database positionings.
4) gateway：Gateway is the component at curstomer-oriented end in KSI infrastructure, is responsible for collecting and handles what client was sent
Request, and the request after polymerization is sent to upper strata cluster.
However, the defect for three aspects that current KSI is present：
（1）Core layer selects the root of the Hash tree of formation per second in KSI, and is issued in Calendar hash databases
In, the authoritative account book that the data in the database will be signed as client validation, but lack centralization Calendar at present
The trusted mechanism of hash databases.
（2）CRH issue lacks high efficiency, and release cycle is monthly, CRH can only ensure that its issuing time stabs it
The validity of preceding data, it is impossible to meet fine-grained integrity certification demand.
（3）In KSI CRH publication channel be newspaper, forum and microblog, wherein for papery media need into
Row manual identified and processing；And issue is then easy to the attack pair of referred to as attacker in the data of the platform such as forum and microblogging
As.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to propose to a kind of KSI core layers based on block chain and issue layer building method, do not changing
In the case of currently without key signature infrastructure framework, the authentication of KSI core layer nodes is completed using block chain, is ensured
The open and clear property of Calendar hash account books, and solve that current CRH release cycles are long, publication medium lacks credible
Property, the problem of be not easy to recognize and handle.
In order to realize the purpose of the present invention, spy proposes following technical scheme：
It is a kind of based on block chain without key signature infrastructure construction method, the construction method includes step：
1）Client submits data or the cryptographic Hash of file to gateway layer；
2）The cryptographic Hash of the submission of client is collected and handled to gateway layer, and aggregates into Merkle tree；
3）Gateway layer sends the Merkle tree of formation root cryptographic Hash to polymer layer；
4）The root cryptographic Hash that polymer layer server process gateway layer is sent, and it is added to Merkle tree；
5）Polymerization stratum server sends the root cryptographic Hash of formation to core layer；
6）Core stratum server receives cryptographic Hash and polymerization that polymer layer is submitted by being accessed after authentication in block chain network
Into Merkle tree；
7）The Merkle tree formed in time per second root cryptographic Hash, i.e. Calendar hash are passed through OP_ by core layer
RETURN <Calendar hash>In form insertion transaction script OP_RERURN, and by transaction issue in block chain network；
8）Miner collects the Transaction Information in block chain network, builds Merkle tree, CRH is written in block head；
9）Client will receive the signature that each stratum server is successively returned, and the numeral money submitted by user is contained in the signature
Production Hash value node constructs a series of cryptographic Hash needed for CRH and its calculates path, and user has been downloaded into this by accessing
The block data on ground, utilizes the integrality of Signature verification data.
In the step 7, the root cryptographic Hash that convergence-level is formed is embedded in OP_ by core layer node by authentication
In RETURN transaction scripts, and issue is traded by broadcast in block chain network, and is finally packaged into block, formed
KSI Calendar hash account books.
In the step 8, miner extracts the content Calendar hash in OP_RETURN in transaction, for Merkle
Tree structure, the root cryptographic Hash CRH ultimately formed.
In the step 8, miner is competed by mechanism of knowing together or the book keeping operation of distribution block is weighed, and when adjusting the production of block
Between, i.e. CRH release cycle forms the KSI issue layer architectures based on block chain.
The technique effect of the present invention：
1st, the root cryptographic Hash that convergence-level is formed is embedded in OP_RETURN transaction scripts by core layer node by authentication,
And broadcasted in block chain network, and block is finally packaged into, form a kind of open, transparent, believable KSI
Calendar hash account books, compared to traditional without key signature infrastructure, the Calendar hash accounts based on block chain
Originally solve the credibility of core layer node identity, and account book open and clear property；
2nd, by the mechanism of knowing together, publisher node（Miner）Competition or the book keeping operation power of distribution block, while being adjusted by mechanism of knowing together
The production time of block, namely CRH release cycle, solve the problem of CRH release cycles are long in traditional KSI；
3rd, CRH is recorded only in block head, and user downloads lightweight block data（That is a download area build）, you can realize CRH
Backup, solve in traditional KSI publication medium lack it is credible, the problem of be not easy to recognize and handle.
4th, compared to the single data integrity proof system based on block chain, KSI and block chain combination are caused into system
Handling capacity and autgmentability are stronger, are more suitable for large-scale industrial application, and it is minimum to calculate power, storage and network load demand.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 Hash tree polymerization process examples；
Fig. 2 is without cryptographic Hash polymerization and issuing process in key signature infrastructure based on block chain；
Fig. 3 is the workflow without key signature infrastructure based on block chain.
