CN105116054A - Method and device for detecting surface defect of steel rail based on photoacoustic signals - Google Patents
Method and device for detecting surface defect of steel rail based on photoacoustic signals Download PDFInfo
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- CN105116054A CN105116054A CN201510541893.5A CN201510541893A CN105116054A CN 105116054 A CN105116054 A CN 105116054A CN 201510541893 A CN201510541893 A CN 201510541893A CN 105116054 A CN105116054 A CN 105116054A
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for detecting a surface defect of a steel rail based on photoacoustic signals. The method comprises the following steps: utilizing a pulse laser to scan a to-be-tested area on the surface of the steel rail point-by-point and line-by-line, thereby stimulating the to-be-tested area to generate the photoacoustic signals; utilizing a focused ultrasonic probe to synchronously collect the photoacoustic signals at each to-be-tested point in the to-be-tested area, preprocessing the photoacoustic signals and then uploading the photoacoustic signals to a computer; after the to-be-tested area is completely scanned, reconstructing an image by the computer according to the received photoacoustic signals at all the to-be-tested points, thereby acquiring a photoacoustic image; treating and analyzing the photoacoustic image and confirming the information about the surface defect of the steel rail. According to the method provided by the invention, the problem that the detecting method is limited by the defect type is solved; the detection for the surface defects in various forms of the steel rail is realized; the precision is high; the detection result is expressed in the form of photoacoustic image, so that the detection result is more direct and visual.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of nondestructive testing, particularly relate to a kind of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal and device.
Background technology
Photoacoustic imaging technology is a kind of novel Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement, using short-pulse laser as driving source, the photoacoustic signal of object to be measured to be detected and by photoacoustic signal as information carrier, to be rebuild the information such as the structure of object to be measured by corresponding image reconstruction algorithm.Photoacoustic signal essence is ultrasonic signal, there is the high contrast features of optical signalling and the high-penetrability feature of ultrasonic signal simultaneously, material to ultrasonic decay scattering much smaller than to the decay of light and scattering, detect ultrasound wave with broad band ultrasonic detector to replace detecting scattered photon in optical imagery, can provide high-contrast and high-resolution image, its imaging reaches the centimetres degree of depth and micron dimension resolution.
Steel rail defect directly affects train safe.Steel rail defect almost all originates from Rail Surface, and pass inwardly development in time and form number of drawbacks type, the research therefore for rail surface defects lossless detection method is very important.Existing steel rail defect Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement is limited for the detectability of rail surface defects, and as eddy detection technology only can detect the surface imperfection of particular type, vision detection technology can't detect the defect information on nearly surface.
Summary of the invention
In view of the above problems, the invention provides a kind of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal and device, to solve existing Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement to the limited problem of rail surface defects detectability, realize the accurate detection of polytype rail surface defects.
According to an aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal, the method comprises:
Adopt pulse laser pointwise to line by line scan the region to be measured of Rail Surface, produce photoacoustic signal to excite this region to be measured;
Adopt the photoacoustic signal of each tested point in focused ultrasonic transducer synchronous acquisition region to be measured, and be uploaded to computing machine after pre-service is carried out to described photoacoustic signal;
After sector scanning to be measured completes, described computing machine carries out image reconstruction according to the photoacoustic signal of all tested points received, and obtains photoacoustic image;
Treatment and analyses is carried out to described photoacoustic image, determines rail surface defects information.
Optionally, described pretreated step is carried out to described photoacoustic signal, specifically comprises:
Described photoacoustic signal is amplified successively, filtering and AD conversion;
To the analog signal sampling after AD conversion, obtain the analog sampling signal of described photoacoustic signal.
Optionally, the pointwise of described employing pulse laser is lined by line scan the region to be measured of Rail Surface, is specially:
Be scanning step with 100um, and be line space with 100um, adopt the to be measured region of pulse laser to Rail Surface to carry out pointwise and line by line scan.
According to another aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of rail surface defects pick-up unit based on photoacoustic signal being applied to above-mentioned detection method of surface flaw of steel rail, this device comprises:
Pulsed laser, beam expanding lens, focus lamp, optical fiber, focused ultrasonic transducer, Acquisition Circuit and computing machine;
Described pulsed laser, for generation of the pulse laser scanned the region to be measured of Rail Surface, described pulse laser successively after described beam expanding lens and focus lamp carry out expanding and focus on, by the described fiber-optic illuminated region to be measured to Rail Surface;
Described focused ultrasonic transducer, Acquisition Circuit and computing machine are electrically connected successively; Described focused ultrasonic transducer, immerses in coupling liquid, aims at the LASER SPECKLE center in the region to be measured of Rail Surface, for the photoacoustic signal of each tested point in synchronous acquisition region to be measured, and the photoacoustic signal collected is transferred to Acquisition Circuit; Described Acquisition Circuit is uploaded to described computing machine after carrying out pre-service to described photoacoustic signal; Described computing machine carries out image reconstruction according to the photoacoustic signal of all tested points received, and obtains photoacoustic image, and carries out treatment and analyses to described photoacoustic image, determines rail surface defects information.
