CN105939267A - Out-of-band management method and device - Google Patents
Out-of-band management method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN105939267A CN105939267A CN201510648635.7A CN201510648635A CN105939267A CN 105939267 A CN105939267 A CN 105939267A CN 201510648635 A CN201510648635 A CN 201510648635A CN 105939267 A CN105939267 A CN 105939267A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
- H04L45/745—Address table lookup; Address filtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/302—Route determination based on requested QoS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/58—Association of routers
- H04L45/586—Association of routers of virtual routers
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- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention provides an out-of-band management method and an out-of-band management device. The method is applied to a network device comprising at least an out-of-band management interface, and comprises the steps of according to a received foreign message, generating a local message; according to the source address of the local message, finding a pre-configured local strategy routing table; when a corresponding local strategy routing table entry is found, forwarding the local message to an out-of-band management network specified by the local strategy routing table entry; and when the corresponding local strategy routing table entry is not found, according to the target address of the local message, finding the a routing forwarding table, forwarding the local message to a business network according to the found routing forwarding table entry. With the application of the method provided by the embodiment of the invention, resources occupied by the local strategy routing table entry are much less than that occupied by a single VRF, thus a large amount of network device resources can be saved, and the stability of the network device is improved.
Description
Technical field
The application relates to network communication technology field, particularly relates to a kind of outband management method and device.
Background technology
Along with being continuously increased of network size and data service, networking is gradually improved, accordingly, to net
Network number of devices demand is increasing, and equipment machine room is distributed also relative distribution, therefore to a large amount of network equipments
Management and maintenance have become the emphasis that people currently pay close attention to.The most conventional outband management controls message for management
Transmitted by separate network with service message, it is generally the case that on the network equipment, have multiple band outer tube
Reason interface, when terminal unit sends access request message by outband management interface to the network equipment, network
The management that equipment returns controls message to be needed to be forwarded to, from this outband management interface, the outband management that this interface is corresponding
In network, and do not affect the forwarding to service message of this network equipment.
In prior art, the network equipment is that each outband management interface divides a single VRF (VPN
Routing and Forwarding, virtual flow-line forward), and be each single VRF add default route with
Gateway address, described VRF is for realizing the isolation with route forwarding table, and the acquiescence between each VRF
It route completely isolated, thus while the network equipment containing multiple outband management interfaces is carried out outband management
Do not affect the forwarding of service message.But owing to dividing a single VRF for each outband management interface,
In addition to adding default route and gateway address in each VRF, in addition it is also necessary to some other resource informations are set
(such as Routing Protocol, set of interfaces etc.), so can take substantial amounts of network equipment resource, affect network and set
Standby performance.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the application provides a kind of outband management method and device, to solve network in prior art
Equipment is that each outband management interface individually divides VRF, takies a large amount of network equipment resource, affects network and set
The problem of standby performance.
First aspect according to the embodiment of the present application, it is provided that a kind of outband management method, described method is applied to
On the network equipment containing at least one outband management interface, described method includes:
Local message is generated according to the incoming message received；
Source address according to described local message searches the local policy routing table being pre-configured with；
When finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, described local message is forwarded to local policy road
In the outband management network specified by list item；
When not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, according to the destination address of described local message
Search route forwarding table, described local message is forwarded to business network according to the route forwarding table items found
In.
Second aspect according to the embodiment of the present application, it is provided that a kind of outband management device, described device is applied to
On the network equipment containing at least one outband management interface, described device includes:
Signal generating unit, for generating local message according to the incoming message received；
First searches unit, for searching, according to the source address of described local message, the local policy being pre-configured with
Routing table；
First processing unit, for when finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, by described local report
Literary composition is forwarded in the outband management network that local policy route table items is specified；
Second processing unit, for when not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, according to described
The destination address of local message searches route forwarding table, by described local message according to the routing forwarding found
List item is forwarded in business network.
