CN106302839B - Internet protocol IP address allocation method and device - Google Patents

Internet protocol IP address allocation method and device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106302839B
CN106302839B CN201510240915.4A CN201510240915A CN106302839B CN 106302839 B CN106302839 B CN 106302839B CN 201510240915 A CN201510240915 A CN 201510240915A CN 106302839 B CN106302839 B CN 106302839B
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network
network card
address
client
cpe
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CN106302839A (en
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高飞
刘威
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ZTE Corp
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ZTE Corp
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Priority to PCT/CN2015/091292 priority patent/WO2016179950A1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/50Address allocation
    • H04L61/5007Internet protocol [IP] addresses
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/50Address allocation
    • H04L61/5038Address allocation for local use, e.g. in LAN or USB networks, or in a controller area network [CAN]

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a method and a device for distributing an Internet Protocol (IP) address, wherein the method comprises the following steps: dividing a physical network card inside Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) into a first preset mode of a first logic network card and a second logic network card; when a client requests to access the CPE, the private network IP address of the CPE is distributed to the client through a first network bridge connected with a first logic network card, or the public network IP address is distributed to the client through a second network bridge connected with a second logic network card. By the method and the device, the problem that the client cannot access the resources in the Router product in the related technology is solved, and the experience effect of the user is improved.

Description

Internet protocol IP address allocation method and device
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of communication, in particular to a method and a device for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
Background
With the rapid development of the internet, especially the rapid development and popularization of 3G/4G and WLAN services, Customer Premise EquIPment (CPE) devices are used as a relatively portable communication terminal, and can provide a network access function for one or more users. For a common user, after the CPE dials successfully and accesses the CPE to obtain an allocated private network IP (such as 192.168.0.100), the Internet can be accessed. For enterprise-level users, after accessing the CPE, a public network IP address (e.g., 74.125.239.15) allocated by the network side after the CPE dials successfully is obtained, instead of a private network IP address allocated by the CPE, so as to implement enterprise-level application, where the CPE serves as a bridge for connecting a network card at the wan side and a network cable card. In order to meet the needs of enterprise-class users, the CPE is conventionally used as a HUB so that a client accessing a CPE product directly applies an IP address to a fixed network, and the CPE is said to be in a "conventional bridge mode" state at this time. However, the conventional bridge model has the following problems: all the clients (including part of non-enterprise users) accessing the CPE cannot access the CPE intranet resources because the clients acquire the IP addresses allocated by the public network instead of the IP addresses allocated by the Router product, and the Router product does not process the data packets at this time. At this time, it is assumed that the intranet has some video resources available for access, but the client acquires the public network IP address, so that the intranet resources cannot be accessed. (ii) a The traditional bridge mode is switched to other modes, the IP address needs to be manually specified, and the like, so that the complicated operation is required, and the user experience is not good.
In view of the above problems in the related art, no effective solution has been proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a method and a device for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address, so as to at least solve the problems that a client cannot access resources in a Router product and the public network IP address is difficult to allocate to the client in the related art.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an internet protocol IP address allocation method, including: dividing a physical network card inside Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) into a first preset mode of a first logic network card and a second logic network card; when a client requests to access the CPE, a private network IP address of the CPE is distributed to the client through a first network bridge connected with the first logic network card, or a public network IP address is distributed to the client through a second network bridge connected with the second logic network card.
Further, the second network bridge is connected with a WAN side network card of a wide area network, and allocating a public network IP address to the client through the second network bridge connected with the second logical network card includes: receiving a request for applying for a public network IP address sent by the client; and acquiring the public network IP from the WAN side network card through the second network bridge according to the request, and distributing the public network IP to the client through the second logic network card.
Further, the first logical network card comprises: the device comprises a network cable network card and a wireless fidelity (WIFI) network card.
Further, after the first logical network card allocates the private network IP address of the CPE to the client, or after the second logical network card allocates the public network IP address to the client, the method further includes: when a request for switching the current preset mode, sent by a user through the client, is received, the client is triggered to access a web application user interface webUI of the CPE according to the private network IP address; and restarting the CPE after triggering and executing the operation corresponding to the request on the webUI.
Further, before the first preset mode that divides the physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into the first logical network card and the second logical network card, the method further includes: and selecting the first preset mode from a plurality of preset modes for initialization.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for allocating an IP address, including: the system comprises a dividing module, a first switching module and a second switching module, wherein the dividing module is used for dividing a physical network card inside Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) into a first preset mode of a first logic network card and a second logic network card; and the distribution module is used for distributing the private network IP address of the CPE to the client through a first network bridge connected with the first logic network card or distributing the public network IP address to the client through a second network bridge connected with the second logic network card when the client requests to access the CPE.