Optionally, described device also comprises:
Servo driving platform, for carrying and fixing described optical fiber and focused ultrasonic transducer, and under the control of described Acquisition Circuit, carries out position and moves.
Optionally, the pulse laser that described pulsed laser produces, its wavelength is 532nm, and pulse width is 6nm.
Optionally, described focused ultrasonic transducer, is specially the broadband probe of single array element, and the bandwidth of described broadband probe is 5 ~ 10MHz.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
Detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal provided by the invention and device, have following beneficial effect:
(1) feature of the high-contrast that the photoacoustic signal that the present invention utilizes laser excitation Rail Surface to produce has and high-penetrability, overcomes the restricted problem of defect type to detection method, can detect polytype rail surface defects.
(2) the present invention adopts the mode of point by point scanning to gather the photoacoustic signal of Rail Surface, and scanning step gets 100um, and accuracy of detection is higher, and result is more accurate, utilizes photoacoustic image to present the situation of defect intuitively simultaneously.
(3) the present invention adopts photoacoustic signal to be the defect information that carrier gathers Rail Surface, has non-contacting feature, can carry out operation in extreme circumstances, can be applied to the surface defects detection of multiple material simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
By reading hereafter detailed description of the preferred embodiment, various other advantage and benefit will become cheer and bright for those of ordinary skill in the art.Accompanying drawing only for illustrating the object of preferred implementation, and does not think limitation of the present invention.And in whole accompanying drawing, represent identical parts by identical reference symbol.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram of a kind of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes;
Fig. 2 is the process flow diagram of a kind of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal that another embodiment of the present invention proposes;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of a kind of rail surface defects pick-up unit based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes;
Fig. 4 is the geometric model schematic diagram of rail transverse crack defect to be measured in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the geometric model schematic diagram of rail shear crack defect to be measured in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the geometric model schematic diagram that in the embodiment of the present invention, rail fish scale-shaped to be measured peels off defect;
Fig. 7 is the photoacoustic signal schematic diagram in the Rail Surface region to be measured gathered in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is that the optoacoustic of rail transverse crack defect to be measured in the embodiment of the present invention rebuilds image;
Fig. 9 is that the optoacoustic of rail shear crack defect to be measured in the embodiment of the present invention rebuilds image;
Figure 10 is the optoacoustic reconstruction image that in the embodiment of the present invention, rail fish scale-shaped to be measured peels off defect.
Embodiment
Be described below in detail embodiments of the invention, the example of described embodiment is shown in the drawings, and wherein same or similar label represents same or similar element or has element that is identical or similar functions from start to finish.Being exemplary below by the embodiment be described with reference to the drawings, only for explaining the present invention, and can not limitation of the present invention being interpreted as.
Those skilled in the art of the present technique are appreciated that unless expressly stated, and singulative used herein " ", " one ", " described " and " being somebody's turn to do " also can comprise plural form.Should be further understood that, the wording used in instructions of the present invention " comprises " and refers to there is described feature, integer, step, operation, element and/or assembly, but does not get rid of and exist or add other features one or more, integer, step, operation, element, assembly and/or their group.
Those skilled in the art of the present technique are appreciated that unless otherwise defined, and all terms used herein (comprising technical term and scientific terminology), have the meaning identical with the general understanding of the those of ordinary skill in field belonging to the present invention.Should also be understood that those terms defined in such as general dictionary, should be understood to that there is the meaning consistent with the meaning in the context of prior art, unless and by specific definitions, otherwise can not explain by idealized or too formal implication.
Fig. 1 shows the process flow diagram of a kind of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal of the embodiment of the present invention.
With reference to Fig. 1, the detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes specifically comprises the following steps:
S11, adopt pulse laser pointwise to line by line scan the region to be measured of Rail Surface, produce photoacoustic signal to excite this region to be measured;
Wherein, the wavelength of described employing pulse laser is 532nm, and pulse width is 6nm.