Application the embodiment of the present application, is each outband management interface configuration management port address of the network equipment in advance,
And be issued in local policy routing table；When the network equipment generates local message according to the incoming message received
And when being sent out, preferentially search the local policy routing table being pre-configured with, when the local plan finding correspondence
Slightly during route table items, described local message is forwarded in outband management network according to local policy route table items；
When not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, search route forwarding table, by described local message
It is forwarded in business network according to the route forwarding table items found, and the network equipment is received by business interface
Service message directly search route forwarding table, according to the route forwarding table items found by described service message
It is forwarded in business network.Owing to the network equipment is when being sent out the local message generated, according to different
Local policy route table items can distinguish different outband management interfaces and outband management network, and described
Ground policybased routing list item is simple a few rule, fewer than the resource that a single VRF takies a lot,
Therefore this implementation saves substantial amounts of network equipment resource, improves the stability of the network equipment.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the application scenarios schematic diagram that application the embodiment of the present application realizes outband management；
Fig. 2 is an embodiment flow chart of the application outband management method；
Fig. 3 is a kind of hardware structure diagram of the application outband management device place equipment；
Fig. 4 is an embodiment block diagram of the application outband management device.
Detailed description of the invention
For the technical scheme making those skilled in the art be more fully understood that in the embodiment of the present application, and make this
The application above-mentioned purpose of embodiment, feature and advantage can become apparent from understandable, below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to this Shen
Embodiment please be described in further detail technical scheme.
Shown in Figure 1, realize the application scenarios schematic diagram of outband management for application the embodiment of the present application:
Outband management network system is to integrate network centralized monitor, accident early warning, management and maintenance function
Dedicated management network system, use independent of the dedicated management network outside business network.Fig. 1 shows
Realize the application scenarios of outband management, wherein, the network equipment includes outband management interface and business interface
Two kinds of interface.Terminal unit can pass through long-range TELNET, SSH, and (Secure Shell, outside safety
Shell agreement), the mode that logs in of WEB page sets up network with the network equipment and is connected, by outband management interface
Accessing network equipment, described terminal unit is manipulated by manager, and the management that the network equipment returns controls message and (belongs to
In local message) can be forwarded in the outband management network that this interface is corresponding by this outband management interface, and
It is transferred to terminal unit through described outband management network, for manager the network equipment is managed and safeguards,
And this network equipment receives the service message that other network equipments are sent by business interface and (belongs to external report
Literary composition), by searching route forwarding table, described service message is forwarded in business network by business interface, and
Transmit to purpose terminal through business network.Therefore the network equipment forwards management to control report by outband management interface
Literary composition has no effect on the forwarding of service message.
Under normal circumstances, the network equipment has multiple outband management interface, owing to outband management network is special
Management network, when terminal unit is by the outband management interface accessing network equipment, the management that the network equipment returns
Control message to be forwarded in the outband management network that this interface is corresponding by described outband management interface.Existing
In some local policy routing implementation modes, local policy routing table is only responsible for forwarding local message, due to this
Ground policybased routing priority ratio commonly route height, (ratio when the local message that the network equipment self generates is sent out
Such as daily record message, protocol massages etc.), can preferentially search local policy routing table, when finding local policy road
During by list item, described local message is forwarded according to the local policy route table items found；When not having
When finding local policy route table items, then search route forwarding table and forward.
In sum, the application makes full use of the technical advantage of local policy route, by network devices
For each outband management interface configuration management port address, it is issued in local policy routing table, generates local plan
Slightly route table items；Terminal unit sends access request message by outband management interface to the network equipment and (belongs to
Incoming message), when the network equipment generates local message according to described access request message and is sent out, preferentially
Search local policy routing table, when finding local policy route table items, it is determined that described local message is
Management controls message, outside the band specify the local policy route table items that described local message is forwarded to find
In management network；When not finding local policy route table items, search route forwarding table, by described
Ground message is forwarded in business network according to the route forwarding table items found.Owing to the network equipment is to outgoing
When sending local message, according to different local policy route table items can distinguish different outband management interfaces and
Outband management network, and described local policy route table items is simple a few rule, than one individually
The resource that takies of VRF a lot of less, therefore this implementation saves substantial amounts of network equipment resource, improves
The stability of the network equipment.