Further, the allocation module includes: a receiving unit, configured to receive a request for applying for a public network IP address sent by the client; and the distribution unit is used for acquiring the public network IP from the WAN side network card through the second network bridge according to the request and distributing the public network IP to the client through the second logic network card.
Further, the first logical network card comprises: the device comprises a network cable network card and a wireless fidelity (WIFI) network card.
Further, after the first logical network card allocates the private network IP address of the CPE to the client, or after the second logical network card allocates the public network IP address to the client, the apparatus further includes: the triggering module is used for triggering the client to access a webpage application program user interface webUI of the CPE according to the private network IP address when receiving a request which is sent by a user through the client and used for switching a current preset mode; and the restarting module is used for restarting the CPE after triggering and executing the operation corresponding to the request on the webUI.
Further, before dividing a physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into a first preset mode of a first logical network card and a second logical network card, the apparatus further includes: and selecting the first preset mode from a plurality of preset modes for initialization.
According to the invention, the physical network card inside the CPE is divided into the first logic network card and the second logic network card, and the intranet IP address and the public network IP address are respectively distributed to the client through the two logic network cards, so that the problem that the client cannot access the resources in the Router product in the related technology is solved, and the experience effect of the user is improved.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention without limiting the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a flowchart of an allocation method of an internet protocol IP address according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a block diagram of a configuration of an internet protocol IP address allocation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a block diagram one of an alternative structure of an apparatus for allocating an internet protocol IP address according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a block diagram of an alternative configuration of an internet protocol IP address assignment apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a 4G gateway mode bridge architecture of the related art;
fig. 6 is a block diagram of a CPE internal Bridge structure in LTE-Bridge mode in an alternative embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
In this embodiment, a method for allocating an IP address is provided, and fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for allocating an IP address according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, the flowchart includes the following steps:
step S102: dividing a physical network card inside Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) into a first preset mode of a first logic network card and a second logic network card;
step S104: when a client requests to access the CPE, the private network IP address of the CPE is distributed to the client through a first network bridge connected with a first logic network card, or the public network IP address is distributed to the client through a second network bridge connected with a second logic network card.
Through the steps S102 and S104 in this embodiment, the physical network card inside the CPE is divided into the first logical network card and the second logical network card, and the two logical network cards are used to respectively allocate the intranet IP address and the public network IP address to the client, so that the problem that the client cannot access the resources in the Router product in the related art is solved, and the user experience effect is improved.
For the second bridge involved in this embodiment is connected to the WAN side network card of the wide area network, therefore, in this embodiment, the manner of allocating the public network IP address to the client through the second bridge connected to the second logical network card in step S104 may be implemented in the following manner:
step S11: receiving a request for applying for a public network IP address sent by a client;
step S12: and acquiring a public network IP from the WAN side network card through the second network bridge according to the request, and distributing the public network IP to the client through the second logic network card.
In an application scenario of this embodiment, the manner of step S11 and step S12 may specifically be: after the dialing is successful, the CPE responds to the received request for applying the IP address sent by the client, and a second logic network card of the network card currently connected with the enterprise-level client and a network side network card are in the same local area network, so that the broadcast request for applying the IP address sent by the enterprise-level client reaches the network side network card through the second logic network card and then reaches the network side through the network side network card, and the network side distributes the public network IP address for the client after receiving the request for applying the IP address, thereby realizing the purpose that the CPE distributes the public network IP address for the client.
In another optional implementation manner of this embodiment, the first logical network card involved in this embodiment includes: the device comprises a network cable network card and a wireless fidelity (WIFI) network card. Namely, a WIFI user and a network cable user access to the CPE through the WIFI network card and the network cable card respectively, the two network cards are mounted under the same bridge, and the client obtains the private IP address allocated by the CPE.
In order to solve the problem that the conventional bridge mode is complicated to switch to another mode, in this embodiment, after the first logical network card allocates a private network IP address of the CPE to the client, or after the second logical network card allocates a public network IP address to the client, the method of this embodiment further includes:
step S21: when a request for switching the current preset mode, which is sent by a user through a client, is received, the client is triggered to access a web application user interface webUI of the CPE according to a private network IP address;
step S22: and restarting the CPE after triggering and executing the operation corresponding to the request on the webUI.