Embodiment
For the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention are more clearly understood, below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments,
The present invention is described in more detail.
N block chains
Block chain is any number of nodes in a kind of recording technique of decentralization, participation system, in a period of time system
The data of full detail exchange, a block is recorded by the method for cryptography, while generating the fingerprint of the block is used for chain
Connect next area's block sum check.System is all to be participated in nodes to assert record jointly and verify, it is common assert record whether be it is true, together
When each node can replicate the copy for obtaining a complete documentation.Compared with traditional book keeping operation technology, its feature is as follows：
1) chain that system node is safeguarded jointly constantly increases, and is only possible to addition record, and the record occurred can not all be distorted；
2) decentralization, multicenter, can reach common understanding without the control of concentration in other words；
3) ensure that transaction can not be denied and destroyed by the mechanism of cryptography, and protect the privacy of user profile and record;
In numerous block chain business applications, bit coin block platform chain its by extensive infrastructure and powerful network effect
Should, it is considered as turning into the bottom of block chain field standard at last.
In bit coin, the block for constituting block chain is a kind of container data structures for having polymerize Transaction Information.It is by one
The individual block head comprising metadata and immediately after composition block main body a lot of transaction composition.Block head is 80 bytes,
And average each transaction is at least 250 bytes, and average each block comprises at least the transaction more than 500.Therefore, a bag
Intact block containing All Activity is 1000 times also bigger than block head.
Wherein, block head is made up of three groups of block metadata.It is the data of one group of reference father's block cryptographic Hash, this group first
Metadata is used to the block with previous block in block chain being connected.Second group metadata, i.e. difficulty, timestamp and nonce,
Related to digging ore deposit competition, third element data are Merkle tree roots（A kind of number for being used for effectively summarizing All Activity in block
According to structure）.
N Merkle trees
Merkle trees are a kind of Hash binary trees, and it is a kind of data for being used as quick conclusion and verification large-scale data integrality
Structure.This binary tree includes cryptographic hash.It is a kind of with branch that term " tree " is often used to description in Computer Subject
Data structure, but tree be usually squeezed display, " root " the top of figure simultaneously " leaf " in the bottom of figure.
In bit coin network, Merkle trees are used to conclude the All Activity in a block, are handed over while generation is whole
The digital finger-print easily gathered, and verify the high effective way that block whether there is certain transaction there is provided a kind of.Generation one is complete
Merkle trees are needed recursively to Hash node to carrying out Hash, and newly-generated Hash node is inserted into Merkle trees,
Until only remaining a Hash node, the node is exactly the root of Merkle trees.Used twice in the Merkle trees of bit coin
SHA256 algorithms, therefore its cryptographic hashing algorithm is also referred to as double-SHA256.
N merchandises
The transaction of bit coin is most important part in bit coin system.One bit coin transaction is one and contains input value and output
The data structure of value, the data structure is implanted a fund from initial point（Input value）It is transferred to destination address（Output valve）
Code information.The base unit of bit coin transaction is UTXO（Without the transaction output used）.By transaction consumption
UTXO is referred to as transaction input, is referred to as transaction output by the UTXO of transaction creation.In this way, a certain amount of bit coin
Value is shifted between the different owners, and is consumed and establishment UTXO in chain transaction.One bit coin transaction is by using institute
The signature for the person of having unlocks UTXO, and is locked by using the bit coin address of the new owner and create UTXO. when one
The transaction of bit coin is when being verified, the unblock script in each input value by corresponding locking script simultaneously（It does not interfere with each other
Ground）Perform, so as to check whether this transaction meets use condition.
In current several standards transaction script, OP_RETURN scripts allow developer to increase by 40 in transaction output
The nontransaction data of byte.Then, different from the UTXO of pseudo- trade type, OP_RETURN is created and a kind of can clearly checked
Nontransaction type output, such data need not be stored in UTXO collection.OP_RETURN outputs are recorded on block chain, and they can disappear
Disk space is consumed, the increase of block chain scale is also resulted in, but they are not stored in UTXO concentrations, therefore will not also cause UTXO
Internal memory expands, and more cost will not be saved as in of a high price full node is all can't bear the heavy load to consume.
The pattern of OP_RETURN scripts：
OP_RETURN <data>
" data " is partly restricted to 40 bytes, and presents in a hashed form more, and such as the SHA256 algorithms of 32 bytes are exported.It is many
Using all before it plus prefix with aid in assert.For example, prefix of the testimonial material of electronics Fair services using 8 bytes
" DOCPROOF ", in hexadecimal algorithm, corresponding ASCII character is 44f4350524f4f46.