Shown in Figure 2, for an embodiment flow chart of the application outband management method, this embodiment should
For the network equipment containing at least one outband management interface, comprise the following steps:
Step S201: generate local message according to the incoming message received.
Under normal circumstances, the network equipment can receive two kinds of incoming message: the first is terminal unit
The access request message sent by outband management interface；The second is that other network equipments pass through business interface
The service message sent.The incoming message network equipment for the first type can generate local message, i.e. manages
Reason controls message, is forwarded in outband management network by corresponding outband management interface, explains in detail such as step
Described in rapid S202；For the incoming message of the second type, such message will not be done any place by the network equipment
Reason, directly searches route forwarding table, is forwarded to industry according to the route forwarding table items found by business interface
In business network.
It should be noted that the network equipment is according to the service condition of self, also can automatically generate other kinds of
Local message, such as daily record message, protocol massages etc., therefore pass through when the network equipment receives terminal unit
The access request message that outband management interface sends, when generating local message, it is also possible to generate described above
The local message of type, such local message needs to be transmitted to corresponding server by business network
In.
Step S202: search the local policy routing table being pre-configured with according to the source address of described local message,
When finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, perform step S203, otherwise perform step S204.
In the optional implementation of one, the network equipment, when adding outband management function, can be in advance
Each outband management interface configuration outband management interface IP address, outband management interface and sensing outband management net
The gateway address of network.Such as, the outband management port address of configuration outband management interface 1 is 192.168.0.100,
Gateway address is 192.168.0.1；The outband management port address of configuration outband management interface 2 is 172.16.0.100,
Gateway address is 172.16.0.1.When the configuration take-effective that the network equipment is each outband management interface, it is issued to
In local policy routing table, automatically generate different local policy route table items, wherein local policy routing table
In source address correspondence outband management interface IP address；Outgoing interface is to should outband management interface；Gateway address pair
Should the gateway address of outband management interface, point to corresponding outband management network；IP due to terminal unit
Address is not fix, and often changes, so the destination address in the local policy routing table being pre-configured with does not has
Restricted.Ginseng is shown in Table 1, for a kind of exemplary local policy routing table.
| Source address | Outgoing interface | Gateway address | |
| Local policy route table items 1 | 192.168.0.100 | Outband management interface 1 | 192.168.0.1 |
| Local policy route table items 2 | 172.16.0.100 | Outband management interface 2 | 172.16.0.1 |
Table 1
When the local message generated is sent out by the network equipment, can preferentially search local policy routing table,
I.e. search described local policy routing table according to the source address of described local message, when finding described local report
During the source address of literary composition, it is determined that described local message controls message for management, obtains described source address corresponding
Local policy route table items, performs step S203；When not finding the source address of described local message,
Then determine that described local message is other kinds of local message, perform step S204.For example, it is assumed that work as net
When the source address of the local message that network equipment generates is 192.168.0.100, local policy routing table can be found
The source address of middle local policy route table items 1, then obtaining this source address is this locality corresponding for 192.168.0.100
Policybased routing list item 1；When the source address of the local message that the network equipment generates is 172.16.0.100, can look into
Find the source address of local policy route table items 2 in local policy routing table, then obtaining this source address is
172.16.0.100 corresponding local policy route table items 2；When network equipment transmission is other kinds of this locality
During message, in local policy routing table, it is impossible to find the local policy route table items of correspondence.
Step S203: described local message is forwarded to band outer tube according to the local policy route table items found
In reason network.