It can be known from the above steps S21 and S22 that the mode switching is completed by automatically restarting the device after the client is accessed to the CPE through the WIFI network card or inserted into the network port of the CPE intranet through the network cable card, and the corresponding operation is performed on the webUI, so that professional and cumbersome operations such as logging in the CPE webUI by accessing the client to the CPE manually by specifying the IP address through the network cable in the "traditional bridge mode" are eliminated.
In addition, before dividing the physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into a first preset mode of a first logical network card and a second logical network card, the method of this embodiment further includes: a first preset mode is selected from a plurality of preset modes for initialization. That is, after the CPE device is turned on, it needs to perform mode determination, and perform different initialization operations for different modes.
In this embodiment, an apparatus for allocating an internet protocol IP address is further provided, where the apparatus is used to implement the foregoing embodiment and optional embodiments, and details are not repeated for what has been described. As used hereinafter, the terms "module" and "unit" may be a combination of software and/or hardware that implements a predetermined function. Although the means described in the embodiments below are preferably implemented in software, an implementation in hardware, or a combination of software and hardware is also possible and contemplated.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a configuration of an apparatus for allocating an internet protocol IP address according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 2, the apparatus including: the dividing module 22 is configured to divide a physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into a first preset mode of a first logical network card and a second preset mode of a second logical network card; and the allocating module 24 is coupled to the dividing module 22 and configured to allocate a private network IP address of the CPE to the client through a first network bridge connected to the first logical network card when the client requests to access the CPE, or allocate a public network IP address to the client through a second network bridge connected to the second logical network card.
Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing an alternative structure of an apparatus for allocating an IP address according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 3, the allocating module 24 includes: a receiving unit 32, configured to receive a request for applying for a public network IP address sent by a client; and the distribution unit 34 is coupled to the receiving unit 32, and is configured to obtain the public network IP from the WAN-side network card through the second network bridge according to the request, and distribute the public network IP to the client through the second logical network card.
It should be noted that, the first logical network card involved in this embodiment includes: the device comprises a network cable network card and a wireless fidelity (WIFI) network card.
Fig. 4 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of an apparatus for allocating an IP address of an internet protocol according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 4, after allocating a private network IP address of a CPE to a client through a first logical network card, or allocating a public network IP address to the client through a second logical network card, the apparatus further includes: the triggering module 42 is coupled with the allocating module 24, and is configured to trigger the client to access the web application user interface webUI of the CPE according to the private IP address when receiving a request for switching the current preset mode, which is sent by the user through the client; and a restart module 44, coupled to the trigger module 42, configured to restart the CPE after triggering execution of an operation corresponding to the request on the webUI.
Optionally, before the first preset mode that divides the physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into the first logical network card and the second logical network card, the apparatus further includes: a first preset mode is selected from a plurality of preset modes for initialization.
The invention will now be illustrated with reference to an alternative embodiment thereof;
the optional embodiment provides a new mode 'LTE-Bridge mode' for meeting different requirements of common consumers and enterprise-level users, and meanwhile, the mode switching is more humanized and the user experience is better.
The LTE-Bridge mode simultaneously satisfies the condition that under the condition that partial network cable users access the CPE to obtain public network IP addresses and can access the outer network, the service which can only access intranet resources (such as access webUI) can still be provided for other clients accessing the CPE, and at the moment, the structure diagram of the internal network Bridge of the CPE under the 4G gateway mode needs to be reformed;
fig. 5 is a block diagram of a 4G gateway mode bridge structure in the related art: as shown in FIG. 5, after the CPE dials successfully, the module assigns the IP address (e.g., 74.125.239.15) obtained from the public network base station to the WAN-side network card usb0 of the large board; WIFI users and network cable users access to the CPE through network cards ra0 and eth2 respectively, two network cards ra0 and eth2 are mounted under the same bridge br0, and the client obtains a private IP (such as 192.168.0.100) distributed by the CPE. When the user accesses the external network, the private network IP data packet arrives at br0, the CPE carries out NAT conversion, and the private IP address 192.168.0.100 is converted into a public network IP address: 74.125.239.15 are then sent to the extranet to enable access to the network.
The network Bridge structure can only allocate private IP addresses to clients through the CPE, and because the public network IP addresses on the network side cannot be allocated to the clients, the requirements of enterprise-level users are not met, and the network Bridge structure needs to be modified, as shown in fig. 6, which is a block diagram of the internal network Bridge structure of the CPE in the LTE-Bridge mode according to an optional embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 6, first, one physical network card eth2 is divided into two logical different network cards eth2.1 and eth2.2 according to ports through a VLAN technology, where eth2.1 is used for accessing clients that can only access intranet resources of the CPE, and eth2.2 is used for accessing clients that can access extranet resources.