Adopt pulse laser pointwise to line by line scan the step in region to be measured of Rail Surface, be specially:
Be scanning step with 100um, and be line space with 100um, adopt the to be measured region of pulse laser to Rail Surface to carry out pointwise and line by line scan.
The photoacoustic signal of each tested point in S12, employing focused ultrasonic transducer synchronous acquisition region to be measured, and be uploaded to computing machine after pre-service is carried out to described photoacoustic signal;
Wherein, the broadband probe of single array element that what described focused ultrasonic transducer adopted is, probe bandwidth is 5 ~ 10MHz, is consistent with photoacoustic signal frequency.
After S13, sector scanning to be measured complete, described computing machine carries out image reconstruction according to the photoacoustic signal of all tested points received, and obtains photoacoustic image;
Wherein, image reconstruction specifically refers to the light absorption power characterizing this point of Rail Surface with the photoacoustic spectrum of each tested point gathered, and absorbs distribution with the surface light that this obtains whole region to be measured.
S14, treatment and analyses is carried out to described photoacoustic image, determine rail surface defects information.
In another embodiment of the invention, described pretreated step is carried out to described photoacoustic signal, specifically comprises:
Described photoacoustic signal is amplified successively, filtering and AD conversion;
To the analog signal sampling after AD conversion, obtain the analog sampling signal of described photoacoustic signal.
The detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes, as shown in Figure 2, first, uses a certain tested point in the region to be measured of pulse laser scanning high ferro Rail Surface, with the photoacoustic signal exciting this tested point to produce; Then, utilize focused ultrasonic transducer synchronous acquisition photoacoustic signal, after amplification, filtering, AD conversion and sampling, be uploaded to computing machine; Judge whether to complete the scanning of whole tested point in region to be measured, after sector scanning to be measured completes, utilize photoacoustic signal a little carry out image reconstruction, obtain the light absorption distribution of Rail Surface, finally, treatment and analyses is carried out to photoacoustic image, obtains the information such as the position of rail surface defects, width, the degree of depth and type.
The detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes, overcome the restricted problem of defect type to detection method, the detection to high ferro rail kinds of surface defect can be realized, precision is high, and testing result is showed by the form of photoacoustic image, visual pattern more.Applied range of the present invention, strong adaptability, can detect multiple material in extreme circumstances.
Fig. 3 shows a kind of structural representation being applied to the rail surface defects pick-up unit based on photoacoustic signal of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail described in above-described embodiment that the embodiment of the present invention proposes;
With reference to Fig. 3, the rail surface defects pick-up unit based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes specifically comprises pulsed laser 1, beam expanding lens 2, focus lamp 3, optical fiber 4, focused ultrasonic transducer 6, Acquisition Circuit 8 and computing machine 9;
Described pulsed laser 1, for generation of the pulse laser scanned the region to be measured 5 of Rail Surface, described pulse laser after described beam expanding lens 2 and focus lamp 3 carry out expanding and focus on, is irradiated to the region to be measured 5 of Rail Surface successively by described optical fiber 4;
Described focused ultrasonic transducer 6, Acquisition Circuit 8 and computing machine 9 are electrically connected successively; Described focused ultrasonic transducer 6, immerses in coupling liquid, aims at the LASER SPECKLE center in the region to be measured 5 of Rail Surface, for the photoacoustic signal of each tested point in synchronous acquisition region to be measured, and the photoacoustic signal collected is transferred to Acquisition Circuit 8; Described Acquisition Circuit 8 is uploaded to described computing machine 9 after carrying out pre-service to described photoacoustic signal; Described computing machine 9 carries out image reconstruction according to the photoacoustic signal of all tested points received, and obtains photoacoustic image, and carries out treatment and analyses to described photoacoustic image, determines rail surface defects information.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the region to be measured 5 of described rail to be measured and focused ultrasonic transducer 6 all immerse in coupling liquid.
Further, the described rail surface defects pick-up unit based on photoacoustic signal also comprises: servo driving platform 7, for carrying and fixing described optical fiber 4 and focused ultrasonic transducer 6, and under the control of described Acquisition Circuit 8, carry out position to move, to order about the detection that optical fiber 4 and focused ultrasonic transducer 6 complete all tested points.
Concrete, described servo driving platform and focused ultrasonic transducer are mechanically connected, and are electrically connected between Acquisition Circuit, are undertaken moving control by Acquisition Circuit.