Described local message is forwarded to gateway address from the outgoing interface of local policy route table items and refers to by the network equipment
To outband management network in, as described in above-mentioned steps S202, it is assumed that when the network equipment generate local message
When finding local policy route table items 1, then outgoing interface (the band specified according to local policy route table items 1
Outer management interface 1), gateway address 192.168.0.1, message is forwarded to this gateway address from described outgoing interface
192.168.0.1 in the outband management network pointed to；The local message generated when the network equipment finds local plan
Slightly during route table items 2, then the outgoing interface (outband management interface 2) specified according to local policy route table items 2,
Gateway address 172.16.0.1, is forwarded to what this gateway address 172.16.0.1 pointed to by message from described outgoing interface
In outband management network.
Step S204: search route forwarding table, according to find according to the destination address of described local message
Described local message is forwarded in business network by route forwarding table items.
The local message generated when the network equipment does not find corresponding local plan in local policy routing table
Slightly during route table items, it is determined that described local message is other kinds of local message, according to described local report
The destination address of literary composition searches route forwarding table, and described route forwarding table includes destination network segment and destination network segment
The outgoing interface of association and next-hop ip address.When finding the destination address of described local message at some mesh
The network segment in time, obtain the route forwarding table items that described destination address is corresponding, i.e. obtain described destination address institute
At next-hop ip address and the outgoing interface of destination network segment association, described outgoing interface is business interface, by described
Ground message is forwarded to business network from the outgoing interface of this route forwarding table items, and transmission to next-hop ip address refers to
To the network equipment in, in the server that final transmission to destination address is pointed to.
Described in above-described embodiment, it is each outband management interface configuration management port address of the network equipment in advance,
And be issued in local policy routing table；When the network equipment generates local message according to the incoming message received
And when being sent out, preferentially search the local policy routing table being pre-configured with, when the local plan finding correspondence
Slightly during route table items, described local message is forwarded in outband management network according to local policy route table items；
When not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, search route forwarding table, by described local message
It is forwarded in business network according to the route forwarding table items found, and the network equipment is received by business interface
Service message directly search route forwarding table, according to the route forwarding table items found by described service message
It is forwarded in business network.Owing to the network equipment is when being sent out the local message generated, according to different
Local policy route table items can distinguish different outband management interfaces and outband management network, and described
Ground policybased routing list item is simple a few rule, fewer than the resource that a single VRF takies a lot,
Therefore this implementation saves substantial amounts of network equipment resource, improves the stability of the network equipment.
Corresponding with aforementioned outband management embodiment of the method, present invention also provides outband management device and implement
Example.
The application outband management device embodiment can apply on the network equipment.Device embodiment can be passed through
Software realizes, it is also possible to realize by the way of hardware or software and hardware combining.As a example by implemented in software, make
It is the device on a logical meaning, is that the processor by its place equipment is by right in nonvolatile memory
The computer program instructions answered reads and runs formation in internal memory.For hardware view, as it is shown on figure 3,
For a kind of hardware structure diagram of the application outband management device place equipment, except the processor shown in Fig. 3,
Outside internal memory, network interface and nonvolatile memory, in embodiment device place equipment generally according to
The actual functional capability of this equipment, it is also possible to include other hardware, this is repeated no more.
Shown in Figure 4, for an embodiment of the application outband management device, described device is applied to contain
Having on the network equipment of at least one outband management interface, described device includes: signal generating unit 410, first look into
Look for unit the 420, first processing unit the 430, second processing unit 440.
Wherein, signal generating unit 410, for generating local message according to the incoming message received；
First searches unit 420, for searching, according to the source address of described local message, this locality being pre-configured with
Policybased routing table；
First processing unit 430, for when finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, by described
Ground message is forwarded in the outband management network that local policy route table items is specified；
Second processing unit 440, for when not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, according to institute
The destination address stating local message searches route forwarding table, is turned according to the route found by described local message
Forwarding list item is forwarded in business network.
In an optional implementation, described signal generating unit can include (not shown in Fig. 4):
Receive subelement, be used for receiving incoming message；
Generate subelement, if being the access request arrived by outband management interface for described incoming message
Message, then generate the management belonging to local and control message according to this access request message；
Described device also includes (not shown in Fig. 4):
Second searches unit, if being the service message received by business interface for described incoming message,
Then search route forwarding table according to the destination address of this service message, by described service message according to finding
Route forwarding table items is forwarded in business network.