The present invention consider introduce block chain technology, design it is a kind of based on block chain technology without key signature infrastructure,
To solve the problem of tradition exists without key signature infrastructure.
Fig. 2 illustrates the data or file cryptographic Hash of client submission by polymerizeing layer by layer, ultimately forms Calendar
Hash is issued in block chain network and is formed CRH process；Fig. 3 is the work without key signature infrastructure based on block chain
Make flow.As shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the workflow without key infrastructure of the invention based on block chain is divided into the following steps：
The first step, client submits data or the cryptographic Hash of file to gateway layer；
The cryptographic Hash of the submission of client is collected and handled to second step, gateway layer, and aggregates into Merkle tree；
3rd step, gateway layer sends the Merkle tree of formation root cryptographic Hash to polymer layer；
4th step, the root cryptographic Hash that polymer layer server process gateway layer is sent, and it is added to Merkle tree；
5th step, polymerization stratum server sends the root cryptographic Hash of formation to core layer；
6th step, core stratum server receives the cryptographic Hash that polymer layer is submitted by being accessed after authentication in block chain network
And aggregate into Merkle tree；
7th step, core layer is by the Merkle tree formed in the time per second root cryptographic Hash, i.e. Calendar hash are embedded
Merchandise in script OP_RERURN, form is as follows：
OP_RETURN <Calendar hash>
And by transaction issue in block chain network；
8th step, miner's (issue node layer of competition book keeping operation power) collects the Transaction Information in block chain network, builds Merkle
Tree, different from the building method of Merkle tree in bit coin, in the present invention, miner need to only extract OP_ in transaction
Content in RETURN（Calendar hash）, for Merkle tree structure, the root cryptographic Hash ultimately formed is
CRH, so CRH will be written in block head；By the mechanism of knowing together, the book keeping operation power of miner's competition or distribution block, and pass through
Common recognition mechanism can adjust the production time of block, namely CRH release cycle；
9th step, client will receive the signature that each stratum server is successively returned, and contain what is submitted by user in the signature
Digital asset Hash value node constructs a series of cryptographic Hash needed for CRH and its calculates path.
Because CRH is recorded only in block head, user downloads lightweight block data（That is a download area build）, you can it is real
Existing CRH backup.User no matter when and where, can by access have been downloaded into local block data, utilize label
The integrality of name checking data, without the authoritative institution for relying on key and any centralization.
Particular embodiments described above, has been carried out further to the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effect
Describe in detail, should be understood that the specific embodiment that the foregoing is only the present invention, be not intended to limit the invention,
Within the spirit and principles of the invention, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements done etc., should be included in the present invention's
Within protection domain.
Claims (4)
1. it is a kind of based on block chain without key signature infrastructure construction method, it is characterised in that the construction method includes
Step：
1）Client submits data or the cryptographic Hash of file to gateway layer；
2）The cryptographic Hash of the submission of client is collected and handled to gateway layer, and aggregates into Merkle tree；
3）Gateway layer sends the Merkle tree of formation root cryptographic Hash to polymer layer；
4）The root cryptographic Hash that polymer layer server process gateway layer is sent, and it is added to Merkle tree；
5）Polymerization stratum server sends the root cryptographic Hash of formation to core layer；
6）Core stratum server receives cryptographic Hash and polymerization that polymer layer is submitted by being accessed after authentication in block chain network
Into Merkle tree；
7）The Merkle tree formed in time per second root cryptographic Hash, i.e. Calendar hash are passed through OP_ by core layer
RETURN <Calendar hash>In form insertion transaction script OP_RERURN, and by transaction issue in block chain network；
8）Miner collects the Transaction Information in block chain network, builds Merkle tree, CRH is written in block head；
9）Client will receive the signature that each stratum server is successively returned, and the numeral money submitted by user is contained in the signature
Production Hash value node constructs a series of cryptographic Hash needed for CRH and its calculates path, and user has been downloaded into this by accessing
The block data on ground, utilizes the integrality of Signature verification data.
2. construction method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step 7, core layer node is recognized by identity
Card, by the root cryptographic Hash that convergence-level is formed be embedded in OP_RETURN transaction script in, and in block chain network by broadcast into
Row transaction issue, and block is finally packaged into, form KSI Calendar hash account books.
3. construction method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that in the step 8, miner extracts OP_ in transaction
Content Calendar hash in RETURN, for Merkle tree structure, the root cryptographic Hash CRH ultimately formed.
4. construction method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that in the step 8, miner is competed by mechanism of knowing together
Or the book keeping operation power of distribution block, and the production time of block, i.e. CRH release cycle are adjusted, form the KSI hairs based on block chain
Cloth layer architecture.
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