Fig. 6 reserves the bridge used for accessing intranet resources like br0 in fig. 5, and meanwhile, two network cards ra0 and eth2.1 mounted under br0 are respectively used for accessing wifi users and network cable users to form a local area network. However, unlike fig. 5, fig. 6 omits the path from the bridge br0 to the network card usb0 on the wan side, which means that users accessing through ra0 and eth2.1 cannot access the extranet resources, but only access the internal resources of the CPE, which satisfies the requirement that some users can access the intranet resources (e.g., open webUI) at any time.
On the other hand, the CPE device is to be able to provide an internet access service for a client accessing the CPE, and particularly, for an enterprise-level user, the accessed enterprise-level client (e.g., Cisco router) obtains a public network IP address allocated by a base station after the CPE successfully dials, so that a network bridge card br1 is newly added, and wan side network card usb0 and another network card eth2.2 connected to the CPE are mounted under the same network bridge br1, so that eth2.2 and usb0 form another lan. After the dialing is successful, the module of the CPE serves as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server in the IP allocation process, and responds after receiving a request for an IP address from the client. The network cards eth2.2 and usb0 which are currently connected with the enterprise-level client are in the same local area network, so that a broadcast request for applying for the IP sent by the enterprise-level client reaches wan side network card usb0 through eth2.2, and then reaches the module through usb0, and the module allocates the public network IP for the client after receiving the request for applying for the IP, thereby realizing the purpose that the CPE allocates the public network IP address for the enterprise-level client. After obtaining the public network IP, the client can not only normally access the network, but also realize the related application of the enterprise router.
In addition, when a user wants to switch the CPE from the "LTE-Bridge mode" to another mode, the user only needs to access the client to the CPE through WIFI or insert the client into a portal (corresponding to eth2.2 network card in fig. 6) accessing an intranet of the CPE through a network cable, perform a corresponding operation on the webUI, and then automatically restart the device to complete the mode switching, thereby omitting professional and cumbersome operations such as manually designating an IP by accessing the client to the CPE through the network cable in the "traditional Bridge mode" to log in the CPE webUI.
The following describes in detail the method steps of allocating a public network IP address in a bridging manner according to this optional embodiment, where the method steps include:
step S202: after the device is started, mode judgment is carried out, and different initialization work is carried out aiming at an LTE-Bridge mode and other modes (including a 4G gateway mode, a traditional Bridge mode and the like).
It should be noted that the alternative embodiment is discussed in detail in the LTE-Bridge mode, and other modes are not discussed in detail.
Step S204: for the LTE-bridge mode, bridge configuration is performed as shown in fig. 6, and two bridge network cards br0 and br1 are configured first, where two network cards ra0 and eth2.1 mounted under br0, and a user accessing through the two network cards can only access internal resources of the CPE; two network cards usb0 and eth2.2 are mounted under br1, wherein usb0 is a CPE wan side network card, and a client accessed through eth2.2 obtains an IP address allocated to a public network after the CPE dials successfully to surf the internet. The eth2.1 network card corresponds to the equipment shell and is marked with a network cable socket of the LAN, and the eth2.2 network card corresponds to the network cable socket marked with the LAN/WAN on the equipment shell.
Step S206: the CPE dials successfully, and the dialing action is finished by logging in a webUI of the CPE by a user accessing the CPE through wifi or eth2.1 network card.
Step S208: after the dialing is successful, for the LTE-Bridge mode, only the user accessed through the eth2.2 network card can access the external network resources, and the user accessed through the WIFI and the user accessed through the eth2.1 network card can only access the internal network resources.
Step S210: if the user needs to complete the mode switching, the mode switching can be completed only by logging in the webUI through the client capable of logging in the webUI, and the mode switching is successful after the equipment is restarted.