Wherein, described Acquisition Circuit 8, specifically comprises: governor circuit 81, TGC amplifying circuit 82, pre-filtering circuit 83, A/D sample circuit 84, data acquisition circuit 85 and data transmission circuit 86;
Described TGC amplifying circuit 82, pre-filtering circuit 83, A/D sample circuit 84, data acquisition circuit 85 and data transmission circuit 86 are electrically connected successively, and described governor circuit 81 is electrically connected with TGC amplifying circuit 82, A/D sample circuit 84, data acquisition circuit 85 and data transmission circuit 86 respectively;
The photoacoustic signal that described TGC amplifying circuit 82, pre-filtering circuit 83 and A/D sample circuit 84 gather described focused ultrasonic transducer 6 successively amplifies, filtering and AD conversion, to the analog signal sampling after AD conversion, obtain the analog sampling signal of described photoacoustic signal, and by described data acquisition circuit 85 and data transmission circuit 86, described analog sampling signal is uploaded to described computing machine 9.
Wherein, the Q-SwitchedNd:YAG pulsed laser of frequency multiplication selected by described pulsed laser, the pulse laser of generation, and its wavelength is 532nm, and pulse width is 6nm, and repetition frequency is 15Hz.
Wherein, described data acquisition circuit is the data acquisition circuit based on on-site programmable gate array FPGA chip.
Wherein, described data transmission circuit is specially: USB data transmission circuit.
Wherein, described focused ultrasonic transducer, is specially the broadband probe of single array element, and the bandwidth of described broadband probe is 5 ~ 10MHz, and focal length is 20mm.
The concrete implementation step adopting said apparatus to realize detection method of surface flaw of steel rail is:
(1) governor circuit 81 trigger pulse laser instrument 1, emission pulse laser is irradiated on rail 5 to be measured, produces photoacoustic signal;
(2) focused ultrasonic transducer 6 observes photoacoustic signal, utilizes Acquisition Circuit 8 pairs of photoacoustic signals to carry out synchronous acquisition, TGC amplification, signal pre-filtering, AD sampling, buffer memory, finally uploads in computing machine 9;
The photoacoustic signal of (3) points upload complete after, computing machine controls servo driving platform 7 by governor circuit 81 and moves, to order about optical fiber 4 and focused ultrasonic transducer 6 goes to detect next tested point;
(4) after having gathered all tested points of Rail Surface to be measured, computing machine to photoacoustic data a little process, obtain the information of rail surface defects.
Be detected as example below with high ferro rail surface defects, the detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal that the embodiment of the present invention proposes is specifically described.
As Figure 4-Figure 6, be respectively transverse crack, shear crack and fish scale-shaped and peel off defect, wherein, the sign unit in figure is mm to the geometric model schematic diagram of high ferro steel rail defect to be measured.Use wavelength is 532nm, and pulsewidth is that the pulse laser of 6ns excites Rail Surface photoacoustic signal and gathers, and the waveform of the photoacoustic signal obtained as shown in Figure 7.When carrying out photoacoustic image and rebuilding, generally choose photoacoustic signal corresponding to focal length (signal greatly between 1500ns to 2500ns) and carry out imaging, the optoacoustic of the transverse crack defect obtained rebuilds image as shown in Figure 8, the optoacoustic of shear crack defect rebuilds image as shown in Figure 9, and the optoacoustic that fish scale-shaped peels off defect rebuilds image as shown in Figure 10.
The photoacoustic image of rebuilding is processed and analyzed, the position of various surface imperfection can be obtained, the information such as size (comprising length, width, the degree of depth etc.), and because scanning step is 100um, testing result can be accurate to a millimeter rank, accuracy of detection is higher, and result is more accurate.
In sum, detection method of surface flaw of steel rail based on photoacoustic signal provided by the invention and device, the feature of the high-contrast that the photoacoustic signal utilizing laser excitation Rail Surface to produce has and high-penetrability, overcome the restricted problem of defect type to detection method, polytype rail surface defects can be detected.Adopt the mode of point by point scanning to gather the photoacoustic signal of Rail Surface, scanning step gets 100um, and accuracy of detection is higher, and result is more accurate, utilizes photoacoustic imaging to present the situation of defect intuitively simultaneously.
The embodiment of the present invention adopts photoacoustic signal to be the defect information that carrier gathers Rail Surface, has non-contacting feature, can carry out operation in extreme circumstances, can be applied to the surface defects detection of multiple material simultaneously.
Above embodiment is only for illustration of the present invention; and be not limitation of the present invention; the those of ordinary skill of relevant technical field; without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; can also make a variety of changes and modification; therefore all equivalent technical schemes also belong to category of the present invention, and scope of patent protection of the present invention should be defined by the claims.