In another optional implementation, described device also includes being pre-configured with unit, in advance
Configuration local policy routing table, described in be pre-configured with unit and include (not shown in Fig. 4):
Configuration subelement, for configuring outband management port address for each outband management interface, including configuration band
Outer management interface IP address, outband management interface, points to the gateway address of outband management network；
Issue subelement, for issuing the outband management port address of configuration in local policy routing table, generate
Different local policy route table items, the source address correspondence outband management interface in described local policy routing table
Address, outgoing interface correspondence outband management interface, the gateway address of gateway address correspondence sensing outband management network.
In another optional implementation, described first processing unit includes (not shown in Fig. 4):
Forward subelement, be used for described local message from the outgoing interface of the local policy route table items found
It is forwarded in the outband management network of gateway address sensing of described local policy route table items.
In another optional implementation, described route forwarding table includes destination network segment and destination network segment
The next-hop ip address of association and outgoing interface.
In said apparatus, the function of unit and the process that realizes of effect specifically refer in said method corresponding
Step realize process, do not repeat them here.
For device embodiment, owing to it corresponds essentially to embodiment of the method, so relevant part ginseng
See that the part of embodiment of the method illustrates.Device embodiment described above is only schematically,
The wherein said unit illustrated as separating component can be or may not be physically separate, makees
The parts shown for unit can be or may not be physical location, i.e. may be located at a place,
Or can also be distributed on multiple NE.Can select according to the actual needs part therein or
The whole module of person realizes the purpose of the application scheme.Those of ordinary skill in the art are not paying creativeness
In the case of work, i.e. it is appreciated that and implements.
As seen from the above-described embodiment, it is each outband management interface configuration management port address of the network equipment in advance,
And be issued in local policy routing table；When the network equipment generates local message according to the incoming message received
And when being sent out, preferentially search the local policy routing table being pre-configured with, when the local plan finding correspondence
Slightly during route table items, described local message is forwarded in outband management network according to local policy route table items；
When not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, search route forwarding table, by described local message
It is forwarded in business network according to the route forwarding table items found, and the network equipment is received by business interface
Service message directly search route forwarding table, according to the route forwarding table items found by described service message
It is forwarded in business network.Owing to the network equipment is when being sent out the local message generated, according to different
Local policy route table items can distinguish different outband management interfaces and outband management network, and described
Ground policybased routing list item is simple a few rule, fewer than the resource that a single VRF takies a lot,
Therefore this implementation saves substantial amounts of network equipment resource, improves the stability of the network equipment.
The foregoing is only the preferred embodiment of the application, not in order to limit the application, all at this
Within the spirit of application and principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvement etc. done, should be included in
Within the scope of the application protection.
Claims (10)
1. an outband management method, described method is applied to the network containing at least one outband management interface
On equipment, it is characterised in that described method includes:
Local message is generated according to the incoming message received；
Source address according to described local message searches the local policy routing table being pre-configured with；
When finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, described local message is forwarded to local policy road
In the outband management network specified by list item；
When not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, according to the destination address of described local message
Search route forwarding table, described local message is forwarded to business network according to the route forwarding table items found
In.
Method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the incoming message that described basis receives
Generate local message, including:
Receive incoming message；
If described incoming message is the access request message arrived by outband management interface, then according to this visit
Ask that request message generates the management belonging to local and controls message；
Described method also includes:
If described incoming message is the service message received by business interface, then according to this service message
Destination address searches route forwarding table, is forwarded to according to the route forwarding table items found by described service message
In business network.
Method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that be pre-configured with local policy routing table bag
Include:
Outband management port address is configured for each outband management interface, including configuration outband management interface IP address,
Outband management interface, points to the gateway address of outband management network；
Issue the outband management port address of configuration in local policy routing table, generate different local policy roads
By list item, source address correspondence outband management interface IP address, outgoing interface in described local policy routing table are corresponding
Outband management interface, gateway address correspondence point to the gateway address of outband management network.