As can be seen from the manner adopted in the embodiment described above, 1) the purpose of allocating the public network IP to the client is achieved, and the needs of enterprise-level users are met. Namely, a network card and a network card at the wan side of the CPE are mounted under the same network bridge to form a local area network, so that the aim of directly applying for an IP from a module of the CPE by a client and obtaining a public network IP is fulfilled. 2) While realizing distributing public network IP for some customer ends, can distribute private network IP for other customer ends, have met the goal that other users visit the intranet resource of CPE; namely, the wifi network card and the network cable network card are mounted under the same network bridge to form another local area network, and the IP address of the network bridge is configured to be the gateway address of the CPE, so that the purpose that part of users access the intranet resources of the CPE is achieved. 3) The switching between different modes is more convenient, and the user experience is better. Under the LTE-Bridge mode, the client can access to the inner network of the CPE through wifi or a network cable to obtain the inner network IP distributed by the CPE, so that the client logs in the webUI to switch the mode. Therefore, tedious operations such as manually specifying an IP address in the traditional bridge mode are avoided, and user experience is better.
In another embodiment, a software is provided, and the software is used for executing the technical solutions described in the above embodiments and optional implementation manners.
In another embodiment, a storage medium is provided, in which the software is stored, and the storage medium includes but is not limited to: optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, erasable memory, etc.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the modules or steps of the present invention described above may be implemented by a general purpose computing device, they may be centralized on a single computing device or distributed across a network of multiple computing devices, and alternatively, they may be implemented by program code executable by a computing device, such that they may be stored in a storage device and executed by a computing device, and in some cases, the steps shown or described may be performed in an order different than that described herein, or they may be separately fabricated into individual integrated circuit modules, or multiple ones of them may be fabricated into a single integrated circuit module. Thus, the present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.
The above description is only an alternative embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and variations of the present invention may occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for assigning an internet protocol IP address, comprising:
dividing a physical network card inside Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) into a first preset mode of a first logic network card and a second logic network card; the first logic network card is used for distributing the private network IP address of the CPE, and the second logic network card is used for distributing the public network IP address;
when a client requests to access the CPE, a private network IP address of the CPE is distributed to the client through a first network bridge connected with the first logic network card, or a public network IP address is distributed to the client through a second network bridge connected with the second logic network card.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second network bridge is connected to a Wide Area Network (WAN) side network card, and wherein assigning a public network IP address to the client via the second network bridge connected to the second logical network card comprises:
receiving a request for applying for a public network IP address sent by the client;
and acquiring the public network IP from the WAN side network card through the second network bridge according to the request, and distributing the public network IP to the client through the second logic network card.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first logical network card comprises: the device comprises a network cable network card and a wireless fidelity (WIFI) network card.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein after allocating the private network IP address of the CPE to the client via the first logical network card, or allocating the public network IP address to the client via the second logical network card, the method further comprises:
when a request for switching the current preset mode, sent by a user through the client, is received, the client is triggered to access a web application user interface webUI of the CPE according to the private network IP address;
and restarting the CPE after triggering and executing the operation corresponding to the request on the webUI.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the first preset mode of dividing the physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into the first logical network card and the second logical network card, the method further comprises:
and selecting the first preset mode from a plurality of preset modes for initialization.
6. An apparatus for assigning an Internet Protocol (IP) address, comprising:
the system comprises a dividing module, a first switching module and a second switching module, wherein the dividing module is used for dividing a physical network card inside Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) into a first preset mode of a first logic network card and a second logic network card; the first logic network card is used for distributing the private network IP address of the CPE, and the second logic network card is used for distributing the public network IP address;
and the distribution module is used for distributing the private network IP address of the CPE to the client through a first network bridge connected with the first logic network card or distributing the public network IP address to the client through a second network bridge connected with the second logic network card when the client requests to access the CPE.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the second bridge is connected to a Wide Area Network (WAN) -side network card, and wherein the distribution module comprises:
a receiving unit, configured to receive a request for applying for a public network IP address sent by the client;
and the distribution unit is used for acquiring the public network IP from the WAN side network card through the second network bridge according to the request and distributing the public network IP to the client through the second logic network card.
8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first logical network card comprises: the device comprises a network cable network card and a wireless fidelity (WIFI) network card.
9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein after the first logical network card allocates the private network IP address of the CPE to the client or the second logical network card allocates the public network IP address to the client, the apparatus further comprises:
the triggering module is used for triggering the client to access a webpage application program user interface webUI of the CPE according to the private network IP address when receiving a request which is sent by a user through the client and used for switching a current preset mode;
and the restarting module is used for restarting the CPE after triggering and executing the operation corresponding to the request on the webUI.
10. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein before the first preset mode of dividing the physical network card inside the customer premises equipment CPE into the first logical network card and the second logical network card, the apparatus further comprises:
and selecting the first preset mode from a plurality of preset modes for initialization.
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