Claims (7)
1. based on a detection method of surface flaw of steel rail for photoacoustic signal, it is characterized in that, described method comprises:
Adopt pulse laser pointwise to line by line scan the region to be measured of Rail Surface, produce photoacoustic signal to excite this region to be measured;
Adopt the photoacoustic signal of each tested point in focused ultrasonic transducer synchronous acquisition region to be measured, and be uploaded to computing machine after pre-service is carried out to described photoacoustic signal;
After sector scanning to be measured completes, described computing machine carries out image reconstruction according to the photoacoustic signal of all tested points received, and obtains photoacoustic image;
Treatment and analyses is carried out to described photoacoustic image, determines rail surface defects information.
2. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, describedly carries out pretreated step to described photoacoustic signal, specifically comprises:
Described photoacoustic signal is amplified successively, filtering and AD conversion;
To the analog signal sampling after AD conversion, obtain the analog sampling signal of described photoacoustic signal.
3. method according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, the pointwise of described employing pulse laser is lined by line scan the region to be measured of Rail Surface, is specially:
Be scanning step with 100um, and be line space with 100um, adopt the to be measured region of pulse laser to Rail Surface to carry out pointwise and line by line scan.
4. one kind is applied to the rail surface defects pick-up unit based on photoacoustic signal of detection method of surface flaw of steel rail as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described device comprises pulsed laser, beam expanding lens, focus lamp, optical fiber, focused ultrasonic transducer, Acquisition Circuit and computing machine;
Described pulsed laser, for generation of the pulse laser scanned the region to be measured of Rail Surface, described pulse laser successively after described beam expanding lens and focus lamp carry out expanding and focus on, by the described fiber-optic illuminated region to be measured to Rail Surface;
Described focused ultrasonic transducer, Acquisition Circuit and computing machine are electrically connected successively; Described focused ultrasonic transducer, aims at the LASER SPECKLE center in the region to be measured of Rail Surface, for the photoacoustic signal of each tested point in synchronous acquisition region to be measured, and the photoacoustic signal collected is transferred to Acquisition Circuit; Described Acquisition Circuit is uploaded to described computing machine after carrying out pre-service to described photoacoustic signal; Described computing machine carries out image reconstruction according to the photoacoustic signal of all tested points received, and obtains photoacoustic image, and carries out treatment and analyses to described photoacoustic image, determines rail surface defects information.
5. device according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described device also comprises:
Servo driving platform, for carrying and fixing described optical fiber and focused ultrasonic transducer, and under the control of described Acquisition Circuit, carries out position and moves.
6. device according to claim 4, is characterized in that, the pulse laser that described pulsed laser produces, and its wavelength is 532nm, and pulse width is 6nm.
7. device according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described focused ultrasonic transducer, is specially the broadband probe of single array element, and the bandwidth of described broadband probe is 5 ~ 10MHz.
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| CN107688051A (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2018-02-13 | 浙江大学 | A kind of measuring method of the subsurface defect width based on Laser thermo-elastic generated surface acoustic waves |
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| CN111678948A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-09-18 | 四川大学 | High-speed nondestructive detection method for surface defects of steel rail and implementation device thereof |
| CN115389619A (en) * | 2022-08-17 | 2022-11-25 | 北京大学长三角光电科学研究院 | Material defect detection method and device, electronic equipment and computer storage medium |
| CN116202968A (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2023-06-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | Laser ultrasonic defect detection system and laser ultrasonic phase coherent imaging detection method for additive titanium alloy |
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| CN107561083A (en) * | 2017-07-26 | 2018-01-09 | 天津大学 | A kind of surface quality of steel detecting system |
| CN107688051A (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2018-02-13 | 浙江大学 | A kind of measuring method of the subsurface defect width based on Laser thermo-elastic generated surface acoustic waves |
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| CN111678948A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-09-18 | 四川大学 | High-speed nondestructive detection method for surface defects of steel rail and implementation device thereof |
| CN111678948B (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2022-07-19 | 四川大学 | High-speed nondestructive detection method for surface defects of steel rail and implementation device thereof |
| CN115389619A (en) * | 2022-08-17 | 2022-11-25 | 北京大学长三角光电科学研究院 | Material defect detection method and device, electronic equipment and computer storage medium |
| CN116202968A (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2023-06-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | Laser ultrasonic defect detection system and laser ultrasonic phase coherent imaging detection method for additive titanium alloy |
| CN116202968B (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2024-05-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | Laser ultrasonic defect detection system and laser ultrasonic phase coherent imaging detection method for additive titanium alloy |
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Application publication date: 20151202 |