Method the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that described described local message is forwarded to
In the outband management network that described local policy route table items is specified, including:
Described local message is forwarded to described local plan from the outgoing interface of the local policy route table items found
In the outband management network that slightly gateway address of route table items points to.
Method the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that described route forwarding table includes mesh
The next-hop ip address that associates with destination network segment of the network segment and outgoing interface.
6. an outband management device, described device is applied to the network containing at least one outband management interface
On equipment, it is characterised in that described device includes:
Signal generating unit, for generating local message according to the incoming message received；
First searches unit, for searching, according to the source address of described local message, the local policy being pre-configured with
Routing table；
First processing unit, for when finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, by described local report
Literary composition is forwarded in the outband management network that local policy route table items is specified；
Second processing unit, for when not finding the local policy route table items of correspondence, according to described
The destination address of local message searches route forwarding table, by described local message according to the routing forwarding found
List item is forwarded in business network.
Device the most according to claim 6, it is characterised in that described signal generating unit, including:
Receive subelement, be used for receiving incoming message；
Generate subelement, if being the access request arrived by outband management interface for described incoming message
Message, then generate the management belonging to local and control message according to this access request message；
Described device also includes:
Second searches unit, if being the service message received by business interface for described incoming message,
Then search route forwarding table according to the destination address of this service message, by described service message according to finding
Route forwarding table items is forwarded in business network.
Device the most according to claim 6, it is characterised in that described device also includes being pre-configured with
Unit, is used for being pre-configured with local policy routing table, described in be pre-configured with unit and include:
Configuration subelement, for configuring outband management port address for each outband management interface, including configuration band
Outer management interface IP address, outband management interface, points to the gateway address of outband management network；
Issue subelement, for issuing the outband management port address of configuration in local policy routing table, generate
Different local policy route table items, the source address correspondence outband management interface in described local policy routing table
Address, outgoing interface correspondence outband management interface, the gateway address of gateway address correspondence sensing outband management network.
Device the most according to claim 8, it is characterised in that described first processing unit, including:
Forward subelement, be used for described local message from the outgoing interface of the local policy route table items found
It is forwarded in the outband management network of gateway address sensing of described local policy route table items.
10. according to the device described in claim 6 or 7, it is characterised in that described route forwarding table bag
Include next-hop ip address and outgoing interface that destination network segment associates with destination network segment.
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| CN109327394A (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2019-02-12 | 北京华三通信技术有限公司 | A kind of message forwarding method and device |
| CN109462497A (en) * | 2018-10-22 | 2019-03-12 | 杭州迪普科技股份有限公司 | Method, apparatus, equipment and the storage medium of transfer management data |
| CN109922074A (en) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-06-21 | 北京百度网讯科技有限公司 | Access method and apparatus, management method, the equipment, medium of outband management network |
| CN111464449A (en) * | 2019-01-18 | 2020-07-28 | 广西民族大学 | Inter-domain flow localization exchange method |
| CN111786888A (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2020-10-16 | 北京京东尚科信息技术有限公司 | Interface isolation method and device |
| CN114422214A (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2022-04-29 | 深信服科技股份有限公司 | Access information processing method, device, equipment and computer storage medium |
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| CN109922074B (en) * | 2019-03-19 | 2021-06-04 | 北京百度网讯科技有限公司 | Method and device for accessing out-of-band management network, management method, equipment and medium |
| CN111786888A (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2020-10-16 | 北京京东尚科信息技术有限公司 | Interface isolation method and device |
| CN111786888B (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2022-08-09 | 北京京东尚科信息技术有限公司 | Interface isolation method and device |
| CN114422214A (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2022-04-29 | 深信服科技股份有限公司 | Access information processing method, device, equipment and computer storage medium |
| CN114422214B (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2023-12-29 | 深信服科技股份有限公司 | Access information processing method, device, equipment and computer storage medium |
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